world bank documentdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/619071468756975671/...7.1.4 landslide...
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HIS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT OF NEPALMINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORT
DEPARTMENT OF ROADS
_ w _ i,% i ROAD MAINTENANCE ANDDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
NEW ROAD DEVELOPMENTAND UPGRADING COMPONENT
FINAL REPORT
11 E- 257VOL. 3
ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT
ACTIONPLAN
For New Road Construction
SMEC International Pty. Ltd.,Cooma, NSW, Australia .,ISMECin association wzthCEMAT Consultants (Pvt) Ltd., Nepal
June 1999
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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 11.2 Project Description 11.3 Aims of the EMAP 21.4 Statutory Requirements and Guidelines 3
2. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EMAP 4
2.1 Environmental Management Roles and Responsibilities 42.2 Public Participation 62.3 Inter-departmental Involvement 7
3. ROAD DESIGN 8
3.1 Preliminary Design 8Ii 3.1.1 Alignment Refinement 83.1.2 Structure Design 11
3.2 Final Detailed Design 133.2.1 Cut and Fill Equalisation 133.2.2 Embankments and Retaining Walls 133.2.3 Drainage 133.2.4 Construction Programme 15
j0 4. ROAD CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 16
4.1 Pre-Construction Phase 164.1.1 Land Acquisition 16I 4.1.2 Permits 174.1.3 Training 18
-1 4.1.4 Worksite Survey, Pegging and Approval 184.1.5 Additional Road Design 19
4.2 Construction Phase 204.2.1 Vegetation Clearance 204.2.2 Retaining Wall Construction 214.2.3 Excavation and Embankment Construction 224.2.4 Drainage 234.2.5 Topsoil Saving and Re-use 244.2.6 Fill Disposal 254.2.7 Reinstatement of Services 264.2.8 Quarries and Borrow Pits 274.2.9 Stockpiling 28J 4.2.10 Blasting 294.2.11 Work-force Camps 294.2.12 Workforce Management 304.2.13 Air and Noise Pollution 30
~J 4.2.14 Hazards and Hazardous Materials 314.3 Post-Construction Phase 31
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4.3.1 Revegetation 314.3.2 Ancillary Site Rehabilitation 334.3.3 Roadwork- Maintenance 33
4.4 Certification of Completed Works for Payment 32
5. SITE SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND REPORTING 35
5.1 Pre-construction Phase 355.2 Construction Phase 365.3 Post-Construction Phase 375.4 Operational Phase 37
6. RECORDS, AUDITS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION 39
6.1 EMAP Records 396.2 Site Audits 396.3 Corrective Action 406.4 Final Audit Summary 40
7. IMPROVEMENT PROPOSALS 41
7.1 Improvement of Degraded Environrnental Features 417.1.1 Community Forest Establishment and Support 41 i7.1.2 Trail Improvement 447.1.3 Revegetation of Degraded Land 457.1.4 Landslide Stabilisation 45 l
7.2 Improvements Relating to the Proposed Roads 467.2.1 Road Head and Market Centre Planning 467.2.2 Cash Crop Development 47
8. BIO-ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES 48
8.1 Principles 488.2 Road Embankment Specifications 498.3 Design Parameters 49
8.3.1 Slope Length 508.3.2 Slope Angle 508.3.3 Material Drainage 508.3.4 Site Moisture 508.3.5 Hillside Land Use 51
8.4 Optimal Bio-engineering Techniques 518.4.1 Downslope Grass Lines 518.4.2 Contour Grass Lines 518.4.3 Diagonal Grass Lines 538.4.4 Chevron Grass Lines 538.4.5 Tree/Grass Planting 538.4.6 Shrab/Tree Live Staking 538.4.7 Palisades 548.4.8 Fascines 548.4.9 Bolster Cylinders 548.4.10 Mulching 54
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8.4.11 Jute Netting 548.4.12 Diversion Channels 548.4.13 Brush Layering 55
-8.5 Species Selection 55
9. COST ESTIMATES FOR MITIGATION MEASURES 57
9.1 Environmental Mitigation Costs 579.2 Environmental Improvement Costs 58
10. REFERENCES 59
APPENDICES
1: Archaeological, Religious and Cultural Sites Within Alignment VDCs2: RMDP Environmental Management Activity Table3: Bio-engirieering Application Methods
FIGURES
1: Project Incorporation of Environmental Mitigation Measures 22: RMD Project Implementation Roles 6
U 3: Impact Areas of Different Road Construction Techniques 104: Location of Road Drains at Natural Drainage Sites 145: Sequence of Construction Activities 216: Replacement of Existing Water Supply Line with a Standpipe 26
TABLES
1: Roads Proposed for Construction l2: Embank-ment Design Guidelines 1 3: Earth Cross-bank Spacings 244: Forester Mani-Month Requirements Per Road ROI 425: Jumla Trails for Improvement 456: Bio-engineering Techniques for Batters 527: Permanent Revegetation Species 56
J 8: Cost Estimates of Environmental Mitigation Measure 579: Bio-engineering Cost Rates 5810: Cost Estimates of Environmental Improvement Measures 58
DRAWINGS
3 1 and 2 Bio-engineering Techniques
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
This Environrmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) has been prepared for theDepartment of Roads (DOR) to set out the environmental management requirements forU final detailed road design and pre-construction, construction and post-construction activitiesassociated with the construction of five new roads under the Road Maintenance and
* Development Project (RMD Project).
This EMAP has been developed based on the inspection of recently constructed hill roads,the review of a number of road design and construcdon references for Nepal and thefindings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
Examples of both good and poor road designs and construction methods can be found inNepal. Poor roads with significant environmnental impacts appear to commonly result fromthe sub-standard construction of approved road designs or the initial construction ofinsufficient retaining walls and drains. Recognising this, this EMAP provides details ondesign principles, construction prograrnming and methods and site supervision.
1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Five proposed roads which form part of the strategic road network in the Mid-western andFar-western Development Regions of Nepal will be constructed under the RMD Project(Table 1). The proposed roads lead from existing earth roads to five district headquarters.
Table 1: Roads Proposed for Construction
Road Length DOR Road Classification* Road Districtsmela - Darchua Nationl Highwa(km) Number Crossed
Chameliya - Darchula 35.4 National Highway H14 Darchula
Sanfebagar - Martadi 36.9 Classification not available Bajura
Sanfebagar - Mangalsen 14.7 Classification not availabie Achham
Kalikot- Jumla 88.4 National Highway H13 Kalikot. Jumla
j Dhaira - Jajarkot 21.0 Major Feeder Road F47 Jajarkot
Total 196.4 l* Source: Classification and Design Standards. DOR, 1994.
The five roads will be constructed to "Construction Development Stage II(ii) (FWET) - FairWeather Earth Track" standards for hilly terrain (DOR, 1997a). This initial construction
U Road Maintenance and Development Project
stage is aimed at providing a "basic level of dry season vehicular access". With fordcrossings of all rivers.
Preliminary road designs, economic assessments, an EIA and Resettlement Action Plan(RAP) have been prepared for these roads.
1.3 AIMS OF THE EMAP
Thiis EMAP has four primary aims, namely to:
1. Define the environmental management principles and guidelines for the pre-construction, construction and post-constuction phases of road development;
2. Describe the practical -mitigation measures that shall be implemented on all roadconstruction and ancillary sites to prevent or mitigate environmental impacts;
3. Establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the implementationof environmental controls;
4. Establish a supervision, monitoring, auditing and reporting framework.
The EMAP clearly sets out environmental goals and management measures, and is to beused by DOR, the World Bank, the Final Design Consultant, the Supervising Consultantand Contractors.
Environmental impact mitigation measures have been incorporated into the RMD Project todate during preliminary road design, including alignment refinement and structure design(see Section 3.1). This EMAP takes effect during three stages of the project: detailed roaddesign, road construction and road maintenance (Figure 1).
The environmental requirements contained in this EMAP only relate to the detailed design,construction and post-construction maintenance of the roads infrastructure. The mitigationof long-term operational impacts of roads and road-induced activities on the environmentare not addressed in this plan, but covered in the EIA.
Figure 1: Project Incorporation of Environmental Mitigation Measures
Impact Mitigation Measures Project Stage
Incorporated during walkover surveysAlignment refinement and detailed surveys.
Incorporated during preliminarv roadRoad design measures design.
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Road design measures To be incorporated during detailed final roaddesign.
Road construction Proposed in the EMAP and to be incorporatedmeasures into Construction Contract conditions.
Road maintenance Proposed in the EMAP and to be incorporatedRoad maintenance into Maintenance Contract conditions.
measures
1.4 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES
A number of statutory requirements and guidelines shall be complied with for theenvironmental management of road construction and rehabilitation works in addition to theconditions in this EMAP. These include:
* Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977) - the permanent acquisition of private land andbuildings have to be acquired in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
* Putblic Roads Act, 2031 (1974) - temporary land acquisition must be in accordance withSection 14 of the Act. Section 16 of the Act, DOR are obliged to plant trees on eitherside of public roads according to need. Concerned villages and town Panchayats arethen required to look after and protect the trees. Under Section 17, DOR are permittedto obtain earth, stone or sand from any land adjoining the right-of-way.
The principal DOR guidelines, which have to be complied with, are:
- Environmental Management Guidelines (DOR, 1 997b).
* Bio-Engineering information - Rate Analysis Norms (Interim), StandardSpecifications (lnterim), Lists of Species and Supporting Information (DOR, 1996).
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2. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EMAP
2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ROLES ANDRESPONSIBILITIES
Responsibility for environmental management associated with road construction work-sinvolves a number of parties, each with specific responsibilities for particular activities.The six main parties responsible for the design and implementation of mitigation measuresprior to, during and following road construction are:
* DOR;* World Bank;* Final Design Consultant;* Supervising Consultant;* Construction Contractor;* Bio-engineering Contractor.
DOR, as the project proponents, have the ultimate responsible for the supervision of allproject construction and environmental management works. Implementation of the RMDProject will be the responsibility of the DOR Project Manager.
The Final Design Consultant will prepare final detailed designs based on the preliminaryroad designs and EMAP design recommendations.
The Supervising Consultant will supervise the day-to-day activities of the constructionContractor on behalf of DOR. The Supervising Consultant will be responsible for thetechnical supervision of road layout, overseeing contract implementation and certifyingworks for payment. The duties of the Supervising Consultant will include overallmanagement responsibility to ensure the effective implementation of EMAP by theContractor, with reporting direct to the Project Manager. The Supervising Consultant shallundertake regular inspections and compliance audits of all aspects of work as specified inEMAP.
The construction Contractor shall be responsible for undertaking all duties and worksassigned to him/her in the road construction contract, including all specified conditions inthis EMAP. The Contractor will work closely with the Supervising Consultant to ensurethat works are constructed to standard.
Throughout this EMAP the construction Contractor is referred to as the "Contractor" andthe Supervising Consultant is referred to as the "Supervising Consultant". The dutiesassigned to both these parties can be undertaken by the their nominated representatives (e.g.Field Supervisors), as approved by the DOR Project Manager.
A summary description of each party's duties and responsibilities is provided below.
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DOR Project Manager
* Acquisition of all necessary right-of-way (ROW) land and buildings._ e Review and approval of detailed road designs.
* Obtaining all necessary permits from HMG for construction and related activities.I e Review and approval of the surveyed road alignment and road works (includingretaining wall and excavation sites).
* Review and approval of proposed ancillary work sites (including workforce camps,quarries. borrow pits and storage areas).
* Road maintenance and environmental monitoring and management following handover
by the Contractor.
World Bank Representative
* Overseeing of DOR's project management in accordance with loan conditions, the
detailed road designs and the EMAP, including the conduct of periodic site visits toensure compliance.
Final Design Consultant
* Preparation of final road designs based on the preliminary road designs and EMAP
U recommendations.
Supervising Consultant (DOR's representative)
a Survey and pegging of the detailed road design works.
* Supervision of the Contractor to ensure that work is undertaken as per the constructioncontract.
* Inspections and reporting of Contractor activities to ensure effective implementation of
the EMAP.* Auditing of Contractor works and activities against the conditions set out in the EMAP.
* Issuing corrective action Tequests and conducting follow-up inspections and evaluation
of corrective actions.* Reporting all non-conformances to the DOR Project Manager.
* Certifring correctly constructed road works for payment.
3 Construction Contractor
* Construction of the detailed design works and implementation of the EMAP.
* Participation in site inspections and audits undertaken by the Supervising Consultant.
* Implementation of corrective actions in response to requests made by the Supervising
| I Consultant regarding specific environmental safeguards.
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Figure 2: RMD Project Implementation Roles
World Bank DOR EngineerRepresentative Project Manager Final Design Consultant
EngineerSupervising Consultant
Civil Works Bio-engineeringContractor Bio-eng. Contractor
2.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Local participation in environmental management during road construction will initiallyoccur through consultation between the Supervising Consultant, Contractor and affectedlandowners and local communities prior to construction. Discussions will be held regardingthe cutting, temporary reconnection and reinstatement of services, the location of minordrains, the use of loose rock from adjacent private land and the general constructionprogramme.
A principle of the RMD Project is the employment of local people. Local people will beemployed in construction, bio-engineering and maintenance works. This will provide adirect economic benefit to the area through employment, but more importantly it willestablish local skills to enable the effective and timely maintenance of the roads followingconstruction.
A cormmon feature of many recently constructed roads inspected was a lack of maintenance,primarily of drainage works, during the monsoon. The establishment of local maintenancecrews is proposed to enable the rapid repair of works following monsoon storms. Likewise.the maintenance of bio-engineering works by local crews is also proposed as maintenance ismore likely to be performned in a timely manner by a local team with an interest inprotecting their land than by an outside team that only periodically visits the site.
2.3 INTER-DEPARTMENTAL INVOLVEMENT
Most of the environmental improvement works proposed in Section 7 will require theinvolvement of the Government department responsible for that particular activity.
DOR will liase w-ith and formulate the proposed improvement programmes with the| Department of Forests, Department of Soil Conservation, Ministry of Housing and Physical
Planning and relevant VDCs. DOR support for these programmes will be limited toproviding the necessary funding and monitoring expenditure and progress against the agreedgoals or works.
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3. ROAD DESIGN
Road design, including alignment selection and structure design. offers the initial and mainopportunity to avoid or mitigate environmental impacts. If mitigation measures are notincorporated into road designs many resulting impacts cannot be mitigated by implementingmeasures following road construction.
3.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
The avoidance or mitigation of environmental impacts commenced in the preliminarydesign phase, when major mitigation design features were incorporated in the road desian.The preliminarY design involved alignment refinement and the design of major structures.It was undertaken using the two overriding requirements of:
1. "Fair weather earth track" design standards;2. Low cost roads.
As required by DOR, these two design requirements were paramount, setting the basis forroad design. Within these requirements, where possible, environmental mitigation measureshave been incorporated, as described below.
The preliminary design process involved reaching a compromise between short-term costsavings on road construction and long-term environmental damage and high roadmaintenance and repair costs.
3.1.1 Alignment Refinement
Road aligmnents were planned based on the DOR recommended alignments derived frominitial design studies and RMD Project aligrnment refinement undertaken during thewalkover surveys and detailed engineering surveys.
Road alignment refinement commenced with a joint walkover survey by a Road DesignEngineer, Geologist, Surveyor, Environmental Specialist and Sociologist (as well as a DORrepresentative where available). The team set an agreed alignment based on the followAingbio-physical and social selection criteria:
1. Geology - avoidance of landslide hazard areas to achieve long-term roadstability.
2. Topography - not floodprone;- lower slope land to minimise cut and fill and construction costs;- avoidance or minimal disturbance of stable embankments.
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3. Land use - shortest possible alignment length to minimise land take;- avoidance of religious sites, large settlements and high-value
production land, in the following order of sensitivity:
* archaeological, cultural and religious sites - at least 60 m setback whereverpossible;
* villages - at least 15 m setback from the centreline of the road (potential ROWvwidth);
* individual houses - at least 15 m setback from the centreline where possible-(potential ROW width);
* irrigated cultivation;* high conservation value forest (including Community Forests);* rainfed cultivation;* degraded forest;* grassland;* degraded bare land;* existing tracks/trails.
Primary consideration was given to the selection of the most stable alignment. Activelandslides and areas with a high landslide hazard were avoided. Non-floodprone land wasselected where possible. Lower slope land was also comrnmonly selected in order tominimise construction costs, reduce excavation and the need for retaining walls. The nextI main factors considered were road length minimisation in order to limit construction costsand the total land take, and the utilisation of the lowest value land in terms of structuralfeatures, production or ecological values.
Where possible, alignments were located on or near existing main trails. Road constructionalong these alignments will achieve maximum road utilisation by all forms of transportgiven the existing use of these routes.
The refined alienments incorporated variable road grades to minimise the road length andavoid significant features. Road grades were increased to reduce the number of switchbacksJ and low grades (less than 2%) were used where possible to cross cultivation terraces to limitthe area of disturbance.
U The walkover survey generally set the alignment to within 20 m horizontal and 10 mvertical of the final preliminary alignment location.
Following the walkover survey, a detailed survey was undertaken of each alignment. Usingthe DOR design specifications for fair weather earth tracks and the above selection criteria.]1 the walkover aligrinent was refined. The detailed survey alignment generally followed thewalkover alignment, but occasionally differed substantially due to the need to fit standardroad specifications or avoid features that had not been previously noticed.
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Utilising the detailed survey data, the preliminarv design alignrnent was set within thesurveyed corridor using CivilCad. The CivilCad Road Designer set the alignment byfollowing the shape of the terrain, both horizontally and vertically, wherever possible(within DOR design specifications) in order to minimise earthworks and the number and
size of retaining structures. Minimum horizontal curves of 12.5 m radius were used. as wellas ascent/descent gradients of generally up to 5-7% (although grades as steep as 12% wereused for short distances).
EarthworLk quantities were calculated using a standard road width of 4.5 m plus an averageof 0.6 widening (5.1 m total), although this was increased to 6.1 m to accommodate atrapezoidal side drain where required. An additional 10% earthworks (cut) allowance was
made to accommodate 3 m wide passing bays.
Cut and fill equalisation was adopted as a major road design principle in the preliminarydesign where it was economically possible within DOR road specifications. Where this wasnot possible, the aim was to minimise excess fill. Equalisation of cut and fill reducesexcavation and reduces the total land take by the road formation.
Figure 3: Impact Areas of Different Road Construction Techniques
Wid.h of impact
Width of impact
Full Cut and Sidecasting Cut and Fill Balancing
The incorporation of cut and fill equalisation was primarily achieved by locating thealignment centreline horizontally near to the natural slope surface on slopes of less than 60'.
This helped to ensure that the volume of fill required to construct the downslope earth jembankment or backfill the retaining wall was close to equalling the volume to be cut. Asthe centreline is moved horizontally further into the slope, the available fill volumedecreases whilst the cut volurne increases.
3.1.2 Structure Design
Major road structures were designed in the preliminary design, including earth
*- embankments. retaining walls and major cross-road drains, as described below. Quantityestimates for each road were then prepared based on these designs.
Embankments and Retaining Walls
In the preliminary design, all cut and fill batters were designed using the principles
described below. The final design batters at anv particular location will only be knownonce the final design investigations have been completed.
Embankrments and retaining walls were designed to achieve long-term road stability and to
attempt to equalise cut and fill or to minimise excess fill. At the same time, a "low cost"road was designed, incorporating earthworks on lower slopes as they are generally cheaperthan rock or masonry retaining walls, and can be effectively constructed on these grades.
Accordingly, preliminary road designs were based on the minimisation of excavation, theuse of compacted earth fill embankments wherever possible and the extensive use of rockretaining walls on slopes that are too steep for earth embankments. The general designspecifications adopted for cuttings, fill embankments and retaining walls were primarilybased on slope angle and surface materials, as summarised in Table 2.
Table 2: Embankment Design Guidelines
Terrain Material Fill Batter Cut BatterSlope
0-250 Soil 1:1.5 (V:H) compacted fill 1.5:1 (V:H)I__ Soil embankment.>25° Soii Retaining wall, typically dry stone No steeper tan 1.5:1 (V:H) for natural
or gabion. For very steep slopes, cut batter. Mav require breast wallretaining wall construction may not depending on site conditions.
i_ t>250 Rock be practical, therefore the road will Sound rock can stand vertically. Finalbe constructed by benching fully batter slope will depend on rock
l_________ ___________ into the hilislope. composition and dip angles.
Note: For estimating purposes during preliminary design, cut batters through all rock slopeswere designed with a 10:1 (V:H) slope.
The preliminary design specifications for embankments and retaining walls attempted tobalance "low cost" design standards with the minimisation of environmental impacts. Theyare primarily based on the following principles:
* Utilisation of compacted earth fill embankments wherever possible (i.e. generally onslopes of less than 250), where sound construction is achievable and the land takeTequired is minimal.
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* Increasing cut batter grades through rocky areas in order to reduce excavation. slopedisturbance and construction costs.
* Use of hill side retaining walls and breast walls to reduce earthworks where high cutbatters are required through soil.
* Minimum excavation of slopes above 600. These steep slopes will either be stable (i.e.stable rock) or prone to slides (e.g. overlying colluvial material). If a site is prone toslides, material can be removed from the road once it has fallen, thus saving significantexcavation costs.
* Use of gabion or dry stone retaining walls on the hill side where the road passes throughirrigated cultivation land prone to seepage and land slips.
* Minimising the amount of excess fill mater"ial.
Quantity estimates for costing purposes were based on the following design features.
Compacted earth fill embankments were preferred on all slopes below 250. Theseembankments can be effectively built on slopes of up to 250 by benching the slope thenlayering and compacting fill, using a standard 1:1.5 (V:H) batter grade.
Retaining walls were preferred on the valley side of the road on slopes between 25-600 inorder to attempt to equalise cut and fill and create a stable road formation. Dry stoneretaining walls were considered where the vertical height was less than 3 m. Gabion wallswere considered for heights above 3 m.
Drainage
Major cross-road drains were designed at all locations where defined flowlines on 1:50,000topographic maps cross the proposed alignments. Cross-road drains were designed forspecific sub-catchment sizes and the specific cross-sectional shape of drainage lines, withthe provision of 1 in 10 year discharge capacity. Side drains were designed with a 1 in 5year discharge capacity. These design return periods were selected as a compromisebetween flow capacity and cost given that intense monsoon storms occur every year.
Fords have been preferred to pipe culverts for major cross-road drains due to their reducedlikelihood of blockage, lower maintenance requirements and large capacity. The main typeof ford structure designed was a causeway weir. Where fords were not been practical due tosteep gully crossings, pipe culverts were designed.
Existing drainage lines were used as drain locations wherever possible in order to collectconcentrated flows where they meet the road and dispose of them immediately at stabledisposal locations, preventing darnage to other downslope features.
Lined side drains were designed at the base of cut slopes where the cut was not throughsound rock and road grades exceed 5%.
3.2 FINAL DETAILED DESIGN
The final detailed design of the proposed roads, based on the preliminary road designs, will
be prepared by the Detailed Design Consultant. The Detailed Design Consultant shall
follow all the design principles adopted in the preliminary design, as well as the additionalprinciples outlined below.
3.2.1 Cut and Fill Equalisation
The detailed design shall attempt to equalise cut and fill by fixing the alignment centrelineto try to achieve half cut and half fill on all slopes below 60°, as in the preliminary design.
Excavated fill will be primarily used in compacted earth embankments and to backfill
retaining walls.
At sites where major unstable areas are crossed by the alignment, a reduction in standardDOR road w%idth specifications shall be considered (e.g. a decrease in width from 4.5 m to
3.5-4.0 m), without side drains or passing bays. Reducing the width of the road will reduceslope excavation and hence slope destabilisation.
3 3.2.2 Embankments and Retaining Walls
In addition to following the preliminary design principles for embankment and retainingwall design, breast walls shall considered at all sites where alignments cross irrigatedcultivation and the cut bank is over 1 m high. The breast wall shall consist of a gabion wall
two thirds the height of the cut batter in order to provide a stable, free draining embank-menttoe whilst minirnising costs. This will enable the unprotected batter grade above the wall to
be reduced to 1:1 (V:H). The breast wall will protect these colluvial slopes which are proneto saturation, and reduce the loss of high value land.
3.2.3 Drainage
Minor cross-road drains and road cross-fall shall be designed in the detailed road design.3 These designs shall be based on reducing the concentration and velocity of runoff, andreducing the potential for drain failure, and hence reducing drain maintenance.Accordingly, the following drain design criteria and specifications shall be used in the
detailed design.
* Existing drainage lines shall be used as drain locations wherever possible to collectconcentrated flows where they meet the road and dispose of them immediately at stabledisposal locations, preventing damage to other downslope features.
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Figure 4: Location of Road Drains at Natural Drainage Sites
* Allowing for the above design criteria, minor cross-road drains shall be providedbetween major drains. These drain spacings also approximately coincide with the length 3of overland flow where significant rill erosion will commence, which is critical on roadgrades of less than 5% that will not have lined side drains. As a general rule, side drainsshould not carry water for more than 200 m without disposal.
* The provision of outfall cross-fall drainage shall be considered at sites where compactedfill embankments are less than 2 m high, where retaining walls occur or on exposed rockslopes, providing a traffic hazard will not be created. Outfall cross-fall reduces theconcentration of runoff and the reliance on cross-road drains remaining operationalduring intense storms. It also reduces construction costs by reducing the number ofculverts and length of side drains.
* infall cross-fall drainage shall be provided where outfall cross-fall is not provided.
* Lined side drains shall be provided at the base of cut slopes where the road gradeexceeds 5% and infall cross-fall drainage is provided, unless the road cutting is throughrock.
* Minor cross-road drains and side drains shall be approximately sized according to thesub-catchment area.
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3.2.4 Construction Programme
The construction of the project roads shall be staged over four years, thus limiting the extentof construction in any one year to manageable lengths (between 4-20 kmn). Individualcontracts shall be limited in size to enable each contract to be completed in a single dryseason (over 9 months from mid-September to mid-June) by labour-based construction.Individual contracts will be issued for 1-3 km lengths of road.
Full construction over a single dry season will minimise the overall site landslip and erosionhazard prior to the installation of all designed retaining walls, drains and the majority ofTevegetation works.
Construction contracts will include a one year defect period effective from the completionof road construction.
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Road Alainrenonce and D)evelapnzent Project 1'5
4. ROAD CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Environmental management measures shall be implemented to mitigate negative impactsduring pre-construction. construction and post-construction phases of road development.These measures are described below for each phase of development, together with theresponsibilities of each party. All required actions, timing and responsibilities are alsosummarised in Appendix 2 for use as a site checklist.
Good environmental management during construction comrnmences with the correct siting ofproposed works. The strict supervision of works within the pegged sites and in accordancewith approved practices is then required, followed by the final rehabilitation of sitesaccording to prescribed practices.
Contractors need to recognise that the road is part of the broader environment. The roadruns next to private and public land that heeds to be maintained. Road construction must belimited to the minimal ROW area required and construction activities must minimise off-site impacts.
-4.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Prior to the commencement of construction, land and building acquisition, permits andpermission to undertake certain construction activities, training and worksite survey,pegging and approval have to be undertaken or obtained.
4.1.1 Land Acquisition
Private land and buildings have to be acquired within the ROW prior to road construction.Acquisition shall be undertaken in accordance with the provisions of the Land AcquisitionAct, 2034 for permanent land acquisition and the Public Roads Act, 2031 for temporary landacquisition. These provisions have been supplemented with additional guidelines containedin the RMD Project Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). Together, the provisions andguidelines require the successful initiation of land acquisition procedures before thecommencement of construction work.
Responsibilities
DOR, as the project proponent, shall ensure that the necessary land acquisition proceduresare initiated prior to the commencement of any related works, including:
* Notice to inform concerned landowners of project activities;* Identification of all affected land parcels and census of affected owners;* Verification and quantification of land and building losses;* Finalisation of the list of entitled persons for publication;* Publication of the acquisition notice specifying the evacuation period and compensation
arrangements;
RPnn'J Afnintonl7nrp nnd [ Pvplnnn?ent Prniect
* Where households and business establishments are displaced, payment of displacementallowances and compensation shall occur not less than 35 days prior to takingpossession of the properties;
* Payment of compensation for other acquired properties shall occur within the periodsspecified in the Resettlement Action Plan.
DOR shall provide copies of the RMD Project land acquisition procedures to theU Supervising Consultant and Contractor. The Supervising Consultant and Contractor shalladhere to these procedures.
DOR shall provide a list of affected property owners to the Supervising Consultant andContractor.
4.1.2 Permits
Permits are required from HMG to fell trees, undertake quarrying and undertake certainother construction activities. Permission from private landholders is also required toundertake activities on their land.
Responsibilities
DOR, recognised as the proponent of the road development work, shall obtain all necessarypermits prior to the commencement of any related works, including:
* Permit to Fell Trees - a request letter must be sent to the District Forest Office for apermit to fell trees in Government or Community Forests.
* Permit for Quarrying - a request letter must be sent to the District Forest Office or theDistrict Development Committee to establish and operate a quarry.
DOR shall also obtain written permission from each Community Forest User Group for theclearing of the alignrment through Community Forests.
DOR shall provide a copy of all permits and permissions to the Contractor. The Contractorshall adhere to the termns and conditions of the permits and comply with all statutes relevantto environmental management at the site.
The Contractor shall obtain permission in writing from all private landowners on whoseland construction activities are to occur. Permission shall be obtained prior to thecommencement of these activities and copies shall be provided to the SupervisingConsultant.
PRond .aincenance aznd Development Project 1 7
4.1.3 Training
Limited training appears to have been given to Contractors' Field Supervisors andconstruction workers in the past, which has been reflected in the use of pOOT constructionpractices. Most construction skills appear to have been gained in the field.
In order to help improve the quality of road construction and environrmental managementwork to the standard required on the RMD Project, construction and environmentalmanagement training and accreditation is required for Consultants' Field Supervisors.
A training workshop shall be provided in the implementation of the main approved roadconstruction and environmental management measures, including site survey and
delineation, retaining wall and drainage construction, slope excavation, excess fill disposal,initial revegetation techniques, and environmental monitoring and reporting. The workshopwill also include approved land acquisition procedures, as detailed in the ResettlementAction Plan.
A second training workshop shall be provided in controlled blasting techniques.
Responsibilities
DOR shall organise and convene a 5-7 day "Road Construction and EnvironmentalManagement Training Workslhop" and a shorter "Controlled Blasting Training Workshop"at least I month prior to the commencement of the first RMD Project construction contract.
The Contractor shall ensure that his/her Field Supervisor/s attend the "Road Constructionand Environmental Management Training Workshop" and receive accreditation beforecommencing work at the site. The Contractor shall also ensure that his/her Blaster/s attendthe "Controlled Blasting Training Workshop" and receive accreditation before comunencingwork at the site.
The Supervising Consultant shall ensure that all of his/her field staff attend both TrainingWorkshops prior to commencing site duties.
4.1.4 Worksite Survey, Pegging and Approval
The proposed roads (including the full extent of works) and ancillary sites shall be surveyedand pegged prior to any construction or related activities to ensure that they are correctlysited in accordance with the detailed road designs and permits. This allows previouslyunnoticed design and environmental issues to be recognised prior to construction, and eitheravoided or mitigated. It also allows the final verification of affected persons and assets, tobe undertaken prior to the commencement of construction.
All roadwork survey and pegging shall be undertaken with a level to ensure that works arecorrectly located.
.3
The pegging of the road formation areas and ancillary sites enables works to be confined tothe minimum area required, reducing the area of disturbance and loss of productiveresources. Construction workers can clearly see the proposed extent of work and
; landow"ners can recover or harvest resources prior to construction.
Responsibilities
X The Supervising Consultant shall survey at least 500 m of the proposed road alignment witha level and peg the road centreline and extent of all works prior to the commencement of
U road construction. The Supervising Consultant and Contractor shall than jointly inspect thesurveyed alignment and road formation area. The Supervising Consultant shall continue tosurvev and peg at least 500 m of alignment in front of the furthest extent of roadconstruction work underway.
The Contractor shall locate and peg each ancillary site prior to the commencement of anyancillary site activities (including fill disposal sites, quarries and borrow pits, stockpile sites,workforce camps and storage areas). Sites shall be located in accordance with the followingcriteria:
* No ancillary site shall be sited within 100 m of an identified archaeological, religious orcultural site (see Appendix 1);
* Ancillary sites, except fill disposal sites, shall be sited above flood level and at least 10m away from watercourses.
Ancillary site areas shall be kept to a minimum to reduce the area of vegetation clearanceand ground disturbance. The Contractor shall seek approval to commence work at eachancillary site from the Supervising Consultant prior to commencing any related activities.
Note: all requirements to survey, peg and seek approval for proposed roadworks relate tothe initial 500 m of road alignment or the minimum 500 m of alignment in front of roadconstruction at any one point in time, not to the entire contract length of road.
4.1.5 Additional Road Design
Additional road design is required prior to and during road construction in order to accountfor site-specific features.
Prior to road construction, services that cross the road alignment have to be identified fortemporary connection during construction and for reinstatement following construction (seeSection 4.2.7). The type and quantity of these works will only be determined during the siteinspection immediately prior to construction (see Section 5.1).
.1
i ~~~Road Maintenonce and Developmnent Project 19
The foundation materials underlying some retaining wall sites will only be known onceexcavation has occurred during construction. Accordingly, many retaining wall types willonly be selected following foundation excavation, with dry stone walls generally used onstable sites and gabion walls used on unstable sites.
During and following construction, local conditions may dictate the need to delav theconstruction of some designed works or the need for additional works. Where majorlandslides are likely to occur following road excavation, the construction of associatedretaining walls may be delayed for 1-3 years to prevent their loss. Where sub-surfaceseepage occurs from cut batters, additional retaining or breast walls may be required tostabilise these sites.
Following the first monsoon season after road construction, the design of additional worksmay be required if batters have failed due to insufficient retaining wall protection.
4.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Road construction methods largely dictate the degree of direct environmental impact thatwill result from the new Toads. The key principles that have to be adhered to are limitingthe area of disturbance and land take, sequencing construction activities to save the doublehandling of materials, installing all major retaining and drainage works in the initial year ofconstruction (prior to the monsoon) and progressively revegetating the completed batters.
The key construction methods and programme required to minimise environmental impactsare described in detail below.
4.2.1 Vegetation Clearance
Vegetation clearance shall be confined to the minimum area required for constructionactivities within the ROW in order to limit the loss of production resources, limit damage tosurrounding features and limit ground disturbance and the associated erosion hazard. Thisshall be achieved by clearly marking out the extent of the proposed clearing and ensuringthat clearing is only undertaken within these areas. Trees within the boundaries of ancillarysites shall be retained wherever possible.
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall clearly mark out the extent of clearing with pegs at 25 m intervals orless, staying strictly within the approved worksite areas. The Contractor shall also identifyand mark individual trees within the extent of clearing that shall be retained. TheContractor shall seek approval for vegetation clearance from the Supervising Consultant atleast 1 week prior to the intended conmmencement date. The Supervising Consultant shallonly approve clearing once DOR has obtained a permit to clear and written permission fromaffected Community Forest Users Groups.
The Contractor shall instruct all construction work-ers to restrict clearing to the marked areasand not to harvest any forest products for personal consumption.
The Contractor shall ensure that all clearing is undertaken by hand within the extent ofapproved sites only. Vegetation clearance along each section of the alignment shall only beundertaken within I week prior to the associated road excavation works in order tominimise the period of erosion hazard created by ground disturbance and the removal ofvegetative cover.
Where possible, the Contractor shall stockpile cleared shrub foliage within the ROW forlater use as a brush layer for batter revegetation.
The Contractor shall protect all remaining vegetation within the road ROW and at ancillarysites by ensuring that:
* -' * No spoil or topsoil is removed or added to the base of remaining trees;a No harmful materials are placed adjacent to the remaining vegetation;* No vegetation is harvested by construction workers for their personal use or sale.
4.2.2 Retaining Wall Construction
Retaining walls shall be constructed prior to the bulk excavation of the hill slope above thewall site so that backfilling of the wall can occur at the time of excavation. This will savethe double handling of fill and reduce the likelihood of fill sidecasting below the roadformation area.
Figure 5: Sequence of Construction Acti-vities
I CLEAR AND 2 STRIP TOPSOIL ASREMOVE REQUIRED. GRUBVEGETATION OUT ROOTS
__ 3 CONSTRUCT /PILOT TRACK, IFPRACTICAL
6 BENCH HILLSIDE, 7 CONSTRUCTEXCAVATE ROAD \ RETAINING ORPROFILE AND \ BREASTWALL, IFCONSTRUCT ANY
a , E ~~~~~~~~EMBANKMENT /9 TRIM SLOPES AS EA NREQUIRED
ii; ! \ _ e CONSTRUCT SIDE DRAIN
I < e _ __- ~ 4 CONSTRUCT CROSS DRAINAGE, IF ANY
5 CONSTRUCTRETAINING WALL,IF ANY
Adapted from ODA Overseas Road Note 16 (1997)
Road Maintenance and Development Project 21
At sites where large landslides are inevitable in the first few years following roadexcavation, retaining walls shall only be installed once the major slides have occurred inorder to avoid significant damage to retaining walls. These slides are most likely to occur inthe initial three years following excavation.
Responsibilities
The Supervising Consultant and Contractor, prior to construction, shall identify sites wherelarge landslides are inevitable, and agree upon the delay of retaining wall construction untilthe slides have occurred (see Section 5.1.1).
The Supervising Consultant shall survey and peg all retaining wall sites as per the detaileddesigns prior to any road excavation, ensuring that they are correctly sited horizontally toprovide sufficient backfill voids. The Supervising Consultant and Contractor shall thenjointly inspect all pegged retaining wall sites.
The Contractor shall progressively construct retaining walls prior to commencing eachassociated cut bank excavation. Cut bank excavation above each wall and the backfillingbehind the wall shall only be commenced once the Supervising Contractor has certified theretaining wall. Backfilling shall then occur in layers no deeper than 150 mm. with eachlayer compacted with a small mechanical compactor or hand held tamper before the nextlayer is applied.
4.2.3 Excavation and Embankment Construction
Cut batters are commonly constructed on grades steeper than the design standards, whilstfill embankments are often not adequately compacted. These unstable features result inslides and erosion, off-site sedimentation, road closure and high maintenance costs.
All cut and fill banks shall be strictly constructed to design specifications to ensure thatcorrect batter grades. road widths and earth compaction are achieved. This shall beachieved by filly surveying and pegging roadworks prior to construction and strictlyinspecting and certifying them against the detailed designs following construction.
Responsibilitics
The Supervising Consultant shall survey and peg the crest of all cut batters and the toe of allearth embankments prior to any related excavation. The Supervising Consultant andContractor shall then jointly inspect all pegged banks.
The Contractor shall bench the natural surface foundation of earth embankments prior tofilling to enable the keying in and compaction of earth. Filling shall then occur in layers nodeeper than 150 mm, with each layer compacted with a small mechanical compactor orhand held tamper before the next layer is applied.
Road Mainienance and Development Project 22
Note: the use of a small mechanical compactor is recommended as it can achieve quick,consistent compaction.
4.2.4 Drainage
Adequate and stable cross-road and road surface drainage is essential to ensure that stormrunoff across the proposed roads causes minimal damage to the road and downslopefeatures. Cross-road drainage shall be provided by causeways and culverts to passcatchment flows past the road, either over or beneath it., Road surface drainage shall beprovided by infall or outfall cross-fall and lined side drains to direct runoff off the roadsurface
All designed drainage works shall be installed at the time of initial road construction toensure that the high erosion hazard created bv road excavation through drainage lines isminimised.
Drive-over earth crossbanks will be extensively used to provide road surface drainageduring the initial three years following construction. These structures provide inexpensiveand effective surface drainage that is unlikely to block and is easily inspected.
U Responsibilities
3 The Supervising Consultant shall survey and peg all designed drainage works prior to thecommencement of construction. Wherever possible, drains shall outlet into stable drainagelines. Wrhere this is not possible, the Supervising Consultant shall consult with adjoining
I downslope landowners on mutually acceptable locations for drain outlets.
The Supervising Consultant and Contractor shall then jointly inspect all pegged drainageworks.
The Contractor shall construct all designed drainage works prior to, during or immediatelyfollowing road excavation in order to minimise the erosion hazard.
The Contractor shall construct earth cross-banks in May, prior to the commencement of themonsoon. The banks shall outlet according to the provision of infall or outfall and shall bespaced between causeways as indicated in Table 3. If infall is provided the banks shouldoutlet at or immediately upslope of minor cross-road drain inlets. The bank-s will provideadditional road surface drainage during the monsoon. preventing long distance rilling along
] wheel ruts.
.P
P,w Ma.'Sainiten7nce and Develomnent Prc7tect 23
Table 3: Earth Cross-bank Spacings
Road Grade | Spacing(%) (mn)
1 1403 120
1008 8012 60
The Contractor shall inspect the construction site for drainage and erosion problems aftereach major stormn event during the period of construction, and shall repair all failed drainsand take other appropriate action as directed by the Supervising Consultant.
4.2.5 Topsoil Saving and Re-use
Topsoil is a valuable resource for the revegetation of cut and fill banks. Accordingly, it
shall be saved from all ROW sites that will be disturbed during road construction.
Topsoil shall be stripped from each site prior to any associated flling or sub-surfaceexcavation. It shall be saved by either stockpiling it adjacent to the proposed road
formation batter sites, either immediately upslope or downslope of the extent of works, orby stripping it from the road section about to be excavated and respreading it immediatelyonto the previously completed adjacent section of road.
The preferred method is topsoil stripping and respreading immediately. This has theadvantages of only single handling the material and using topsoil when it is fresh, when soil
fertility and seed viability have not been reduced by stockpiling.
If topsoil is to be stockpiled it shall only be done above the excavation site to avoid mixingit with excavated sub-soil.
Topsoil shall only be respread on batters with a grade of 1:1 (V:H) or flatter. Topsoilspread on steeper batters will not stay in place.
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall save all available topsoil from construction sites within the ROW andre-use this material on completed road formation batters approved by the SupervisingConsultant. Topsoiling of a batter shall not occur until the Supervising Consultant hasapproved the completed batter.
The Contractor shall also strip and stockpile topsoil from all temporarily acquired ancillarysite areas that are to be disturbed.
If topsoil is to be stockpiled, it shall be kept separate from other materials.
The Contractor shall sow a cover crop on each topsoiled batter within 2 days of topsoiling.
4.2.6 Fill Disposal
I Despite the incorporation of cut and fill equalisation into the road designs whereverpossible, road construction will produce excess fill. Excess fill will be derived from theexcavation of the road on slopes above 600, at sites where box cuts are required to achievedesign specifications and at other sites where cut and fill equalisation can not be achieved.
The disposal of excess fill at low impact sites shall be undertaken to minimise damage to* environmental and social features. Excess fill shall generally not be sidecast over the edge
of the excavation or placed in small drainage lines, above houses or at other sites where it islikely to cause damage to natural features or structures. Sidecasting will only be allowed onsteep slopes in excess of 60° located immediately above major rivers, where a permissablefill location is not available within 300 m of the excavation site.
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall identify and peg out permissable fill disposal locations. Permissablefill disposal locations include:
* Building sites;
* Erosion gullies to be rehabilitated;* Major riverbeds;3 Road widening sites on low value land.
Major riverbeds can be used to dispose of excess fill as long the fill is not placed directlyinto dry season river flows (November to May). Fill shall be placed in the monsoon floodzone so that it is removed during periods of high sediment flow without diverting flows intoriver banks or other features.
The Contractor shall seek approval from the Supervising Consultant for the use of thesesites prior to construction (see Section 5.1.1). Where permissable sites are not availablewithin 300 m of the excavation site, the disposal of fill will be at the discretion of theSupervising Consultant, but shall not be undertaken on private land.
The Supervising Consultant shall inspect and approve all correctly located disposal sites.
The Contractor shall instruct the construction workforce on the approved locations for filldisposal and shall strictly supervise the correct placement of fill at these locations.
Note: the Contractor must construct all roadworks in accordance with the detailed designs.The generation of excess fill by excavating a full cut where an earth embanklnent or
~~~~--ovU: A N rt^^ )-XhD-
retaining wall is designed is not permitted. Works not strictly constructed according toapproved designs will not be certified for payment (see Section 4.4).
The use of tractors and trailers by the Contractor shall be encouraged to economically andefficiently transport excess fill to disposal sites.
4.2.7 Reinstatement of Services |
Local services, including water supply lines, drainage ditches and trails, are commonly cutduring road earthworks. These services are required by local people for crop production. Idrinking water supply and access, and have the potential to damage road works. Theseservices are often either inadequatelv reconnected or not reinstated at all.
All irrigation canals, water supply lines and stand pipes, drainage ditches and walking trailsshall be maintained during construction or, if necessary, temporary services shall bearranged or the owner/user's permission for temporary cessation shall be gained. Servicesshall be progressively reinstated as soon as road excavation has been completed.
Figure 6: Replacement of Existing Water Supply Line with a Standpipe
A. Existing pipe
G vin ~~~~~pipeI
I~ ~ ~ C Lnpieblw~~
Responsibilities
The Supervising Consultant, accompanied by the Contractor, shall inventory all services tobe reinstated during Pre-construction Inspection 1 (see Section 5.1.1).
The Contractor shall liase and reach agreement with affected landowners and local peopleregarding which services must be maintained, which services can be temporarily cut, the
lI
timing of cuts and reinstatements, and the location of reinstated services. The Contractorshall obtain written permission from affected people to temporarily cease any services.
As agreed, the Contractor shall maintain or provide temporary services during construction.The Contractor shall make temporary provision for water supply and irrigation and drainagechannels interrupted by road excavation. The Contractor shall progressively reinstate allinterrupted services imrnmediately following earthwork completion, ensuring that reinstatedor repaired services operate to their previous capacity.
The Supervising Consultant shall inspect and certify the adequate reinstatement of allpreviously inventoried services to be reinstated.
4.2.8 Quarries and Borrow Pits
The construction of the proposed roads will require hard rock for dry stone and gabionretaining walls and weirs, as well as side drains and some cross drains. This rock willprimarily be sourced from road formation excavation sites. Where insufficient rock isavailable from the road excavation, additional rock shall be sought from neighbouringlandholders willing to dispose of loose rocks on their land. If additional hard rock isrequired it will be sourced from local sites suitable for extraction.
Potential borrow pit and quarry sites include exposed hillside rock faces and river beds.
Sediment shall be controlled at each site by ensuring that the base of the quarry or borrowpit drains into a sediment trap prior to discharging from the site.
Responsibilities
DOR shall obtain all necessarv permits to quarry prior to quarrying (see Section 4.1.2).
The Contractor shall locate and peg out the full extent of proposed extraction areas prior tothe use of a quarry or borrow pit, other than an approved road formation excavation site.The Contractor shall locate all quarries and borrow pits in accordance with the followingcriteria:
* Restricted to small areas;* Preferably located at existing quarry sites;
Preferably located on sites without any tree cover;I * Located at least 60 m from any dwelling;* Located at least 200 m from any archaeological, reliaious or cultural site identified in
Appendix 1.
The Contractor shall estimate the quantity of material required and period of extraction, andseek approval for use of the extraction site from the Supervising Consultant.
i
The Supervising Consultant shall inspect and approve all correctly located quarry andborrow pit sites.
The Contractor shall restrict all extraction activities to the approved site, undertakingminimal vegetation clearance to enable safe rock extraction. The Contractor shall strip andseparately stockpile all topsoil and sub-soil overlying the rock to be extracted. Quarry andborrow pit operations shall be restricted to the hours of 7.00-18.00.
Where possible, the Contractor shall ensure that each quarry or borrow pit drains into asediment trap before runoff discharges from the site.
4.2.9 Stockpiling
The stockpiling of rock, topsoil, sub-soil and other materials will be required during roadconstruction. These materials shall be stockpiled to prevent damage to local features whichcan be caused by diverting runoff and creating sedimentation.
Stockpiled materials shall be stored on non-hazardous sites, away from both habitation anddrainage lines to minimise off-site sedimentation and protect off-site features.
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall locate and peg stock-pile sites in accordance with the following criteria:
* At least 10 m away from drainage lines and out of flood level;* On land with less than a 100 slope;* On sites already clear of trees and shrubs;* Not above houses or other structures;* Further than 2 m away from vegetation to be retained.
If stockpiling is planned on private land, the Contractor shall obtain written permission fromthe landowner for use of the site. The Contractor shall seek approval from the SupervisingConsultant for the use of stockpile sites prior to commencing the related extractionoperations. The Supervising Consultant shall inspect and approve all correctly located sites.
The stockpiling of fill material shall not be permitted during the monsoon season unless it isappropriately covered. Where topsoil is to be stock-piled for longer than one month thestockpile shall be seeded with an appropriate cover crop.
_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4.2.10 Blasting
Uncontrolled blasting can cause extensive enviro=nental damage. Excessive rockfracturing on previously stable slopes has been common as a result of the overuse ofexplosives on hard rock cuts on mountain roads. This has caused severe long-term stabilityproblems (e.g. Chhinchu-Jajarkot road - FRR, 1998).
Blasting shall only be conducted where hand excavation will take an excessively long time.Controlled blasting shall be used to limit the volume and extent of rock throw, and to reducethe disturbance of local people.
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall seek approval for blasting from the Supervising Consultant. TheSupervising Consultant shall inspect proposed blasting sites and approve where appropriate.
The Contractor shall ensure that his/her Blaster strictly undertakes all blasting in accordanceJ with the principles set out in the DOR "Controlled Blasting Training Workshop". The
Contractor shall restrict all blasting to the hours of 9.00-16.30.
The Supervising Consultant shall inspect blasting operations at least three times during thecourse of construction and report on these activities in the Weekly Reports.
4.2.11 Workforce Camps
Workforce camps are temporarily required during the period of construction. Only onecamp will generally be required along each 1-3 km contract length of road. Camps shall belocated on low impact sites where temporary damage to local resources is minimised.
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall locate and peg workforce camp sites in accordance with the followingcriteria:
Above flood level and at least 10 m from any drainage line;. Away from potential landslide areas:* Preferably on degraded land of low production value;* On cleared land requiring no or minor vegetation clearance;I * Not immediately upslope of local drinking water off-takes;* Only one camp site per contract or 3 km length of alignment.
The Contractor shall seek approval for the use of the camp site from the SupervisingConsultant. The Supervising Consultant shall inspect and approve all correctly locatedcamp sites.
The Contractor shall ensure that proper drinking water, sewerage and waste disposalfacilities are supplied and maintained. In water deficient areas, the Contractor shall providedrinking water from outside the area. Solid waste generated at the carnp shall be recvcled ordisposed of as directed by the Supervising Consultant. Appropriate facilities shall beprovided for women, where they are employed under contract.
4.2.12 Workforce Management
A principal of the RMD Project is the employment of local people. Despite this, workerswill generally live in temporarT workforce camps in close proximity to the roadworks andnumerous local communities.
Workers shall act in a responsible mamner during and after working hours, respecting therights, property and practices of local people.
Workers shall not undertake prohibited activities (i.e. wildlife hunting and forest harvesting,including tree felling and the collection of forest products).
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall liase with affected communities regarding proposed constructionactivities. The Contractor shall ensure that workers act in a responsible manner towardlocal people and do not harvest or take personal resources.
The Contractor shall ensure that workers do not fell or cut trees or other vegetation forfuelwood or any other purpose. The Contractor shall ensure that construction workers donot hunt, trap or trade in wildlife.
The Contractor shall ensure that no wood is burnt by any workers on or off site by providingkerosene to workers for all cooking needs.
Working hours shall not extend outside the hours of 7.00-18.00 to ensure that local peopleare not unduly disturbed.
The incidence of child labour shall be monitored in consultation with local communities andofficials to prevent exploitation.
4.2.13 Air and Noise Pollution
Dust generation will cause air contamination during road construction. Construction will beprimarily labour based, therefore dust emissions will be minimal. However, constructionworkers will be exposed to this low level of dust during the period of construction.
Noise levels generated from construction activities will generally be low due to handconstruction, although blasting will produce high level, short duration noise.
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall ensure that construction works do not generate unacceptably high
levels of dust.
The Contractor shall control noise pollution by restricting work hours to between 7.00-
18.00, restricting blasting hours to 9.00-16.30 and prohibiting the use of air horns onconstruction vehicles in settlement areas.
4.2.14 Hazards and Hazardous Materials
The mishandling and incorrect storage of explosives, combustible and toxic materials such
as petrol, diesel, oil and lubricants can lead to explosions, spills and leaks wlhich pose a
safety hazard to workers and may cause soil and water contamination. Minimal amounts of
these materials will be used during the labour-based construction.
1 Responsibilities
The Contractor shall safely handle and store hazardous materials in accordance with the
following requirements.
- Hazardous materials shall be stored above flood level and at least 20 m from any
3 watercourse;3 Explosives shall be stored in strict accordance with HMG regulations;
* Hazardous liquid substances (e.g. petrol, diesel, oils) shall be stored on top of sealeda_J plastic sheets in a secure, flat bunded area. Bund walls shall be at least 25 cm high.
The Contractor shall seek directions from the Supervising Consultant regarding the disposal
of hazardous materials. Used lubricants and oils shall be collected and disposed of orrecycled without causing pollution or a hazard to worker safety. Spills of hazardous
materials within or outside bunded storage areas shall be cleaned up immediately.Contaminated and tom or worn plastic sheets shall be disposed of appropriately.
Li The Contractor shall suppress fires on or adjacent to construction or ancillary sites.
| 4.3- POST-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
4.3.1 Revegetation
Disturbed areas shall be revegetated following construction activities, with bio-engineeringmeasures used extensively to stabilise cut and fill batters. Vegetation stabilises batters and
other disturbed ground surfaces by providing ground cover to protect against raindrop
impact and reduce overland runoff velocities, and binding soil through plant root
development.
i~ ~~~..-r _.,_..r
The only batters disturbed during construction where bio-engineerinc will not be undertakenfollowing initial construction will be slopes prone to major landslides and rock slopes.Slopes prone to major slides in the first few years following road construction will berevegetated once the slides have occurred and the slopes have reached a relatively stableangle of repose. Rock slopes or slopes with predominantlv rocky materials will not berevegetated.
Batters and disturbed areas shall be progressively stabilised in order to rapidly reduce theerosion hazard of the site. Revegetation shall be undertaken in two stages followingconstruction:
1. Cover crop sowing by the Contractor;2. Long-termn vegetation establishment by the Bio-engineering Consultant.
Revegetation has been split into these two phases in order to ensure that the cover crop issown as soon as possible following construction and that a specialist Bio-engineeringConsultant is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of long-term bio-engineering measures.
The establishment of initial ground cover with a cover crop is the first priority ofrevegetation. The cover crop provides some rapid erosion protection and creates a micro-climate favourable for the establishment of other vegetation. The establishment of long-term vegetative cover requires the use of a range of specialist bio-engineering techniquesand adequate follow-up maintenance, including replanting. Vegetation maintenance isessential to the success of batter revegetation, therefore bio-engineering maintenance willoccur for a 2 year period.
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall progressively sow all disturbed construction and ancillary site surfaceswith a cover cTop mix immediately following the completion and certification of each batteror final use of each ancillary site, including all fill disposal sites.
The Supervising Consultant shall notify the Bio-engineering Contractor where bio-engineering works shall be delayed until large landslides have occurred (see Section 5.1.1).
The Bio-engineering Contractor shall progressively implement works as per the Bio-engineering Plan on all cut and fill batters. This shall commence in the correct plantingseason as soon as an initial 400 m of road has been completed and certified.
The Supervising Consultant shall regularly monitor the effectiveness of bio-engineeringmeasures.
4.3.2 Ancillary Site Rehabilitation
All ancillary sites have to be rehabilitated following their temporary use in order to stabilisethe sites, ensure that they are non-polluting and return them to their previous condition.
Responsibilities
The Contractor shall ensure that ancillary sites (stockpile sites, quarries and borrow pits,* workforce camps) are fully rehabilitated within 1 month of the final day of use. This shall
involve the removal of all structures except permanent buildings that the landowner hasrequested to remain and the Supervising Consultant has permitted. All refuse, stockpilesand other temporary features shall be removed.
The Contractor shall spread all previously stripped overburden and topsoil across the site,with all topsoil spread evenly on the surface. The Contractor shall provide temporarysurface drainage on sites that are prone to erosion prior revegetation. This drainage shall bein the form of small catch drains Or earth banks located immediately above and at intervalsno greater than 50 m down the slope. The drains shall have 0.5-1% grade and outlet at astable disposal sites.
Where possible, the Contractor shall restrict access to these sites by placing rocks to form abarrier to vehicle access. The Contractor shall then revegetate the site by hand broadcastinga cover crop and planting appropriate long-term vegetation (see Section 4.3.1).
4.3.3 Roadwork Maintenance
The maintenance of roadworks shall be undertaken under a separate contract to theconstruction contract, commencing at the end of the defect liability period. This will coverthe construction of additional roadworks not included in the detailed design but deemednecessary to stabilise or maintain the road.
The Contractor will be responsible for any defects in his/her construction work for a periodof one year following the completion of road construction.
4.4 Certification of Completed Works for Payment
The correct construction of designed roadworks is most effectively achieved by basingcontract payments on the actual volumes of designed works constructed, and non-paymentfor sub-standard constructed works.
The Contractor is able to make considerable cost savings by constructing a full cut insteadof constructing half cut and half fill with retaining walls. Likewise, labour costs can bereduced by formning batters steeper than the design standards or sidecasting excess fill.
i.X
Responsibilities
Construction contracts shall specify payment per unit of designed work constructed, as wellas non-payment for sub-standard construction below the detailed design specifications.
The Supervising Consultant shall strictly certify, constructed roadworks against the detailedroad designs and the EMAP conditions.
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5. SITE SUPERVISION, MONITORING ANDREPORTING
The strict supervision of road construction activities is required prior to, during andfollowing construction to ensure that works are constructed in accordance with the approvedI designs and that envirorunmental impacts are fully mitigated in accordance with the EMAP.A standard system of site inspections, reporting and approvals shall be undertaken during
U the life of the project, as described below.
The Supervising Consultant shall undertake the following site inspections, in conjunctionwith the Contractor where specified, to assist in site plamning, to oversee construction and tocertify (where necessary) the completed works and controls for payment.
-1_J 5.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Two pre-construction inspections of each section of the alignrnent and all ancillary sitesshall be undertaken by the Supervising Consultant and Contractor.
Pre-construction Inspection 1 - the initial inspection shall involve a site review ofbetween 500-1,000 m of the pegged centreline of the alignment and any identified ancillarysites required by the Contractor. It will serve to:
* Confihm the alignment;* Identify site-specific construction or environmental problems;* Identify highly unstable alignment sections where retaining wall construction and/or
bio-engineering work will be delayed;Identify services that are required to be reinstated;Identify fill disposal sites;
* Identify sources of rock for retaining wall construction;* Identity workforce camp sites; and* Plan the phasing of construction along the alignment.
Prior to this inspection the Supervising Consultant shall survey and clearly peg thecentreline. During the inspection the Supervising Consultant and Contractor shall discussand agree upon the factors listed above, including the services that are to be reinstated andacceptable fill disposal sites.
The Supervising Consultant shall document the type and location of all services that are tobe temporarily reconnected and reinstated by the Contractor, and provide a copy of this tothe Contractor.
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Pre-construction Inspection 2 - the second inspection shall occur after the SupervisingConsultant has surveyed and pegged the crest and toe of all banks, retaining wall sites anddrains, and the Contractor has pegged all fill disposal areas and other ancillary sites. Thisshall occur along at least 400 m of the previously inspected section of alignent.
The Supervising Consultant shall review the sites pegged by the Contractor and approvethem for construction where appropriate, or request the Contractor to repeg sites.
Follow-up Inspection - any specific sites that require repegging shall be inspected by theSupervising Consultant and Contractor. The Supervising Consultant shall approve thesesites or request the Contractor to repeg as necessary.
5.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The Supervising Consultant shall undertake daily, weekly and monthly supervision andinspections of road works during the period of construction, and monthly inspections ofancillary sites during their period of use, as specified below.
Daily Supervision - the Supervising Consultant shall supervise the following works underconstruction each day:
* Vegetation clearance;* Excavation activities;* Fill embankment construction;* Excess fill disposal.
If any activities are not being undertaken in accordance with the contract or EMAPconditions, the Contractor shall be verbally requested by the Supervising Consultant torectify the situation.
Weekly Inspections - the Supervising Consultant shall undertake weekly inspections, inconjunction with the Contractor, of all the works inspected during the daily inspections aswell as the following works under construction:
* Retaining and breast wall construction;* Drains construction;* Reinstatement of services;* Blasting:* Quarries and borrow pits.
If any activities are not being undertaken in accordance with the Contract or EMAPconditions. the Supervising Consultant shall document these activities and specifycorrective measures in the Weekly Report. The Supervising Consultant shall provide a copyof the Weekly Report to the Contractor within 2 days of the inspection for action.
Note: the inspection of blasting activities will be undertaken when they are occurring. Alldrainage works and drain outlet areas will be inspected after each major storm event.
Monthly Inspections - the Supervising Consultant shall undertake a monthlv inspection ofall ancillary sites in use over the preceding month, as well as any ancillary site activitiescurrently in progress, at the end of each month in conjunction with the Contractor.
If any activities are not being undertaken in accordance with the contract or EMAPconditions, the Supervising Consultant shall document these activities and specifycorrective measures in the Monthly Report. The Supervising Consultant shall provide acopy of the Monthly Report to the Contractor within 2 days of the inspection for action.
Pre-monsoon Inspection - the Supervising Consultant shall undertake a pre-monsooninspection of road construction sites in conjunction with the Contractor to review monsoondrainage controls. This shall be undertaken between 15-25 May.
The Supervising Consultant shall specify the locations and types of additional monsoondrainage controls that are required. The Contractor shall install these drainage controls by 8June for review by the Supervising Consultant in the following Weekly Inspection.
5.3 POST-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Certification Inspection - the Supervising Consultant shall undertake a post-constructioncertification inspection of each completed section of road and each rehabilitated ancillarysite. Certification shall be based upon the contract conditions and EMAP conditions (seeSection 4.4).
* 5.4 OPERATIONAL PHASE
The environmental monitoring of roads during the road operation phase shall concentrate onthe major identified potential impacts of the roads, including slope stability, drainage andsedimentation.
The DOR Geo-environment Unit shall undertake a 6-monthly inspection of each roadformation and related features over the initial 2 years following completion of road works.
| The inspection will include a visual assessment of:
* Road surface condition;X * Road batters - cut and fill stability; bio-engineering success;
* Retaining walls;j * Drains and drainage lines - drain stability; drainage line erosion;
* Local houses and land - damage from landslides and sedimentation.
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The relevant performance indicators are:
* Road surface - no ruts greater than 150 mm deep.
* Road batters - no landslides except on naturally highly unstable slopes;- no significant rill or sheet erosion;- planted vegetation survival greater than 90% after one year.
* Retaining walls - no damage to walls from landslides or traffic;- no significant wall movement/slumpage.
* Drains - drainage along the road surface no greater than 200 m;- side drains intact;- no significant gully erosion/undermining at drain outlets;- pipe culverts in place.
* Local houses and land - no falling rock or landslide damage to houses;- no major landslide or sediment deposits downslope of road.
A standard report covering the above features shall be completed for each road by the Geo-
enviromnent Unit following each inspection. This report shall be submitted to the relevant
district DOR Supervisor and the relevant DOR section in Kathmandu within two weeks of
the inspection.
Environmental features such as noise, air and water quality will not be monitored as they
are only likely to be minor impacts.
6. RECORDS, AUDITS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION
6.1 EMAP RECORDS
In order to demonstrate compliance with the EMAP. the Contractor shall keep recordsregarding environmental management issues at the site. Records must be kept for the sitewith a list of each category which has been checked and monitored.
The Contractors' records shall include:
* All necessary permits, including private landowners' permission for activities on theirland;
* Proof of Contractor Field Supervisor training;* All written instructions and reports provided by the Supervising Consultant, including
Weekly Reports, Monthly Reports and Audit Reports;: * * A register of audit non-conformances and corrective actions;L 3 * Correspondence.
All records shall be kept at site prernises and maintained in a legible state for the full periodof construction. Records will be made available to the DOR Project Manager and theSupervising Consultant upon demand.
The Contractor must immediately report all environmental hazards or incidences to theSupervising Consultant, such as the thief or misplacement of explosives, damage tostructures or land, construction activities that have occurred outside approved sites, spills ofhazardous materials, forest or grassland fires or other incidents which are likely to causepollution, other detrimental environmental effects or loss or damage to private resources.
6.2 SITE AUDITS
A full compliance audit of the Contractor's operations and all construction and ancillarysites shall be conducted by the Supervising Consultant (Auditor) once every 3 months.Envirom-nental compliance will be audited against the conditions of the contract and EMAP,based on the phase of road development.
The audit shall be conducted by the Supervising Consultant in conjunction with the DORProject Manager, and shall be attended by the Contractor.
The audit will involve a review of all sites currently in use or used since the previous audit,any construction and related activities in progress and the site records. An Audit Reportdescribing the results of each audit shall be prepared bv the Supervising Consultant andsubmitted to the Contractor within 2 days of the completion of the audit. Non-conformances will be described and corrective action/s will be reconimended with anidentified date for completion.
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6.3 CORRECTIVE ACTION
The Contractor shall implement the corrective action/s recomnmended by the SupervisingConsultant in the time specified. The Contractor shall then notify the SupervisingConsultant of the completion of the corrective action/s.
The Supervising Consultant shall varify the satisfactory implementation of correctiveactions during the following Weekly Inspection and sign off on the non-conformance/s ifsatisfactorily rectified, or make a further request is unsatisfactory.
6.4 FINAL AUDIT SUMMARY
The Supervising Consultant shall prepare an Audit Summary Report at the completion of theContractor's contract. The report will provide a summary of the type and number of non-conformances found during the course of the contract, the type of corrective actionsrecommended and undertaken and the Contractor's diligence and response time to correctiveactions.
The report shall be used to assess the effectiveness of contract conditions and the EMAP,and identify' areas where these documents need strengthening in the future. It will also beused to assess the perforrnance of the Contractor.
7. IMPROVEMENT PROPOSALS
Practical proposals for the rehabilitation of degraded land, for the enhancement anddevelopment of environmental assets, and for the mitigation of induced impacts wereidentified during road alignment inspections and discussions with local people and Districtofficials, in line with the requirements of the World Bank TOR. Six improvement proposalsare described below.
.t Ja72 7.1 IMPROVEMENT OF DEGRADED ENVIRONMENTALFEATURES
7.1.1 Community Forest Establishment and Support
A major potential induced environmental impact of the proposed road construction is thedegradation of forests in the road ROIs over time. This may result from improved accessto/from forests, thereby enabling easier natural resource access and removal, as well as
X additional forest product demands from an increased localised population near the roads andnew roadside service industries.
It is proposed to assist in the creation of Community Forests within the ROIs and to providesome extension support to FUGs in the initial two years of their operation in order to3 achieve greater protection of ROI forests prior to and following the operation of theproposed roads. This will help to improve the livelihoods of forest users by helping toachieve the sustainable use of forest resources.
This proposal involves two separate phases:
*- 2 1. The establishment of Community Forests;2. The support of Forest User Groups (FUGs).
Phase 1: Community Forest Establishment
The RMD Project will assist in the establishment of Community Forests in road ROIs overthe initial 2.5 years of the project. This will involve establishing a separate programmewithin the Department of Forests under which the following additional DepartmentalForesters will be employed to promote and assist with the establishment of CommunityForests in the ROIs.
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Table 4: Forester Man-month Requirements Per Road ROI
Road ROI ROI Forest Area 1 Total ROI Area Field Foresters Total|__ _(k_M2) (kni') Man-months
Darchula 44.4 131 1 24Martadi 133.7 | 287 1 24Mangalsen/Martadi* 24.7 79 1 24Jumla 289.8 l 677 3 72Jajark-ot 73.0 152 1 24Total 565.6 1,326 7 166
* - given the limited size of the Mangalsen ROI, the Forester responsible for this area will also cover the usouthern end of the Martadi ROI.
Full-time Foresters will be funded for a period of 2.5 years. Each Forester will beresponsible for an ROI area of between 130-230 km2 . The programme will cover the entireROI areas but will focus on forests within 5 krn of each of the destination districtheadquarters, with particular emphasis on the diverse forests around Martadi and Jumla.
Community Forests will be established by the following methodology:
1. Identification of ROlforest distribution and existing Community Forests
The Forester responsible for each ROI shall delineate the ROI on air photos, identify forestdistribution within this area and map established Community Forests.
2. Promotion of Community Forestry
Commencing at the destination district headquarters and based on ROI forest distributionand the location of existing Community Forests, the Forester will visit all villages thatheavily utilise Government Forests within the ROI. He/she will inspect the forest anddetermine the traditional users of that forest, then organise a meeting of users in conjunctionwith the local VDC/Ward representatives. At the meeting the Forester will providebriefings on the different aims, benefits and responsibilities associated with CommunityForests, and outline the legal process to form a FUG.
If some initial interest is shown by local people, the Forester will make a date to returnwithin 3 months to facilitate a prospective Forest Users' Group meeting.
This initial stage of promoting Community Forestry will take approximately 3 months tocomplete.
3. Prospective Forest Users Group Meeting
The Forester will facilitate prospective Forest Users Group meetings. The meetings willraise awareness and start discussions amongst local forest users. The focus will be on theusers' common aims and management capacity, two criteria that are used by the DFO todecide upon the handover of national forests to local users. The Forester will fully explain
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Community Forest policy, the legal requirements for ownership, the User Conmnitteeformation process and the forest handover process.
4. Formation of the Forest Users Group and Users Committee
Interested local forest users shall form a Forest Users Group and then constitute the Users3 Committee by voting to elect committee members. The Users Committee is recognised asthe working authority in relation to the management of the local forest that is to be dulyhanded over by the DFO upon fulfillment of the legal requirements.
With the assistance of a local organisation (e.g. VDC), the Forester will act as a facilitator inassisting the Users Committee to prepare its Constitution: the working rules that govemuser members in terms of Community Forest development and related issues.
5. Registration of the Forest User Group and Committee
The Users Committee is required to submit an application to the DFO to register the ForestUsers Group and Committee. Having found the Users Group, including its Committee,constituted in accordance with its 'Constitution', the DFO shall register it and issue a formnal'Users Group Certificate' after having a bond to comply with the Forest Act 1993 and ForestRegulations 1995.
3 6. Preparation of an Operational Plan
Once the Users Group Certificate has been issued, the Forester shall return to assist theJ Users Group/Committee to prepare the Operational Plan. The Operational Plan provides a
brief description of forest conditions, protection measures to be adopted. forest and wildlife1 I harvesting management, the proposed use of income from the sale of forest products and
penalties for forest offences by user members.
] 7. Handover of the Local Forest to the Forest User Group
Upon completion of the Operational Plan, the Forester will assist the User Group to makeapplication to the DFO for the handover of the forest. The DFO, upon investigation into theapplication and after alteration (deemed necessary) with the consent of Users' Group, shall3 issue the 'Handover Certificate' to the Users' Group.
Phase 2: Forest User Group Support
The RMD Project will assist with the support of the Community Forests that it assisted toestablish within the ROIs, following the establishment phase, up until the Foresters' twoI year terms of employment are completed. Extension support shall be tailored to meet eachForest User Group's Operational Plan objectives and their requests for support. Thissupport will most likely include:
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- Silvaculture workshops - advice on the management of forests to promoteregeneration and biodiversity, and optimise production. This shall include discussion onsustainable harvesting rates and forest regeneration techniques (including speciesselection and seedling planting).
* Nursery establishment workshops - advice on establishing nurseries for the replantingof Community Forests, degraded areas and other sites. This shall include advice on allnecessary techniques for growing different seedling species.
7.1.2 Trail Improvement
After the proposed roads have been constructed, a number of major existing neighbouringtrails will continue to be used, with some trails leading to the roads actually increasing inusage. Some of these trails will divert runoff onto the roads, thereby causing damage.
It is proposed to improve two sections of the main trail to Mangalsen and four separate trailsthat lead to the proposed Jumla alignment in order to provide better, more stable access andto prevent the diversion of large volumes of runoff onto the roads.
Mangalsen: a 500 m section of the main Mangalsen trail that runs southwards down a ridgetowards the Kailash Khola foot bridge, is eroding due to uncontrolled runoff. It is proposedthat this section of trail be stabilised by constructing permanent, rock-lined drains across thetrail at intervals of 50-80 m, depending upon the slope. As this section of the trail isgenerally located on the ridge, drains will only have to be 10-30 m in length. Additionally,no settlements or cultivation land is located on this ridge therefore drain outlet points will beeasy to locate.
In addition, it is proposed that the final 2,000 m of the main trail leading southwards up toMangalsen also be stabilised by the construction of rock-lined drains. This section of thetrail has severely eroded and is now 1-3 m below the level of the adjacent hillside. If leftunchecked, part of this section of the trail, will divert runoff onto the proposed road, whichmeets the trail at least once.
Rock-lined drains should be constructed at 50-80 m intervals to divert channalised runoffoff the trail. These drains should generally be located at changes in slope and where thetrack level is similar to or higher than the level of the adjacent hillside. Drains should outletinto stable drainage lines, not onto agricultural fields or similar production areas. Inaddition. steps will be constructed down road cut and fill batters from/to the trail to reinstatesections of the trail cut by the road formation.
Jutmla: four existing trails that lead from nearby major settlements to the proposed Jumlaroad will form primary accessways to/from the road. These trails are generally eroding dueto uncontrolled runoff. It is proposed that 5,200 m of these trails (Table 6) be stabilised byconstructing rock-lined drains at 50-80 m intervals across the trails to divert channalisedrunoff off the trails, as proposed for the Mangalsen trails.
Table 6: Jumla Trails for Improvement
Location Length(approx. m)
Sirangaon to Chati 1,000Roadside to Manma 3,000Roadside to Kalikot 500Roadside to Ghoriyana 700Total 5,200
These proposed works include the improvement of the trail to Manma, the Kalikot Districtheadquarters.
The proposed Mangalsen and Jumla trail improvement works shall be undertaken by VDCs,with DOR providing technical advice and overseeing the quality of work. Separatecontracts shall be let to a number of VDCs, with the total length of trail under a singlecontract limited to 3,000 m in order to distribute employment. Implementation shall becarried out during the associated road construction.
7.1.3 Revegetation of Degraded Land
A 1.5 ha area on the low ridge on the main Mangalsen trail, immediately north of theKailash Khola foot bridge, is bare and severely eroding. It is proposed to constructpermanent drains on the trail that runs through the centre of this area to stabilise it (seeSection 7.1.2), but vegetative cover is also required to stabilise the site.
] It is proposed to stabilise this 1.5 ha site by constructing earth cross drains and planting treeand shrub species. This would be achieved by employing a forester to approach the localforest users and seek their support to revegetate the site. Earth drainage banks would thenbe constructed by hand on a very low grade off the contour (i.e. I%) every 40 m down thedegraded hillside, outletting to each side. These works would link into the proposed trailstabilisation rock-lined drains. A brush fence will be constructed around the site to preventgrazing. The site would then be planted out and maintained for a period of 2 years.
The forester would provide technical advice, arrange planting stock and oversee the work.
The works will be funded by DOR, including labour, tree stock and other materials, whilst itis proposed that it is managed by the Department of Forests, who would employ the foresterand oversee the quality of the work.
7.1.4 Landslide Stabilisation
A landslide stretching for approximately 200-300 m below Dhand Bhikhma village,adjacent to the Jumla alignment, will eventually destabilise the village and adjoiningagricultural fields. The slide will also eventually impact upon the proposed road alignmentif left unchecked. It appears that the landslide can be stabilised by vegetative means andsufficient interest exists in the village to provide labour.
It is proposed to stabilise the landslide if it is cost effective to do so. An initial assessmentof the site will be undertaken by a Geotechnical Engineer to assess the slide, design works,discuss stabilisation options with the affected people and estimate costs for the most cost-effective method of stabilisation. If the cost of works is under NRs. 250,000 utilising locallabour (half donated and half voluntarv) the works shall be undertaken, funded by DOR.
It is proposed that the Department of Soil Conservation oversee the work, coordinating withthe local VDC. Implementation of this proposal should commence as early as possible,when Jumla road construction commences.
7.2 IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO THE PROPOSED ROADS
7.2.1 Road Head and Market Centre Planning
Following the construction of new roads, businesses and dwellings commonly encroachupon the roads, particularly at road heads, existing market centres or where main trails crossthe alignments. Buildings are usually constructed well inside the 30 m ROW, particularlyin steep terrain, often reducing the road width to less than 15 m. In addition, the narrowedroad is used for commercial activities, including the loading, storage and sale of materials.This unpaved/ungravelled road surface is usually poorly drained, and results in a boggy areaduring the monsoon and localised excessive dust in the dry season.
At each of the five proposed district headquarter road heads and at major existing orpotential market places along the proposed alignments, market centre planning shall beundertaken. This shall involve:
1. Planning: a Town Planner shall walk each alignment prior to road construction toidentify potential major market centres. An assessment will be made of the likelyactivities and structures that will develop at these potential sites, as well as atexisting major markets and the proposed road heads. A basic market place plan willthen be formulated in consultation with each local VDC, which will include aminimum main road width of 25 m, the location of the bus park, the drainage planand access laneways between building sites.
Note: due to local personal interests regarding increased land values, the TownPlanner shall select the best market place site prior to seeking VDC input. Selectionshall be based on finding a flat site, where possible, which can be adequatelydrained.
2. Survey: the Town Planner shall survey, peg and sketch each proposed marketcentre and road head site, providing the VDC with a copy of the plan and walkingthem through the pegged area and development restrictions. Painted rocks or treetrunks shall be used to delineate the site.
*- 3. Construction contract: following road head and market place planning, the* proposed road formation and graveling specifications will become part of the
forthcoming road contracts.
4. Road formation, drainage and gravelling: road formation and drainage shall beconstructed in accordance with the market place plan. The road shall then be
| gravelled to a depth of 250 mm through the market place and for a distance of 60 mon either end. The width of gravel will be 25 m through the market area. The edge
u of the graveled area will be clearly defined by masonry drains and/or peg or markersfollowing graveling.
Two Town Planners will be employed to undertake the above planning. One planner willcover the Darchula, Martadi and Mangalsen roads, whilst the other will cover the Jumla andJajarkot roads. They will be employed for a period of four months each.
This proposal will be funded by DOR, whilst it is proposed that the employment andl management of the Town Planners be undertaken by the Ministry of Housing and Physical
Planning. The implementation of the road plans, including road formation, drainage andgraveling works will be undertaken by road construction Contractors and managed by DOR.
Planning should be undertaken prior to any road construction so that rational, unencroachedroad head and market centre areas can be selected. The works at these sites should be5 undertaken at the start of the contract for each section of road leading to a planned site sothat they are established well prior to the first traffic.
7.2.2 Cash Crop Development
The construction of the proposed roads will enable perishable agricultural produce to reachnew markets and will reduce the cost of the transportation of produce. It should also reducethe cost of some agricultural inputs. Accordingly, there will be opportunities for thedevelopment of cash crops where suitable land and climate types exist within the road ROIs.
It is proposed that DOR fully brief the Department of Agriculture about the location andprogramming of RMD Project new road construction as soon as project funding has beenapproved. This will enable the Department of Agriculture to integrate the agricultural3 production and market development opportunities that will be provided by this developmentinto its long-term extension programme.
j The briefing will be undertaken by the preparation of a summary report on the proposedroad construction programme and a briefing meeting.
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8. BIO-ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES
8.1 PRINCIPLES
Bio-engineering will be undertaken on all cut and fill batters, except on rock slopes, alongthe extent of roadworks to achieve the long-term stabilisation of these slopes.
Bio-engineering stabilises the ground surface to prevent surface erosion, but will notstabilise inherently unstable slopes that are excessive steep, poorly drained or poorlvconsolidated. Bio-engineering will only be successful where the bulk stability of a slopeexist prior to treatment. Slopes have to be formed to stable grades, adequately compactedand adequately drained prior to bio-engineering otherwise revegetation will not besuccessful.
Bio-engineering commences following the certification of roadworks to the correct designstandards by the Supervising Consultant. Batter revegetation is then undertaken in twophases:
1. Cover crop establishment will be undertaken by the Construction Contractor whowill be responsible for hand broadcasting seed imrnediately following certificationof each batter by the Supervising Consultant, prior to the monsoon.
2. Long-term vegetation establishment will be undertaken under a separate contract byan experienced Bio-engineering Contractor during the optimum plant establishmentseason/s.
The establishment of ground cover is the initial priority of revegetation. Ground coverreduces raindrop impact, binds the soil surface and creates a micro-climate favourable forthe establishment of other vegetation. The timely implementation of this activity is bestundertaken by the Contractor.
The establishment of long-term vegetative cover requires the use of a range of specialistbio-engineering techniques and adequate follow-up maintenance, including replanting. Thisis best undertaken by a skilled Bio-engineering Contractor. In addition, the employment oflocal people by the Bio-engineering Contractor is required to create local employment andestablish a skilled local workforce that can be employed to maintain the works.
Vegetation maintenance is essential to the success of batter revegetation, therefore bio-engineering contracts will include a two year maintenance period. Protection of thevegetation from grazing shall also be a condition of bio-engineering contracts.
Rock slopes or slopes wkith predominantly rocky materials will not be revegetated, althoughwhere exposed areas of soil occur between rocks these areas may be revegetated, dependingupon their size, slope and erosion hazard.
8.2 ROAD EMBANKMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Road embankments and associated works have generally been designed to provide stableslopes once appropriate bio-engineering techniques have been applied. The only exceptionto this is where slopes exceed 500, where excessively steep cut batters with 6:1 (V:H)grades have been designed to save on excavation costs.
On slopes of less than 500, cut batters have been designed at a 2:1 (V:H) grade through* colluvial soil and a 6:1 (V:H) grade through hard rock. All fill batters have been designed
at a 1:1.5 (V:H) grade. Other embankment design features include:
* Compacted earth embankments are generally designed on natural ground slopes up to 0-300.
3 Fill bank retaining walls are generally designed on natural ground slopes between 30°-450.
J Breast walls are designed at the toe of cut batters through irrigated cultivation and willbe designed in the field at permanent seepage sites.
? Diversion channels will be installed to divert water from the irrigated cultivated landabove cut slopes to stable disposal areas.
8.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS
The optimum bio-engineering technique for each site must be selected based on site-specificconditions. Site conditions vary greatly therefore it is difficult to generalise about optimaltechniques. The Construction Guidelines for Low Cost Feeder Roads (DOR, 1995) usesfour parameters to select bio-engineering techniques: slope length, slope angle, materialdrainage and site moisture. These factors may vary across a single site therefore theaverage features are usually considered.
j In addition to these four factors hillside land use must also be considered. Overlanddrainage patterns and sub-surface moisture are generally different for cultivation land incomparison to other land types. The surface runoff pattern on cultivated land is oftenI altered when a new crop is sown. The edges of bunds that have been stable for long periodsmay fail due to a change in runoff pattern. Runoff from cultivated land above cut slopesneeds to be safely diverted. In addition, the soil profile of cultivated land is often saturatedduring the monsoon or during periods of irrigation, lowering the shear strength of the
.- profile.
A rapid indirect assessment of slopes to select appropriate bio-engineering techniques canbe made by considering land use above the site, based on classifying land as either'cultivation' or 'other land types'. Most cultivation land in the hills is located on colluvialsoils that are commonly prone to failure following road excavation. Even if the alignment
does not pass through cultivation, but the land above the alignment is under cultivation, it
can reduce cut slope stability due to greater surface and profile saturation during themonsoon and periods of irrigation. If cultivation land is under paddy, springs may appearon the cut slopes during the monsoon.
The main parameters considered in the design of site-specific bio-engineering techniquesare described below.
8.3.1 Slope Length
Slope length is defined as the length of the batter slope. The longer the slope, the gareaterthe volume of runoff on the batter and therefore the greater the erosion hazard. Longerslopes are more prone to rill and gully erosion. Different bio-engineering techniques have.been recommended based on slopes either in excess of or less than 15 m. Slope lengths inexcess of 15 m often require combinatibn of vegetative and physical measures to achievestabilisation due to their high erosion hazard, whilst slopes shorter than 15 m can generallybe stabilised with a simpler method of vegetation establishment
8.3.2 Slope Angle
Slope angle is the grade of the slope. Steeper slopes are generally more difficult to stabiliseusing vegetative methods due to planting difficulties and a higher erosion hazard producedby greater runoff velocities. Slopes above 50° are considered to be steep, with asignificantly greater erosion hazard. Different combinations of slope length and anglesrequire different bio-engineering techniques. For example, a long slope of less than 50°could be as equally difficult to stabilise as a short slope of greater than 50°.
8.3.3 Material Drainage
Material drainage is a measurement of the porosity of soil and rock material. It has beenclassified as either good or poor, with highly coarse material, such as sand, having gooddrainage, whilst soils with a high clay content have poor drainage. Poorly drained materialin road cuttings tends to slump as moisture accumulates. At these sites measures arerequired to improve drainage, such as bolster cylinders in combination with grass andtree/shrub plantings. On steep slopes where bolsters can be installed, interplanting withgrasses and rill strengthening with rip rap or palisades is required to prevent the erosion ofestablishing vegetation.
8.3.4 Site Moisture
Site moisture is a measurement of the dryness of the site as affected by the external factorsof rainfall, aspect, altitude, slope location and exposure to wind. Site moisture is alsoaffected by land use above the site. On dry sites, the retention of soil moisture is requiredfor plant growth, whereas on moist sites drainage is crucial to ensure that the slope is notloaded.
8.3.5 Hillside Land Use
As discussed, cultivated land above a cut batter can alter drainage patterns. Hillside landuse also has a bearing on likLely sedimentation onto the road formation. A high rate oferosion is common on rainfed outward sloping terraces. Eroded sediment from these fieldscan cover cut batters and thereby reduce plant growth. Similarly, terrace failure, wvhich isI common on terraces higher than I m, can result in the deposition of a large volume ofsediment onto cut batters, damaging establishing vegetation and the stability of the slope.On all long, steep cut batters below cultivation vegetation establishment must promotedrainage. Similarly, breast walls are usually required at the toe of the cut slopes belowirrigated cultivation to provide a stable sub-surface drainage point.
8.4 OPTIMAL BIO-ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES
Thirteen optimal bio-engineering techniques are recommended for the stabilisation ofbatters, either as single treatments or in combination (Table 5). Four techniques involve
, j planting grass lines, four techniques involve tree or shrub establishment, whilst theremaining five techniques involve techniques to assist vegetation establishment and sitedrainage. These techniques are illustrated in Drawings 1 and 2.
8.4.1 Downslope Grass Lines
I Downslope grass lines are planted down the cut slope. Grass slips are planted at 20 cmintervals, with lines generally spaced at 50 cm intervals (although line spacings will dependon the distance between any existing rills). Downslope grass lines follow the natural fall ofthe slope. If the slope has already developed rills, lines follow the ridges between rills.Where areas between grass lines are likely to nill, sealing with rip rap or palisades is
|I recommended.
This grass planting pattern is recommended for very moist slopes and on sites wherej significant overland flows spill onto the batter. Downslope grass lines rapidly and safely
dispose of runoff. Grass slips form clumps that develop matty roots and stabilise the groundsurface.
8.4.2 Contour Grass Lines
Contour grass lines are planted on the contour at line spacings of 50 cm, with slips plantedat 20 cm intervals. This grass planting pattem is recommended for all dry slopes as itI retains moisture by reducing runoff velocities and spreading surface flows. Sediment isretained above the lines which intum retain whilst holding eroded moisture.
I .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Table 6: Bio-engineering Techniques for Batters
Slope Slope Material Site Hillside Optimal TechniqueLength Angle Drainage Moisture Landuse
>500 Good Damp Cultivation Downslope grass lines and strengthened rills (riprap or palisades).
Other Diagonal grass lines.Drv_ Contour grass lines and light muich.
Poor Damp Cultivation 1. Downslope grass lines and strengthened rills; or2. Chevron grass lines and strengthened rills (rip rap
or palisades). jOther Downslope grass lines.
Dry Cultivation Chevron grass lines.Other Diagonal grass lines.
> 15 m 35o- Good 1. Tree planting and horizontal bolster cylinders; or500 2. Chevron grass lines; or
3. Grass seeding, mulch and jute netting: or* 4. Brush layering.
Poor Cultivation Tree planting and herrigbone bolster cylinders.Other Chevron grass lines and strengthened rills with
palisades.25°- Good Contour grass lines.350 _
Poor Diagonal grass lines and planted or live stakedshrub cuttings.
>50" Good Cultivation Chevron erass lines and mulch.Other Contour grass lines and jute netting.
Poor Damp Cultivation Downslope grass lines.Other Diagonal grass lines and shrub cuttings.
Dry Cultivation Downslope grass lines.______ Other Diagonal or contour grass lines and jute netting.
350- Good 1. Brush layering; or< 15 m 500 2. Contour grass lines with palisades; or
3. Tree/shrub cuttings and grass seeding with mulchand jute netting.
1 Poor Cultivation 1. Diagonal grass lines; or2. Tree planting and herringbone fascines.
Other Tree/shrub planting and herringbone bolsterl ____________________ ___________ cylinders.
250- Good 1. Contour grass lines and tree planting; or35_ 2. Grass planting/seeding and brush layering.
Poor Trec/shrub and grass planting with fascines.
Any < 250 Good Contour grass lines, tree planting and grass seeding.
Poor 1. Diagonal grass lines and tree planting; or2. Tree/shrub planting with grass seeding.
Al Rocky material on slope [Drect seeding of shrubs and small trees.
GRASS SLIP PLANTATIONCONTOUR PLANTING DIOGONAL PLANTING
r ~ ~ ~,., g*~~~~~~~~XX**X*-X*-X-X*-*.X-X*X*X*Xi t
tHEVERON PLANTING DOWNSLOPE PLANTING
FASCINES
w1: OODEN BUNDLE OF CUTTINGWOODEN PEG
* i | TREE CU TING / PEGGING INTERVAL
FASCiNE
TOP VIEW
PALISADES
FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW
. M HIS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL PROJECT No.MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORT
IWEEJ.E. DEPARTMENT OF ROADS 564173 -Ra_< -ROAD MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
$NO 5FtIW^AK ENGWEf CO-PTION L"n _
AWGM=P Et=C>ItTHtt'_ DTV } T 2 DRAWING NC.cMr I-MPI71)L PrTV I~ 7D i7q~TAS4T5 7I-NIRFGTCHNIQ)UES
s BRUSH LAYERINGINTO THE SLOPE EXPOSED PART
EXCAVATE r,
CU7TING LAYOUT(TOD VIEW)
BOLSTER CYLINDER
.;J | STEEL PEG$ CYLINDER FILLED
i3 STONES
TREE PLANTING LIVE STAKING
NURSERY RAISED TREE CUTTING
> D ~SEEDLING
-I~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 or i
HERRINGBONE PATTERN OF BOLSTERS/FASCINES
DEPARTMENT OF ROADS =ROJECT Nc.: i.A* d)aIi^ Q p4E'f'I HIS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL.. I&4LYILtI}..S E ROAD MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 56417
r . 233 S IS 6^CffF: %I; aTVN LT>fM DRAWING No.
( S~iMEC INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD BIO-ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES 002
8.4.3 Diagonal Grass Lines
Diagonal grass lines are planted at an angle of between 30-45° off the horizontal, acrossthe slope. Grass slips are planted at 20 cm intervals, with lines generally spaced at 50 cmintervals.
I This diagonal configuration is recommended on steep slopes where low volumes of runoffoccur (i.e. where a small overland catchment exists above the road). This planting pattern
N prevents rill formation and retains eroded soil on the slope, helpinc to build humus and finesoil slope deposits.
8.4.4 Chevron Grass Lines
Chevron grass lines are planted as converging diagonal grass lines at an angle of between30'.400 off the horizontal. This grass planting pattern is recommended on steep, badlyrilled slopes with coarse surface soils. It is used to direct surface runoff to stable disposalareas such as a rill or rip rap channel, or a natural drainage line, thus utilising the naturaldrainage pattern. The chevron planting pattern can also be reversed to divert runoff to thecentre of the batter and thereby promote infiltration.
8.4.5 Tree/Grass Planting
3 Trees are planted on 0.5 m wide contour terrace benches at 2 m intervals on the lower partof cut slopes or damaged areas. Shrubs are planted on the upper slopes at a similar spacing.
7X Grass species (including Babio, Khar and Vetiver) are planted in between brush layers.Grass planting on gentle slopes is undertaken as indicated on the attached drawing.
This technique is recommended on all bare slopes and fill deposits. Planting trees on slopesincreases the dead load, therefore shrubs are planted on the upper batter slope to avoid theadditional load. Shrubs also eventually provide live fencing to farms.
8.4.6 Shrub/Tree Live Staking
--A Cuttings of vegetatively propagated shrubs and/or trees are staked into gentle slopes andinterplanted with grass lines. Live staking produces bushy plants with high deep roots in ashort period. Bush growth on steep slopes does not add a significant load to the slope, butthe deep roots effectively hold soil. Cuttings are collected locally.
This technique is reconmmended for moist, gentle slopes with a slow creeping tendency.
.1
I~~~~~~
8.4.7 Palisades
Woodv cuttings are planted at 10-15 cm intervals next to each other in lines across theslope, usually on the contour, to form palisades. They form a strong barrier that holdseroded soil, ultimately forming small terraces suitable for the establishment of vegetation.Palisades are recommended for all slopes except where minor slumps are likely. The SALTtechnique of soil conservation, developed in the Philippines for hill agriculture up to 350, isbased on this technique.
8.4.8 Fascines
Fascines are made of vegetatively propagated plant cuttings tied together into 15-20 cmbundles and dug into slopes on the contour to this depth. Fascines are recommended tostabilise small, critical slopes, and to protect rip rap on slopes. Fascines irnmediatelyprovide a physical barrier to hold surface soil as well as a drainage path, whilst cuttingsrapidly develop roots that bind the slope. Fascines also help to drain water to some extent.
8.4.9 Bolster Cylinders
Bolster cylinders made of gabion wire cylinders filled with stones are laid on the contour,across the slope. Bolster cylinders are recomnmended on slopes greater than 350 that haveminor slumping due to high surface moisture. They provide reinforcement to the battersurface whilst acting as drainage conduit. Vegetation is established between the bolsters.
8.4.10 Mulching
Mulching involves the laying of woody shrub and herb cuttings on the batter surface.Depending upon the slope, mulch is fixed using either wooden or wire pegs or pegged jutenetting. Mulching is recommended on steep sites with highly erodable soils, especiallyfresh deposits. Mulch protects the bare surface against raindrop impact and wind erosion,and improves soil moisture retention. Abundantly available local species such as Titepatiare used.
8.4.11 Jute Netting
Jute netting is used to hold mulch in place, usually on steep slopes. A wide jute netting (10x 10 cm) is pegged over the mulch layer.
8.4.12 Diversion Channels
Diversion channels cut by road excavation are reinstated to prevent water spilling over cutbatters and to reconnect water supplies. Diversion channels are required at the toe ofcultivation land, immediately above cut batters, in order to divert overland runoff to a stabledisposal area. These channels are seeded with local grass species, and farmers are advisedon how to seaI cracks that develop.
8.4.13 Brush Layering
Brush layering consists of layers of vegetatively propagated plant cuttings placed crosswiseon 1 m deep terraces. The terraces are dug on a grade of 10°-30° to the horizontal acrossthe slope. Plant cuttings are then placed on the terrace and the lower three quarters of thecutting lenoths are covered with soil. Brush layer terraces are spaced at I m intervals down5 the slope, with the interval planted with grass slips.
Brush layering is recommended on fill slopes and other loose batters. It reinforces loosesurfaces, reducing surface failure. The cuttings develop into bushes rather than into treesdue to their angled planting, providing good vegetative cover whilst not significantly
I loading the slope. They form a large volume of roots deep inside the slope in a short period.
Planting trees on steep slopes is not desirable because they add surcharge to the slope.
8.5 SPECIES SELECTION
Species shall be selected for cover crops and permanent revegetation.
Cover Crop Species
A cover crop consisting of a rapid growing species and several vigorous grass species shall3 be used to rapidlv establish ground cover as soon as each batter is completed.
Millet should be broadcast at the rate of 25 kg/ha from March to August, whilst wheat oranother winter cereal should be broadcast from September to February. At least two speciesof local grasses should be sown with the cover crop, with at least one species beingstoloniferous.
Permanent Vegetation Species
Perrnanent revegetation species have to be selected from the following species list Table 7according to site elevation. A combination of 2-3 species of each vegetation type should beused at each site as required under the recommended bio-engineering techniques.
l
t.1
1
Table 7: Permanent Revegetation Species
Elevation Trees Shrubs Cuttings | GrassSlips Seeding
< 1,000 m Bains Asuro Asuro Khar AreriBhujetro Kandaphul Simali Babiyo BhujetroBakaino Simali Saruwa Dhode SisooSisoo Dabdabe Kans KhayerKhanju Areri Khus KansKalo Siris Amliso Khar
PhurkeSito
______ _____ _Dhode1,000-1,500 in Bakaino Kandaphul Namdiphul Khar Bhujetro
Chilaune Dhayero Bains Babiyo KhanjuKhanju Keraukose Kandaphul Dhode Rani SallaPainju Saruwa - Saruwa Kans UtisUtis Simali Simali Khus DhodeRani Salla Phaledo Sito KansSeto Siris Amliso Katavekhar(1,000- Napier Phurke1 ,350m) S ito
1,500-2,000 m Bains Namndiphul Namdiphul Amliso KeraukoseGobre Salla Simali Phalado Kans Gobre SallaKhanju Kandaphul S imali Katarakhar Khanj uUtis Kandaphul Khar UtisChilaune Bains Phurke Rani SallaPainju Salimokhar KansRani Salla Khus KatarakharRato Siris Napier Khar
_____________ _____________ Phurke
> 2,000 m Utis Ghurrniso j Phaledo Rato Kans Gobre SallaRato Siris Armalito Bains Muse UtisPainju Argali Argail Kharaki ArmalitoLakuri Armalito JaughansLobre Salla Gharmiso DhusDhaie Katus KhusMusure KatusPatle Katus
9. COST ESTIMATES FOR MITIGATIONMEASURES
9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION COSTS
3 The cost of environmental mitigation measures has been estimated in Table 8. Noallowance has been made for mitigation measures that are included in the standard roaddesigns, including drains, retaining walls and other standard road works. In addition, thecost of the supervision of environrnental mitigation works by the Supervising Consultanthas also not been costed in this section as it is covered in the total cost of projectsupervision.
Table 8: Cost Estimates of Environmental Mitigation Measures* I
Estimated Estimated Proposed Road* | Totai CostMeasure Total Cost/Unit Darch. Martadi Mang. Jumia Jajarkot (NRs.)
Units (NRs.) !Bio-engineering 866,928 m2 70 8.889.000 13,624.000 5,836,000 25,476,000 6.860.000 60,685.000
~_J works (86.7 ha) (126,989) (194,625) (83,376) (363,938) (98,000)*
Construction of 47 11,000 88,000 165,000 77,000 132,000 55,000 517,000standpipes and (8) (15) (7) (12) (5)associated drains .Construction of 23 9.000 27,000 54,000 27,000 81,000 18,000 207,000trail steps to/from (3) (6) (3) (9) (2)the road__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
Reconnection of 30 3,500 7,000 98,000 28,000 77,000 14,000 224.000major irrigatiorL (1) (14) (4) ( 11) (2)drainage channels Total 1 9,011,000 13,941,000 5,968,000 25,766,000 6,947,000 61,633,000
- - the number of units estimated for each road are provided in brackets.
The total estimated cost of environmental mitigation measures in NRs 61.633,000.
The area of bio-engineering required along each road has been estimated by multiplyingbatter areas for different slope class cross-sections by the associated raod lengths, except for
., Jajarkot where the total batter area was estimated.
The average cost per m2 of road batter to be bio-engineered was calculated by estimating thebased on extent of each of the recommended techniques along the proposed roads. The unitrates for each technique are provided in Table 9. It is estimated that bio-engineering willcost an average of NRs. 70/m2. This cost includes the maintenance of planting for 1 year (115% allowance), which covers the replanting of areas or individual plants that have notI1 survived due to normal conditions. The replanting of slides due to slope instability is notincluded in this estimate.
..1.
Table 9: Bio-engineering Cost Rates
Bio-engineering Measure Unit Rate/Unit
(NRs.)Slope preparation I m2 5.6Grass planting I m2 37.0Tree/shrub planting I plant 15.3Brush lavering I m 35.4Fascines I m 38.4
Bolster cvlinders I m 229.7
Palisades I m 116.3Jute netting I m2 69.3
The number of standpipes required has been estimated at one standpipe per 2 km of
settlement/cultivation land use along each road. The distance of settlement or cultivationcrossed provides a good indication of the number of water supply lines that will be cut.
The number of trail steps that need to be constructed has been estimated for each road basedon the number of significant trails that cross the proposed road and will continue to be usedfollowing road construction.
The number of major irrigation and drainage channels requiring reconnection by eitherpipes or channel reconstruction has been estimated by doubling the number of these featuresrecorded in the 15 m wide ROW during the field survey.
9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT COSTS
The costs estimates of environmental improvements proposed in Section 7 are summarisedin Table 10. The total estimated cost of environmental improvements is NRs 10,914,000.
Table 10: Cost Estimates of Environmental Improvement Measures
Measure Improved Road Total Cost
Darchula Martadi Mangalsen Jamla Jajarkot 1 (NRs.)
Community Forest 903,000 1,354,000 451,000 2,709,000 903,000 6,320,000established/supportTrail improvement - - 158,000 330,000 - 488,000
Revegetation of degraded | - 85,000 - 85,000land
Landslide stabilisation 324,000 - 324,000
Road head and market 664,000 692,000 276,000 1,657,000 394,000 3,683.000centre planningy*
Cash crop development _ 14,000
Total 1,'567,000 2,046,000 970,000 5,020,000 1,297,000 10,914,000
* - The cost estimate for each road has been calculated based on its road distance.
I--
10. REFERENCES
1. Department of Roads (DOR), 1994. Classification and Design Standards for FeederRoads (SecondRevision). Ministry of Works and Transport. HMGN.
2. Department of Roads (DOR), 1995. Constrzuction Guidelines for Lolw} Cost FeederI1 Roads. Ministry of Works and Transport, Kathmandu, Nepal.
3. Department of Roads (DOR), 1996. Bio-Engineering Information - Rate 4nalysisNorms (Interim), Standard Specifications (interim), Lists of Species and SuipportingInformation. Geo-environmental Unit, Department of Roads. Ministry of Works and
X Transport, HMGN. Kathmandu, Nepal.
4. Department of Roads (DOR), 1997a. Design Standards for Feeder Roads (Third_J Revision) - Departmental Policy Document. HMGN.
5. Department of Roads (DOR), 1997b. Environmental Management Guidelines. Geo-environment Unit, Department of Roads, Ministry of Works and Transport. HMGN.Kathmandu, Nepal.
6. FRR Limited, 1998. Study of Environmental Assessment in the Nepal Road Sector.HMGN Ministry of Works and Transport. Kathmandu, Nepal.
7. IUCN, 1997. Inventory of Heritage Sites of Nepal. Heritage and Bio-diversityConservation Programme.
8. ODA, 1997. Overseas Road Note 16 - Principles of Low Cost Road Engineering inMountainous Regions. Transport Research Laboratory, United Kingdom.
I.U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
]~~~~
APPENDIX 1: Archaeological, Religious and Cultural Sites WithinAlignment VDCs
Proposed Road Site VDC/Location
Darchula Hunenath Temple Khalanga VDC, eastern bank of the Mahakali River,near the alignment near Golfain village.
Martadi Nateswari Temple Martadi VDC. Ward 1.Malikarjun Malikarjun VDC.
3 llMarngalsen Mangalsen Bhagawati Mangaisen VDC, Ward 1.TempleMangalsen Palace Mangalsen village, Achham.
________________ 4Sadashadevi Temple Mangalsen VDC, Ward 5.Jumla Tatopani Tatopani VDC.
Bhairabnath Temple Chandan Nath VDC, in the main bazaar, Jumla village,near the proposed road head.
Baval Katika Devela Talium VDC.Chandan Nath Chandan Nath VDC, Jumla.Panchadevala Mahat VDC.Shivalaya Raralihi VDC, Ward 3.Mastamandu Ranchuli VDC, Ward 1.Satyabati Mandir Jubitha VDC.Kalesillo Mandir Jubitha VDC.
... Kalikot Temple Mungraha VDC, Kalikot.Mahadev Manchi Mungraha VDC, Kalikot, Ward 3.
Jajarkot Bagabati Khalanga VDC, Ward 9, next to the Bheri River.Ganesh Temple Khalanga VDC, Ward 9.Hanuman Khalanga VDC, Ward 7, right bank- of the Bheri River.Kalika -Khalanlaa-VDC, Ward 2.Jajarkot Palace Khalanga VDC, Jajarkot District headquarters.Patangani Devi Jaktipur VDC, Ward 1.Rhadha Krishna Temple Khalanga VDC, Ward 1.Ram Janki Temple Khalanga VDC, Ward 9.Khadga Deveta Jaktipur VDC, Ward 1.
Source: Inventory of Heritage Sites of Nepal (IUCN, 1997) and RMDP field survey.
I]
i
'EINDIX 2: RMD Project Enivironjmental Management Activity Table
Phase Environmental Rcqnirenient Action Responsibility Performance Indicator EMAP Contract.___________________________ __ .Section Referen.
Land and Buildinig Acquisition * Initiate all necessary land and building acquisition DOR Acquisitions in accordance 4.1.1 115 PS
truction procedures prior to the commencement of any related witlh RAI' and Entitlinciltworks. Framework.
. Provide copies of land acquisition procedures to the DOR Procedures received prior toSupervising Constiltant and Contractor. construction.
. Adlhere to the land acquisition procedures. Supervis. Consult.
* Provide a list of affected property owners to the Supervising DOR List received.Consultant and Contractor. _
Permlits * Obtain all necessary permits prior to commencing any DOR No delays in work 4.1.2 21 CCroadworks. commencement.
* Provide a copy of all permits to the Contractor. DOR Copies received.
* Adlhere to all pet-mit terms and conditions. Contractor Conditions adhered to.
* Obtain written permission from private landhiolders to Cont-actor Permission obtained.conduct activities on their land prior to commencing theseactivities, and provide copies to the Supervising Consultant.
Training * Orgatiise and cotivene the "Road Construction and DOR Workshiop completed. 4.1.3 11 1.4 PSEnvironmental Management Training Workshop" and 111.2 PS"Controlled Blasting Training Worksihop" at least I montiprior to construction.
* All Contractor Field Supervisor/s shall attend the "Road Contractor Effective implemientation ofConstruction and Environmental Management" workshop the EMAP and RAP.and receive accreditation before commencing work.
* All Blasters shall attend the "Controlled Blasting" workshop Contractor Blasting titilised only whereand receive accreditation before commencing work. absolutely necessary.
* All Stipervising Consultant field staff shall attend botli Supervis. Consult. Staff accreditationl.________ ___________________ training worksliops before commenicinig site duties. _
I'articular Specification; SS - Standard specirication; COC - Cond(lition of Contract
t'aiteiinece and Deveola;nient Prr,jecImoniental Managemienft /f ciion Plan -A4pril 1999
'hase Environniental Requirement Action Respoonsibility Performance Indieator E _AP Contract.______________________________c _Sectio Referen.
Worksite Survey, Pegging and a Survey at least 500 m of the proposed alignetit with a Supervis. CoIsult. All works constructed as 4.1.4 106 PS
*-uction Approval level and peg the centreline and road formiationi area. pegged.
* Jointly inspect the surveyedl alignment anid road formation Supervis. Consult.area. and Conitractor
* Locate, peg out and seck'approval from the Suptervising ContractorConsultant for eachi ancillary site prior to theconml1encement of related activities.
* Inspect and approve, if correct, all pegged aticitlaty sites. Supervis. Consult.
* Continue to survey and peg out at least 500 m of the Supervis. Consuilt.alignment centrelinie and road formation atea in front of thefuirthiest extenit of constructioni underway.
trUction Vegetation Clearance .ClI k t tl of clearing within the approved Contractor All clearing restricted to 4.2.1 1 11.3 PS*Cearly mark out ile extent oclaigwtnthaprvdpegged areas. No mark;ed ._204 PSworksite areas witlh pegs at 25 ni intervals or less. Identify trees arc. 1 d 205 PSand mark individual trees for retenition within tlhe marked rees c ca-ed. 203 SSe.xtenl of clearing. Seek approval for clearing from the D
Supervising Consultant at least I week prior to anyproposed clearing.
* Inspect and approve all correctly located and pegged Contractor Clearing permits/permissionclearing sites. Vegetation clearance in Government or obtained.Community Forests sihall only be undertaken once a permitto ciear and FUG permission has been obtained
* Instruct all construction workers to restrict clearing to the Contiactormarked areas and not to harvest any forest products forpersonal consumption.
* Ensure that all clearing is undertaken by hand within the Contractor Only hand clearingextent of approved sites only and within I week prior to the uindertakeni.associated road excavation works.
* Slockpile cleared slrub foliage where possible within the ContractorROW for later use as a brush layer.
* Protect remaining vegetation within the road ROW and at Contractorancillary sites.
(rdlefft(IIlCe c1id Devel/pileil/ P'roject,t,ental Alaanagement Aclion P'lan - Alp/ril 1999
ML_ _ IF L L_ is - k u ; 1
Phlase Environimeietal ltequiietnent Action Responsibility Perfornianee Indicator EM AP Contract_____________________________________________________________ ~~Sectionl Referen.
itructioll Retaining Wall Construction . Prior to construction, identify sites where large landslides Supervis. Consult. No retaining walls installed at 4.2.2 2206 SS,PSare inevitable and agree upon the delay of retaining wall and Contractor likely large landslide sites.constiuction at these sites.
* Survey and peg out all retaining vall sites prior to any road Supervis. Consult. All retaining walls constiuctedexcavation. as pegged.
* Jointly inspect the pegged alignment and road formation Supervis. Consult. Discussion of pegged work.area. and Contractor
* Progressively construct retaining walls prior to commencing Contractor No cut bank excavation prioreach associated cut bank excavation. Only commence cut to associated retaining wallembankment excavation once the Supervising Consultant construction.lhas certified the associated retaining wall.
* B3ackfill retaining walls in layers no deeper than 150 mm, Contractor 13ackflIl settlemenit less thancompacting eacih layer with a mechianical compactor or 100 nimm after one year.hanid held tamper.
Excavation and Embankment * Survey and peg the crest of all cut batters and toe of all Supervis. Consult. All batters constructed as 4.2.3 603 SS, PSConstrictioni earth embantkments prior to any related excavation. pegged. 604 SS, PS
608 SS, PS* Jointly inspect the pegged embanknieits. Supervis. Ccnsult. Discussioni of pegged work.
and Contractor* Benchi the natural surface foun1dation of earth embankments Contractor Eartih bank founidationi fully
prior to filling to enable the keying in and compaction of benclhed prior to filling.earth.
* Fill in layers no deeper than 150 mmu and compact each Contractor Seitlenilelit less thall 100 mmlllayer witlh a small mechanical compactor or hand held afler one year.tamper before applying the next layer. _ _
I fointeitotice and )evelopinewli h'metituinental Afnnagenirerf Acutioi? l'Iati - .ApriI 1999
'Ihase Environmentall Requireinent Action Responsibility P'crformance Indicator ENMAP Contract_____ ._______________..______________ Section Referen.
ruction Drainage . Survey and peg all designed drainage works prior to Stipervis. Consult. Pegged sites. 4.2.4 501-515 SSconstruction. Outlet drains into existing stable drainagelines, or where this is not possible, consult with adjoiningdownslope landowners on mutually acceptable locations fordrain outlets.
* Jointly inspect the pegged drainage works. Supervis. Consalt. Discussion of pegged work.and Contractor
* Construct all designed drainage works prior to, during or Contractorimmediately following road excavation in order to minimisethe erosion hazard.
a Constrtict earth cross-banks in May, prior to the monsoon. Contractor Cross-banks installed by earlyOutlet the banks in the same direction as the road crossfall, June.at or immediately above minor drain inlets.
* Inspect all road works and ancillary sites for drainage and Contractor No major erosion arounderosion problems after each major storm event during the causeways anid drains causingperiod of construction. Repair all failed drains and take undermining, drainageother appropriate action as directed by the Supervising diversion or damage toConsLultant. adjacent features.
TIopsoil Saving and Re-use * Save all available topsoil from ROW sites and re-use it on Contractor All available topsoil saved and 4.2.5 601 SScomipleted road formation batters approved by the stockpiled away from drainage 612 SSSupervising Consultant. Iines. 11 1.5 PS
66.1(d)* Strip and stockpile topsoil fi-om all ancillary sites that are to Contractor COC
be disturbed.
* If topsoil is to be stockpiled, keep it separate from sub-soil Contractormaterial.
* Sow a cover crop on each topsoiled batter within 2 days of Contiactor Cover crop sowni oni alltopsoiling. ._ topsoiled batters.
?nlte,lalice and Vevelopment Projectnental Afan0gC1emen ACItion Clan1 - A1r il 1999
Phase El viron mental R equire m ellt Action Responsibility Perrormnance Indic'ator El MAP cto tractSectioni Referen.
.truction Fill Disposal * Identify, peg and seek approval from the Supervising Contractor I ill disposal at approved sites 4.2.6 11 1.6 IS,Consultant for permissible fill disposal locations. only. 66.1(e)
COC,* Inspect and approve all correctly located fill disposal Supervis. Consult. 65 COC
locations.
6 Instruict the constrictioni workforce on the approved fill Contractordisposal locations and strictly supervise the correctplacemenit of Flil at tlhesc sites. _
Reinstatement of Services * Inventory all services to be reinstated. Supervis. Consult. Agreemiient on services to be 4.2.7 1 11.7 IS,and Contractor reinstated. 54 COC,
* Locate and reacih agreement withi affected landowners and Contractor 105 SSlocal people regardiiig services to be maintained, No complaints received fromtemporarily cut and reinstated, including the timing and affected people.location of cuts and reinstatemilenits. Obtain writtenpermission friom affected landowners / local peopleregarding the temporary cessation of services.
* Maintain or provide temporary services during construction, Coiitractorincluding temporary water supplies. Full functioning of temporary
services.* Progressively reinstate or repair all interrupted services to Contractor
their previous capacity.
* Inspect and certify the adequate reinstatemilenit of services. Supervis. Consult. Full funictioninig of reinstatedwater supply lines, canals and
_ ________________________________________________________________ ____________________ trails. rail_s
fainten1ancc and Deelohpmnent l',oject'inrental Afatngeielnt.-Iction Il'In -- April 1999
linse Environmental ltequirement Action Responsibility Performance Iidicator EclAoP Contract____________________________ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~Section Referen.
uctiotli Quarries and Borrow Pits . . . . Contractor Extraction only within pegged 4.2.8 111.8 PS. Locate and peg quarries and borrow pits, estirnate the sites. 65 COCquantity of iaterial required and the period of extraction .t11s1.9 PSand seek approval from the Supervisinig Consultanit. 11 1.1 PS
* Inspect and approve all correctly located quarries and Contractorborrow pits.
* Restrict all extraction activities to approved sites, Contractor Trees within extraction site.unidertaking minimi1al clearing to enable safe rock extraction. retained where agreed.
. Strip and separately stockpile all topsoil and suib-soiloverlying the rock to be extracted. Contractor
. Restrict all operations to the hours of 7.00-18.00.
* Enstire that each quarry or borrow pit drains into a sediment Contractortrap before runloff is dischiarged oif the site.
. ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~Conltractot, No sedhiilelit deposited. _______________________________________________________ __________________ d ownslope ofextraction sites.
Stockpiling . . Contractor Stockpilinig al pegged sites 4,2.9 65 COC* Locate, peg and seek approval fromn the Supervising only.Consultantt for the use of stockpile sites.
* Obtain written permission from landowners for stockpiling Contractor Perimlissioni obtained.o0i their land.
* Inspect and approve all correctly located stockpile sites. Supervis. Consuilt. Stockpiles located away fromi
* Seed topsoil stockpiles with a cover crop where they are to d*rainage lines.be retained for more than one month. Contractor
Blasting t Sn Contractor All sites excavated by hand 4.2.10 72 COCas Ing * Seek approval fbor blastinig froJm the Supervising Consultant. vwhere practical. 74 COC
* Inspect and approve blastinig where significant hard rock Stipervis. Consuth. 601 SSoccurs. 1I1.2 PS
* Undlertake all blasting in accordance witlh the DOR Blaster/Contr-actor No msajor rock fracturinig of"Controlled Blasting Training Worklshop" principles. the reimaininig hill slope.
* Restrict all blasting to the hours of 9.00-16.30.Blaster/Contractor
* Inspect blasting operationis at least three times during thecourse of constriction1. Supervis. Consult.
nIt/ensatce ndll Dev~eIa,i,ntte7 I'rojeclental Ahinagenerllf . ction itll p -- ,ill 1999
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Phase Environincsilal RlleqUilcinement Action Responsibility I'crfornianncc Indicator SeMAP ConotReact
.____________ _ ._ __ _______._________._____ _ ________________________________________________________________ Section Referen.
truction Workllor-ce Camps .Locate, peg and seek approval from the Supervising Contractor No workforce camp activities 4.2.11 II 11.1 PS
Consultant for workforce canip sites. outside pegged sites.
* Inspect and approve all correctly located camp sites. Supervis. Consult. No complaints received fiomneighlbouring people.
* Provide and mainitain proper drinking water, sewerage and Conitactorwaste disposal facilities at the camps.
* Recycle or dispose of solid waste as directed by theSupervisinig Consultant. Contractor
Workforce Managemient ... 4.2.12 I1I1.11 PS* Liaise with affected communities regarding proposed road Contractor
CconstrLctioll.
* Enstiue workers act in a responisible maninler to local people Contractor No harvesting of forestand do not liarvest or take personal resources, forest products or wildlife by theprioducts or wildlife. wvorkforce.
* Ensure that no wood is burnt by any construction workers Contractoron or off site.
* Provide kerosene for all workforce cooking needs. Contractor
* Restrict working hours to between 7.00-18.00. Contr actorAir and Noise Pollutition Contractor Low levels of dust genierated. 4.2.13 1 1 1.12 PS
* Ensurle thiat construlction works do not generateuniacceptably highi levels of dust.
* Prohibit the use of air lioriis on coinstr-uctioni vehicles in Contractorsettlemenit areas.
Hazards and I lazardous Contractor Separate storage of hazardous 4.2.14 I 13 PSMaterials * Safely liandle and store hazardous materials.
* Seek directions from the Supervising Consultant for the Contractordisposal of hiazardous materials.
* Provide disposal directions to the Contractor when Supervis. Consuilt.requested.
* Clean tip spills of hazardous materials immediately. Contractor
* Suppress fires oni or adjacent to construction or ancillarysites. Contractor
fnt'e" ance ndAl lDeine/ntenl.4c' I'l o;rc 9a lintertl Madnagenw/lt .4ction Plan -- I,,ril 1999st
'hase Environmcntal Requirement Action Responsibility Performance Indicator EMAcP o Co(entract_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Section Refereni.
Revegetation . Progressively sow all disturbed construictioni and ancillary Contractor All comiiplete(d balter s sown 4.3.1 1 1 1. 14 PSructioll site surfaces with a cover crop mix immediately following witli a cover crop.
the completioni and certification of each batter or final useof each ancillary site.
a Progressively implemenit bio-engineering works, Bio-engineerinig Bio-enginieering uiidcrtakeni incomimlenicing in the correct planting season as soon as the Contiactor the plantinig seasoin followinginitial 400 rn of road has been completed and certiried. road certification.
* Regularly moniitor the effectiveness oFbio-engineering Supervis. Consult. 90% plant survival rate.icasures.
Ancillary Site Reliabilitation * Rehabilitate ancillary sites within I month of their final use, Contractor All ancillary sites 4.3.2 III.15 PSincluding the removal of structures, refuse, stockpiles and rehabilitated.other temporary features. Rcvegetate the sites withi a covercrop and permanent vegetation.
lion Environmenital Monitoring lJndertake a 6-mnonthlly inspection of the road formation and Geo-environimeuit No rits greater tihan i150 mim 5.4related features over the initial two years following the Unit, DOR deep; no landslides except oncompletion of road works. Complete an inspection report naturally highly unstableand submit to DOR (District and Kathmanidu) within two slopes no significant ril orweeks of the inspection. shieet erosioni; planted
vegetation survival greaterthian 90% aftler one year; nodaniage to retaining wallsfrom landslides or traffic; nosignificanit wall movenileritIslumpage; drainiage along ther oad surface no greater than200 ni; side drains intact; nosignificant gully erosion Iunderininlilg at draini outlets;pipe culverts in place; nofalling rock or landslidedamage to hotises; no imajorlandslide or sedimentt deposits
_______________________________________ ___________________ ____________________________ downslope of road.
iintenaclce and IDevelopmmciew Prijectmetlta AIlanagentent Iction I'lain -Ipril 1999
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APPENDIX 3: Bio-engineering Application Methods
This section describes the planting and construction methods for the proposed bio-engineering vegetative structures. Planting and construction shall be undertaken asindicated in the attached drawings or as directed by the Site Engineer.
X 1. Edge Cutting
a) Mark the distance to be cut from the upsper slope edge (about 2 m).;--Ih b) Start cutting the edge at an angle of about ,0° until the mark is reached.
c) Deposit the soil at the base of the slope, forming a 300 slope.
2. Grass Planting
Grass planting shall be carried out when the ground is moist.
rj 1a) Trim offthe long roots and shoots in excess of 10 cm from the grass slips.b) Make planting holes in the ground, just big enough to fit the roots without bending
them. Holes can be made using a stick.c) Plant the slips in the holes, pressing from both sides to compact the soil.
3. Tree Planting
a) Diga30cmx30cmx30cmpit.b) Cut the poly tube on two sides along its length using a razor blade, without
removing the poly tube.c) Place the plant into the pit.d) Backfill the pit with soil while holding the plant upright.e) Compact around the plant by foot.f) Water the plant within 2 hours.
4. Live Staking
a) Take 2-3 cm diameter, 30 cm long cuttings from healthy tree branches ofvegetatively propagated trees. Prepare cuttings using sharp knife so that the barkU of the cutting is not damaged while cutting the branch. Cuttings shall be preparedwhen the ground is moist for planting at the onset of the monsoon.
b) Mark out the planting lines on the slope.c) Drive a crowbar to make the holes in the ground along the marked lines at
intervals of 1 m.d) Insert the cuttings into the holes and pack the surrounding soil by foot or with a
wooden tool.
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5. Palisades
a) Mark out the lines to be planted.b) Using a pointed crowbar, make holes along the marked lines that are slightly
bigger than the cuttings and deep enough to take at least two thirds of their lengths.c) Place a cutting in each hole, burying two thirds of its lengcth then compact the hole.d) The tops of the protruding cuttings can be netted with Jafri to hold eroding soil.
6. Brush Fascines
a) Mark the proposed fascine lines on the slope.b) Form the fascines by binding 6-18 month old cuttings into a 15-20 cm diameter
bundle.c) Dig a 5 m length of trench, place the fascines end to end in the trench, then
imrnediately backfill and compact the trench.d) Secure the fascines by hammering wooden or bamboo pegs on the lower side of
the fascines at 50 cm spacings.e) If possible, water the fascines to achieve a better contact between them and the fill
material.
7. Bolsters
a) Excavate a trench on an angle of 1 0-30O to the contour, to a depth of 20 cm (a littleless than the diameter of the bolster).
b) Lay the gabion bolster into the trench, ensuring good contact between the paneland the bed of the trench.
c) Fill the panel with stones no bigger than 20 cm diameter.d) Bend the top wire flap over and secure it with pegs.e) Backfill over the bolster and compact it.f) Fix the bolster by driving 12 mm diarneter iron bars at right angles to the slope at 2
m spacings.
8. Rip Rap
a) M;lark out a 1.2 m wide channel in the depression.b) Dig a 20 cm foundation at the base of the depression for laying the stone into.c) Place stones in a stair configuration starting at the bottom and continuing uphill.
Lay the stones in a concave formation so that water will run down the middle ofthe rip rap. Secure the stones by driving wooden pegs in at 2 m intervals or asdirected by the Site Engineer.
d) Fill the gaps between the stones with dirt and small stones and make sure thestones do not move.
e) At the point of bifurcation ensure that the rip rap branches out at about 600 fromthe main channel.
f) Place brush fascines on both sides of the rip rap and cover with soil.
9. Brush Layering
a) Dig a 1 m wide terrace with an inward slope of 10-30°, 1 m above base of theslope.
b) Place a layer of cuttings crosswise on the terrace, leaving about one fourth thecutting lengths sticking out of the ground.
c) Construct the second terrace, as in (a), 1 m above the first terrace. Use theexcavated soil from this terrace to cover the brush layer on the first terrace untilthe original batter slope is formed.
e) Continue step (c) up the slope.
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