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Lexicon. Characteristics of word formation in English.

Prefixation, suffixation and compounding.

Unit 10

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1. Lexicon

1.1. Lexicography.

1.2.The Evolution of the modern dictionary.

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Types of Lexicography

Alphabetical lexicography

Thematic Lexicography

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Products of lexicography

If account for size 20-volume Oxford Dictionary The Concise Oxford Dictionary The Pocket Oxford Dictionary The Collins Gem

If account for type Monolingual Bilingual Multilingual Phonetical Etymologies Synonyms and antonyms.etc.

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The evolution of modern dictionaries.

First English to English word list

“A Table Alphabeticall”by Robert Cawdrey 1603. It contained 2,500 words.

By the 50´s of XVII Century

“Etylomologies” were Included in dictionaries as well

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In 1700, John Kersey dares to add frequent words in dictionaries.

The gratest figure in English lexicography in

the XVIII was Samuel Johnson.

The gratest lexicographical effort ever made was

The Oxford English Dictionary.

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Dictionaries in America

Noah Webster is the great pioneer in lexicography.His dictonary published in 1828 had the title “An American Dictionary of the English Language”

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English word formation Affixation. Compounding. Conversion. Other devices: reduplication,

clipping, blending, acronyms.

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Prefixation Characteristics of prefixes

Generally they do not alter the word class of the base.

The are normally written together with the base as a single word.

Main stress falls normally on the base. They can be grouped according to their

meaning.

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Negative Prefixes “un-” unfair, unadorned,

unfortunately. “non-” non-conformist, non-existent. “in-” invisible, illogical, impossible,

irresponsible. “a(n)-” amoral, atheist. “dis-” disloyal, disobey, disfavour

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Reversible Prefixes “un-” undo, undress, unhorse.

“de-” defrost, depoliticize.

“dis-” discouraging, disheartened,desinterested.

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Pejorative Prefixes “mis-” mishear, misconduct,

misleading, misrepresentation.

“mal-” maltreat, malformed, malfunction.

“pseudo-” pseudo-scientific, pseudo- classicism.

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Prefixes of degree and size “arch-” archduke, archenemy. “super-” supermarket, superman. “out-” outlive, outdo, outrun. “sur-” surcharge, “sub-” subnormal, substandard. “over-”/under-” overdo, undertook “hyper-/ultra-” hypersensitive. “mini-/macro-/micro-” microwave.

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Prefixes of attitude “co-” cooperative, cohabit, co-

director, co-proprietor. “counter-” counter-espionage,

counter-attack. “anti-/pro-” anti-nuclear, anti-

democracy.

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Locative Prefixes “super-” super-structure. “sub-” subway, subconscious,

subdivide. “inter-” international, intermarry,

interwave, interplay. “trans-” transatlantic, transplant.

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Prefixes of time and order “fore-” foretell, foreman, forewarn. “pre-/post-” pre-historial, pre-

marital. “ex-” ex-minister, ex-wife. “re-” rebuild, relocation, re-elegible.

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Number Prefixes

“uni-/mono-” monosyllable, unilateral.

“bi-/di-” dichotomy, bifocal.

“multi-/poly-/pluri” multiracial

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Conversion prefixes “be-” bewigged, bewitch, bedazzle,

befriend ( a dog ).

“en-/em-” endanger, empower.

“a-” afloat.

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To Summarize Negative Prefixes. Reversible Prefixes. Pejorative Prefixes. Prefixes of degree and size. Prefixes of attitude. Locative prefixes. Prefixes of time and order. Number Prefixes. Conversion Prefixes.

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Suffixation Characteristics of suffixes.

They normally alter the word type of the base.

Suffixes rarely have a distinct meaning on their own.

The change the word into which they are included into another part of speech.

The can be classified according to the speech part they form, or according to the type of base the are added to.

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Noun suffixes Occupational.

“-eer” engineer, auctitioneer.

“-ster” gangster, gamester, trickster.

“-er” Londoner, banker

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Noun Suffixes Diminutive and femenine.

“-let” booklet, owlet, piglet.

“-ette” cigarrette, kitchenette.

“-ess” countess, hostess.

“-y” Johnny, daddy, pussy

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Noun Suffixes ( Abstract ) Status, domain, etc.

“-hood” boyhood, brotherhood, flasehood, likelihood.

“-ship” friendship, companionship

“-dom”,”-ocracy”, “-ery/-ry”.

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Noun Suffixes

Quantity.

“-ful” handful, spoonful

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Noun/adjective suffixes

“-ite” Israelite, Rafaelite.“-(i)an” Shakespearian, Elizabethan.“-ese” Japanese.“-ist” novelist, violinist, typist.“-ism” Cummunism, Imperialistm.

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De-verbal suffixes

“-er” worker, onlooker, drinker.“-ant” inhabitant, occupant.“-ation” operation, exploration.“-ment” arrangement, argument.“-al” approval, refusal“-ing” swimming, living, painting, building.“-age” package, peerage, shortage.“-ee” trainee, employee.

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De-adjectival suffixes

“-ness” goodness, happiness, selfishness.

“-ity”/”-able”/”-ible”/”-al” readable, readability, sentimental, sentimentality.

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Verb suffixes

“-ify” certify, identify.

“-ize” scandalize, organise.

“-en” blacken, sadden.

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Adjective Suffixes“-able” readable, drinkable.“-al” chemical, criminal, special.“-ful” beautiful, plentiful.“-ed” blue-eyed, odd-shaped.“-en” wooden, leaden.“-ic” Germanic, specific.“-ish” foolish, boyish, snobbish.“-less” helpless, hopeless.“-like” friendly, child-like

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Adverb suffixes

“-ly” happily, freely, instantly.

“-wards” onwards, eastwards.

“-wise” clockwise.

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To Summarize Suffixes Noun Suffixes. Noun/Adjective suffixes. De-verbal suffixes. De-adjectival suffixes. Verb suffixes. Adjective suffixes. Adverb suffixes.

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Compounding.

Oil paperPaperclipPaper aeroplane(to)wallpaperWastepaperWastepaper basket

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Characteristics of compounds. The can be written together, (solid)

separately or with a hyphen. Phonologically are identified as for having

the main stress on the first element. blackbird ´_____,_____ a species of bird. blackbird _____ ´_____ a bird which is back

They can consist of two or three words. sister-in-law, baby-sitter, air-conditioner.

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Other compound nouns come from... Verb + Noun.

pickpoket. Verb + Verb.

make-belive. Adjective + Noun.

fast-food.

Particle + Nounoverkill.

Adverb + Noun.new generation

Verb + Particlepress down

Phrase compoundsWhisky and soda

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Groups of compound nouns.

Compound nouns can be countable, uncountable, singular or plural and grouped like that.

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Common countable compound nouns. Address book Air conditioner Air raid Baby-sitter Bank account Brother-in-law Bus-stop Can opener

Heart attack High school Human being Letter-box Passer-by Pen-friend Polar bear Police station.

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Common uncoutable compound nouns Birth control Central heating Common sense Dry-cleaning Family planning Fancy dress Fast-food Income tax

Lost property Mail order Make up Old age Remote control Social security First aid Water-skiing

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Common singular compound nouns

Cost of living Fire brigade Generation gap Human race

Mother-tongue Public sector Solar system Welfare state.

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Common plural compound nouns.

Armed forces Civil rights High heels Human rights Luxury goods

Road works Social services Winter sports Yellow pages

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Compound adjectives.

They are made up of two or more words, usually written with hyphens between them. They may be qualitative classifying or colour adjectives.

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Common patterns to make compound adjectives.

Adjective or number + noun + “-ed”red-haired

Adjective or adverb + past participlelow-paid

Adjective, adverb or noun +present participle

good-looking

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Rule for compound adjectives A few compound adjectives are

made up of more than two words and they are often written with hyphens when they are used in front of nouns, and without hyphens when they are used as the complement of a link verb.

It was a free-and-easy relatioship. That book is out of date.

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Groups of Compound adjectives.

Compound qualitative adjectives Absent minded. Easy-going. Low-paid Nice looking Old fashioned Open-minded

Second-class Starry-eyed Tender-hearted Well-behaved Well-dressed Well-known.

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Groups of Compound adjectives.

Compound classifying adjectives Audio-visual Brand-new Built-up Deep-sea Duty-free

Long-distance Made-up North-east One-way Second-hand Tax-free Top-secret

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Groups of Compound adjectives.

Compound colour adjectives Blood-red Bottle-green Nut-brown

Royal-blue Sky-blue Snow-white.

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Compound Verbs. They are usually written with an

hyphen. Pattern formation:

noun + verb “sky-dive”verb + noun “shun-pike”verb + verb “freeze-dry”adjective + verb “double-book”particle + verb “overbook”

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Groups of compound verbs

Intransitive compound verbs:Baby-sit hitch-hikeIce-skate roller-skateWater-ski window-shopTransitive compound verbs:Back-comb ill-treatDry-clean tape recordCompound verbs used in transitive or intransitive clauses:Bottle-feed sight-readMass-produce spring-cleanShrt-circuit tie-dye