Project under UNDP-AP-GEM

With funding support from the Government of Japan

Work and Well Being in certain Climate Change Scenarios

Gender and Work

- ironic that women’s work has been consistentlyunderrepresented in many national statistics survey due to

- inadequacies in conceptualization, definition of terms- methodologies the study is a contribution to

understanding women’s work

Climate Change is amplifying the socio-economic burdens already felt by Filipino families even more with indigenous populations whose livelihood is deeply rooted in the wellbeing of the environment.Adaptation to climate change is costly with well being and “care” dimension at stake

Time UseAs a valuable economic resource

A critical step in examining contribution of women and men in development

Time use brings out WORK dynamicsRemunerated work

Unremunerated work

different participation of men and women in • the labor market

Study Looks at households in farming communities

determine what constitutes work and ‘well-being’ in an agricultural household;

assess the resilience and vulnerabilities of women and their households to specific climate change scenarios

This map indicates tragedies from 1991 to 2006 which were triggered by extreme weather events such as typhoons and variability in precipitation. The symbols indicate directly affected areas. Source: Jabines and Inventor, 2007

Study Site

Its’ mountainous fragile ecosystem characterized by an undulating to rugged topography constantly exposed to extreme rainfall makes it uniquely vulnerable to climate change

ContextHousehold

unit of analysis

both as a consumption and

production unit

Study site: Benguet in the Cordillera Region

-communities engaged in production for the market

-done in fragile, typhoon-prone highland setting

MethodologyTime use study

[1] stylized time use questionnaire[2] time use diary [3] focus group discussions

“Time use” vis-à-vis “income earned”

paid work unpaid work Rural farmers and urban farmersMedium elevation and high elevation

Respondents Demographics: Household Dynamics

Madaymen Respondents

35

65

Mean age: Male – 38.5Female – 36.43

Average HH Size:5 and 6

Average farm size: 0.25-1 hectare

Household Type: Single – 10%Nuclear – 40%Extended – 45%

La Trinidad Respondents

Respondents Demographics: Household Dynamics

Mean age: Male – 41.3Female – 43.8428.3

71.7

Average HH Size:5 and 6

Average farm size: 2767.82 square meters

Household Type: (n=53)Single – 7.5%Nuclear – 45.3%Extended – 39.5%Nuclear w/ helpers – 1.9%Extended w/ helpers –7.5%

Climate change scenarios that figure-prolonged droughts,-erratic typhoon episodes,-warmer midday and colder afternoons-irregular rainfall patterns

Occurrence of hailstone [locally called dallalo] and frost [andap]at a time when it is not expected and in places where these do notusually happen

In August of 2010, there was another dry spell when it shouldbe wet; in September, five tropical cyclones strucked: typhoonOndoy and in October, in a supposedly dry condition, typhoonPepeng hit Northern Luzon area. Pepeng’s fury was witnessed inthe region - bringing millions of damages.

Climate Change Scenarios

Validates an earlier data in different areas in the region*

Bayabas Loo Paoay Taloy Sur TotalChanges in the Climate

Increase of temperature 83.0% 98.6% 74.3% 82.7% 85.2%Extreme hot and cold 46.8% 81.1% 74.3% 48.1% 65.4%Irregular rain pattern 61.7% 48.6% 62.9% 82.7% 62.6%

Stronger rainfall intensity 61.7% 39.2% 47.1% 55.8% 49.4%Irregular typhoon pattern 53.2% 43.2% 55.7% 34.6% 46.9%

Stronger typhoon 0.0% 12.2% 15.7% 11.5% 10.7%Change in wind direction 10.6% 20.3% 28.6% 7.7% 18.1%

Stronger wind 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% 5.8% 2.1%Longer drought 80.9% 55.4% 64.3% 65.4% 65.0%

Occurrence of hailstone 21.3% 0.0% 10.0% 0.0% 7.0%Thinner frost 0.0% 0.0% 12.9% 0.0% 3.7%

(multiple response) Total 419.2% 398.6% 448.7% 394.3% 416.1%Views on Climate Change

Positive 14.9% 5.4% 12.9% 11.5% 10.7%Negative 95.7% 98.6% 91.4% 96.2% 95.5%

(multiple response) Total 110.6% 104.0% 104.3% 107.7% 106.2%

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21

21.5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Tem

per

atur

e (o C

)

Annual Mean Temperature

線形 (Annual Mean Temperature)

0

5

10

15

20

25

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Tem

per

atur

e (o C

)

1999 2009

Baguio and Benguet were experiencing more warmer days and lesser colder days

Respondents Recollection on Worst Year (source STQ data, 2011)

Table 1. Respondents Recollection on Worst Year (Source: STQ Instrument, 2011)

YEAR % % Description of Year2011 32.08 9.52 Flooding had become a global phenomenon; early rains - worst for

strawberry farmers, “basit ti apit” (low production/harvest), low grossincome; "nginmato amin" (price increase of every commodity), crisis,"awan ti panggatang ti kaspulan" (no money to buy needs)

2010 1.89 14.29 typhoon, destroyed roads, can't sell produce2009 33.96 47.62 Typhoon Pepeng and Ondoy - roads close, "awan pang-gatangan ti

bagas" (no source of rice), relief from Munisipyo, "agbulod kadwa"(borrow from others) ; Pepeng and Ondoy - swamp flooded,“kasapulan agbangka” (needed to travel in boat), landslide,“mabankrupt” (bankruptcy), "tumayaw puonan" (capital loss),"malayos boarding house" (flooded boarding house), scarcity offood, "pagistay natay" (nearly died), "awan makan" (no food),"nagaburan garden" (garden eroded), "adu natay" (many died)

2008 3.77 0 Meningo coccemia/A1H1, erratic rain and temperature

2007 3.77 4.76Madaymen - andap during summer; La Trinidad - agbaliw baliw tischedule

2006 1.89 0 “panay tudo” (frequent raining)2005 5.66 0 typhoon juan; meningo coccemia scare; crop loss2003 0 4.76 Farm frost

WellbeingWell-being is operationalized in this study as quality of life, that may constitute the material and the non-material (data from Stylized Time Use Questionnaire)

La Trinidad (n=53) Madaymen (n=20)

Wellbeing Indicator

Positive (%)

Same (%)

Negative (%)

Positive (%)

Same (%)

Negative (%)

Overall Quality of Life 19.2 28.8 52 25 40 351. Material Wellbeing 29.1 18.8 52 36.9 47.4 15.82. Time Wellbeing 21.7 23.9 54.3 10.6 31.6 57.93. Health 0 85 15 26.3 63.2 10.54. Freedom of choices and actions 2.8 45.6 51.7 13.3 19.6 66.75. Security 15.4 59 25.7 21.1 57.9 21

[1] The four wellbeing indicators in this study are based on the "Millennium Ecosystems Assessment Framework" of the World Health Organization (2005)

Figure 4.1 Changes in work intensity with climate change

Changes in Work intensity with

Climate Change as one Context

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

La Trinidad Madaymen

(

Same/No

change

Positive

Negative

Reasons for increasing work intensity:[1] with unpredictable weather, everytime it rains, need to “spray again”[2] stronger typhoon causes flooding (not only landslides)[3] whatever labor invested, it is “doubled” even “tripled” ie., re-planting; with too much leafing, need thinning; with too much water, need to drain [4] with new breed of pests (stranger to farmers) work and costs is likewise increased

-what used to be ‘pests’ observed in low elevation, it is now observed in higher elevation

like “egges” and “ngilaw”

Time Use and Wellbeing

Table . Male and Female Average Paid and Unpaid Hours per Week in La Trinidad and Madaymen (Source: TUD and STQ data)

La trinidad Madaymen Average for two sites

Research Variables Male Female Male Female Male Female

Paid Hours per Week (STQ)59.95 50.73 55.2 40.25 57.575 45.49

UnPaid Hours per Week (STQ) 17 36.52 13.53 32.83 15.265 34.675

Paid Hours per Week (TUD) 58.86 48.92 47.87 30.64 53.365 39.78UnPaid Hours per Week (TUD) 11.75 20.22 8.85 25.8 10.3 23.01

Leisure Hours per Week (TUD)

8.79 3.48 4.35 3.88 6.57 3.68

T-test results between Male and Female both in La Trinidad and Madaymen for both paid and unpaid work has highly significant differences, where males spend more time in paid work while females spend more time in unpaid work

Time Use Result: Paid Work by farmer Incorporators

Distribution of Hourly Participation Rate of Farmers in Paid Work: Farming Related Activities

• higher participation rate of males in farming (paid work) activities while females have a lower participation rate •Peak hours in farming work for farmer are 8-12 noon in the morning and 4-6 in the afternoon

Time Use Result: Unpaid Work -Cleaning

Distribution of Hourly Participation Rate Between Sexes in La Trinidad and Madaymen on Unpaid Work: Cleaning Activities

• At most hours of the day, females in both sites largely do the cleaning chores• Helpers are hired for the farm but not usually for household chores as “wives can do it”

Time Use Result: Paid Work by Informal Workers

Distribution of Hourly Participation Rate of Informal Workers in Paid Work: Farming Related Activities

• La Trinidad female have a very high participation rate reaching to more than 50% due to the tourist industry setting at the strawberry farm. La Trinidad females are usually engaged in packing and selling the strawberry produce to tourists and other potential buyers•Peak hours are at 10-12 in the morning and 1 to 2 in the afternnoon

Time Use Poverty –The Burden of Care and Unpaid Work

• Increase in respiratory health problems with women taking the caring role for the sick in the home

While parents are busy farming, children are brought alongside where they do simultaneous tasks of farming while 

taking care of their children.

Time Use Poverty –The Burden of Simultaneous Paid and Unpaid Work

Gender Participation in Community Activities

• Unpaid work in community and volunteer activities

Households Gender Participation in Community Activities

Community ActivitiesLa Trinidad % Madaymen %Male Female Both Male Female Both

1. School Work for Parents 13.3 46.7 40 28.6 71.4 0

2. Parent's Teacher's Activities 10 70 20 0 72.7 27.33. Church/ Religious Activities 5.1 23.1 71.8 0 16.7 83.34. Trainings/Seminars 33.3 23.3 43.3 18.8 50 31.75. Community Health Activities (i.e. trainings) 6.7 80 13.3 16.7 50 33.36. People's Organization 28.6 14.3 57.1 23.1 46.2 30.87. Cooperative Activities 8.3 41.7 50 40 40 208. Relief and rehabilitation Activities 28.6 9.5 61.9 22.2 11.1 66.79. Funerals/Wakes 14.3 5.7 80 5.9 5.9 88.2

10. Other Community Activities 14.3 7.1 78.6 50 25 25

-any adjustments in the agricultural calendar or any experienced prolonged economic disenfranchisement takes toll on women.-ex: Ripple effect of decreasing water-‘Care for the households’ illnesses brought about by erratic weather conditions is usually handled by women--”food-on-the-table” is sacrificed to save for farm costs- Volunteer work outside the farm [Parents Teachers Association , bayanihan or mutual cooperation, attending wakes etc] puts women in the forefront. “unpaid work” yet are necessary for household resilience

CONCLUSION:

“Gender as a cross cutting theme.”

RECOMMENDATIONS (social inclusion)[1] social protection in terms of managing and overcoming situations that are adversely affecting well being ie contingencies to illness, diseases[2] Market risks - urgent need to reduce loss risk via safety nets to erratic weather effects as well as to chronic market problemssuch as the effects of the AoAIn a post-typhoon scenario, respondents lament:“when we have crop losses or not a single kilo to sell, prices of our products are soaring high…ironic that we only have a sack of potatoes to sell… “[3] Re introduction of organic farming/natural farming as alternative climate change can be the defining subject of this era needs sustained subsidies from production to marketing

[4] Policies that reduce gender disparity in unpaid work that are necessary to sustaining families

-human capital investment -provision of medical and health care- other support system be in place since kinship

system has weakened-recognition of work outside the cash nexus ie

“non gainful occupation” be redefined (old age & housekeeping)

[5] basic social services be addressed -irrigation, farm to market roads, marketing of products-access and control over these resources[6] science and technology based intervention – specifically in climate change scenarios (automatic weather stations, new breed of pests and diseases)

Thank you for listening…

Ruth

Benguet State University