word formation in englis

8/11/2019 Word Formation in Englis

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Lexicon. Characteristics of wordformation in English.

Prefixation, suffixation andcompounding.

Unit 10


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1. Lexicon

1.1. Lexicography.

1.2.The Evolution of the moderndictionary.


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Types of Lexicography

Alphabetical lexicography

Thematic Lexicography


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Products of lexicography

If account for size

20-volume Oxford

Dictionary The Concise

Oxford Dictionary

The Pocket OxfordDictionary

The Collins Gem

If account for type

Monolingual

Bilingual Multilingual

Phonetical

Etymologies Synonyms and

antonyms.etc.


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In 1700, John Kersey dares to add frequentwords in dictionaries.

The gratest figure in English lexicography in

the XVIII was Samuel Johnson.

The gratest lexicographical effort ever made was

The OxfordEnglish Dictionary.


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Dictionaries in America

Noah Websteris the great pioneerin lexicography.

His dictonary published in 1828 hadthe titleAn American Dictionaryof the English Language


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English word formation

Affixation.

Compounding.

Conversion.

Other devices: reduplication,clipping, blending, acronyms.


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Prefixation

Characteristics of prefixes

Generally they do not alter the word

class of the base. The are normally written together with

the base as a single word.

Main stress falls normally on the base.

They can be grouped according to theirmeaning.


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Negative Prefixes

un-unfair, unadorned,unfortunately.

non- non-conformist, non-existent.in- invisible, illogical, impossible,

irresponsible.

a(n)-amoral, atheist.dis-disloyal, disobey, disfavour


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Reversible Prefixes

un-undo, undress, unhorse.

de-defrost, depoliticize.

dis- discouraging,disheartened,desinterested.


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Pejorative Prefixes

mis-mishear, misconduct,misleading, misrepresentation.

mal-maltreat, malformed,malfunction.

pseudo-pseudo-scientific,

pseudo- classicism.


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Prefixes of degree and size

arch-archduke, archenemy.

super-supermarket, superman.

out-outlive, outdo, outrun.sur-surcharge,

sub-subnormal, substandard.

over-/under-overdo, undertookhyper-/ultra-hypersensitive.

mini-/macro-/micro-microwave.


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Prefixes of attitude

co-cooperative, cohabit, co-director, co-proprietor.

counter-counter-espionage,counter-attack.

anti-/pro-anti-nuclear, anti-

democracy.


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Locative Prefixes

super-super-structure.

sub-subway, subconscious,

subdivide.inter-international, intermarry,

interwave, interplay.

trans-transatlantic, transplant.


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Prefixes of time and order

fore-foretell, foreman, forewarn.

pre-/post-pre-historial, pre-

marital.ex-ex-minister, ex-wife.

re-rebuild, relocation, re-elegible.


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Number Prefixes

uni-/mono-monosyllable,

unilateral.

bi-/di-dichotomy, bifocal.

multi-/poly-/plurimultiracial


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Conversion prefixes

be-bewigged, bewitch, bedazzle,befriend ( a dog ).

en-/em-endanger, empower.

a-afloat.


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To Summarize

Negative Prefixes.

Reversible Prefixes.

Pejorative Prefixes.

Prefixes of degree and size.

Prefixes of attitude.

Locative prefixes.

Prefixes of time and order. Number Prefixes.

Conversion Prefixes.


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Suffixation

Characteristics of suffixes. They normally alter the word type of the base.

Suffixes rarely have a distinct meaning on their own.

The change the word into which they are included intoanother part of speech.

The can be classified according to the speech part theyform, or according to the type of base the are added to.


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Noun suffixes

Occupational.

-eerengineer, auctitioneer.

-stergangster, gamester, trickster.

-erLondoner, banker


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Noun Suffixes

Diminutive and femenine.

-letbooklet, owlet, piglet.

-ettecigarrette, kitchenette.

-esscountess, hostess.

-yJohnny, daddy, pussy


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Noun Suffixes ( Abstract )

Status, domain, etc.

-hoodboyhood, brotherhood,

flasehood, likelihood.

-shipfriendship, companionship

-dom,-ocracy, -ery/-ry.


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Noun Suffixes

Quantity.

-fulhandful, spoonful


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Noun/adjective suffixes

-iteIsraelite, Rafaelite.

-(i)anShakespearian, Elizabethan.-eseJapanese.

-istnovelist, violinist, typist.

-ismCummunism, Imperialistm.


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De-verbal suffixes

-erworker, onlooker, drinker.

-antinhabitant, occupant.

-ationoperation, exploration.-mentarrangement, argument.

-alapproval, refusal

-ingswimming, living, painting, building.-agepackage, peerage, shortage.

-eetrainee, employee.


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De-adjectival suffixes

-nessgoodness, happiness,selfishness.

-ity/-able/-ible/-alreadable,readability, sentimental,

sentimentality.


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Verb suffixes

-ifycertify, identify.

-izescandalize, organise.

-enblacken, sadden.


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Adjective Suffixes

-ablereadable, drinkable.

-alchemical, criminal, special.

-fulbeautiful, plentiful.-edblue-eyed, odd-shaped.

-enwooden, leaden.

-icGermanic, specific.

-ishfoolish, boyish, snobbish.-lesshelpless, hopeless.

-likefriendly, child-like


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Adverb suffixes

-lyhappily, freely, instantly.

-wardsonwards, eastwards.

-wiseclockwise.


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To Summarize Suffixes

Noun Suffixes.

Noun/Adjective suffixes.

De-verbal suffixes. De-adjectival suffixes.

Verb suffixes.

Adjective suffixes.

Adverb suffixes.


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Compounding.

Oil paperPaperclip

Paper aeroplane

(to)wallpaperWastepaper

Wastepaper basket


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Characteristics ofcompounds.

The can be written together, (solid)separately or with a hyphen.

Phonologically are identified as for havingthe main stress on the first element. blackbird_____,_____ a species of bird.

blackbird _____ _____ a bird which is back

They can consist of two or three words. sister-in-law, baby-sitter, air-conditioner.


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Other compound nounscome from...

Verb + Noun.

pickpoket.

Verb + Verb.make-belive.

Adjective + Noun.

fast-food.

Particle + Noun

overkill.

Adverb + Noun.new generation

Verb + Particle

press down Phrase compounds

Whisky and soda


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Groups of compound nouns.

Compound nouns can be countable,uncountable, singular or plural andgrouped like that.


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Common countablecompound nouns.

Address book

Air conditioner

Air raid Baby-sitter

Bank account

Brother-in-law Bus-stop

Can opener

Heart attack

High school

Human being Letter-box

Passer-by

Pen-friend Polar bear

Police station.


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Common uncoutablecompound nouns

Birth control

Central heating

Common sense Dry-cleaning

Family planning

Fancy dress Fast-food

Income tax

Lost property

Mail order

Make up Old age

Remote control

Social security First aid

Water-skiing


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Common singularcompound nouns

Cost of living

Fire brigade Generation gap

Human race

Mother-tongue

Public sector Solar system

Welfare state.


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Common plural compoundnouns.

Armed forces

Civil rights High heels

Human rights

Luxury goods

Road works

Social services Winter sports

Yellow pages


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Compound adjectives.

They are made up of two or more

words, usually written with hyphensbetween them. They may bequalitative classifying or colour

adjectives.


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Common patterns to makecompound adjectives.

Adjective or number + noun + -ed

red-haired Adjective or adverb + past participle

low-paid

Adjective, adverb or noun +presentparticiple

good-looking


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Groups of Compoundadjectives.

Compoundqualitativeadjectives

Absent minded. Easy-going.

Low-paid

Nice looking Old fashioned

Open-minded

Second-class Starry-eyed

Tender-hearted

Well-behaved Well-dressed

Well-known.


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Compoundclassifyingadjectives

Audio-visual

Brand-new

Built-up

Deep-sea

Duty-free

Long-distance

Made-up

North-east One-way

Second-hand

Tax-free Top-secret

f


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Compound colouradjectives

Blood-red Bottle-green

Nut-brown

Royal-blue Sky-blue

Snow-white.


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Compound Verbs.

They are usually written with anhyphen.

Pattern formation:noun + verb sky-dive

verb + nounshun-pike

verb + verbfreeze-dryadjective + verbdouble-book

particle + verboverbook


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Groups of compound verbs

Intransitive compound verbs:Baby-sit hitch-hikeIce-skate roller-skate

Water-ski window-shopTransitive compound verbs:Back-comb ill-treatDry-clean tape recordCompound verbs used in transitive or intransitive

clauses:Bottle-feed sight-readMass-produce spring-cleanShrt-circuit tie-dye

word formation in englis

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