wk 12 noise pollution

8/13/2019 Wk 12 Noise Pollution

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Topics

Introduction

Sound and human acoustics

Noise laws and ordinances

Noise measurement

Noise classification

Permissible noise levels

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Noise is part of our environment. With progress in industrialization, thenoise level has been rising continuously. In the 19th century the development of the steam engines, petrolengine and machines in factories resulted in increasingly noisy environment .In the 20thcentury this was further accelerated by introduction of dieselengine, jet engines, turboprop , high tech machineries, construction sitemachineries and automobile traffic.

Noise has been recognized as one of the dimensions of pollution whichbrings about degradation of the environment and creates health andcommunication hazards .
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Qantas_b747_over_houses_arp.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Qantas_b747_over_houses_arp.jpg


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Sound consists of wave motion in an elastic medium such asair, water or solids (e.g.,metals, plastics, wood, bricks, etc.). Sound waves travel through the medium from the source tothe recipient or listener .The rate of the oscillation of the medium is known as the

frequency of the sound, the unit being Hertz Hz) or cyclesper second.The frequency is a measure of the pitch of the soundreceived by the listener.High frequencies mean high pitched sounds which are more

irritating to the individual than low frequencies.The second parameter of sound is sound pressure which ismeasure in Newtons per sq. meter (N/m2).The third parameter on sound is its intensity, expressed inwatts per sq . metre i.e., the quantum of sound energy thatflows through unit area of the medium in unit time. 4


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A young person, 18 year old , with normal hearing,has audio range between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.

The audio sense is sharpest in the frequency range2000 8500 Hz.

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Governments up until the 1970s viewed noi se as a "nui sance"

rather than an environmental problem. In the United States thereare federal standards for highway and aircraft noise; st ates andlocal go vernments typi cally have very specific statutes on buil dingcod es , urban planning and roadway development. In Canada andthe EU there are few national, provincial, or state laws that protectagainst noise.

Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities andindeed do not even exist in some cities. An ordinance maycontain a general prohibition against making noise that is anuisance, or it may set out specific guidelines for the level ofnoise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain

activities.Dr. Paul H erman wrote the first comprehensive no ise codes in1975 for Portland, Oregon with funding from the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and HUD (Housing and UrbanDevelopment). The Portland Noise Code became the basis formost other ordinances for major U.S. and Canadian metropolitan

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States


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http://www.environment.gov.pk/


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There are broadly three categories of noise:(i) Transport noise,(ii) Occupational noise, and

(iii) Neighbourhood noise.Transport NoiseTransport noise can be further sub-dividedinto (i) Road traffic noise, (ii) Aircraft and (iii) Rail traffic noise.

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Road Traffic NoiseTraffic noise is increasing over the years with increase inthe number of road vehicles.Traffic speed is the major cause of noise. The noisevolume is enhanced with increase in traffic speed.Modern highways and traffic system encourage higher

speeds .

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Aircraft NoiseThe noise levels have peak values when

aircrafts fly low and overhead or take offand landat airports. The noise limits prescribed by UKairports for take-offs are 110 PNdB (1 PNdB= dB scale + 13) during day and 102 PNdB duringnight.These may be compared with the values in USA: 112PNdB during day at New York.Rail TrafficIt is less of a nuisance as compared to the previoustypes of traffic noise.

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http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rainharvest.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/noise-pollution.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rainharvest.co.za/2011/04/02/exposure-to-noise-pollution-is-shortening-lives/&h=322&w=618&sz=56&tbnid=cwTdfImolgmw2M:&tbnh=71&tbnw=136&prev=/search?q=noise+pollution&tbm=isch&tbo=u&zoom=1&q=noise+pollution&usg=__IqI0G6pVod4NzFlGyc2gVVYzR3Y=&sa=X&ei=jX20TbnBMcik8QP_8-iVDA&ved=0CFAQ9QEwAQhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rainharvest.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/noise-pollution.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rainharvest.co.za/2011/04/02/exposure-to-noise-pollution-is-shortening-lives/&h=322&w=618&sz=56&tbnid=cwTdfImolgmw2M:&tbnh=71&tbnw=136&prev=/search?q=noise+pollution&tbm=isch&tbo=u&zoom=1&q=noise+pollution&usg=__IqI0G6pVod4NzFlGyc2gVVYzR3Y=&sa=X&ei=jX20TbnBMcik8QP_8-iVDA&ved=0CFAQ9QEwAQhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rainharvest.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/noise-pollution.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rainharvest.co.za/2011/04/02/exposure-to-noise-pollution-is-shortening-lives/&h=322&w=618&sz=56&tbnid=cwTdfImolgmw2M:&tbnh=71&tbnw=136&prev=/search?q=noise+pollution&tbm=isch&tbo=u&zoom=1&q=noise+pollution&usg=__IqI0G6pVod4NzFlGyc2gVVYzR3Y=&sa=X&ei=jX20TbnBMcik8QP_8-iVDA&ved=0CFAQ9QEwAQ


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The sound tube in Melbourne , Australia ,

designed to reduce roadway noise without distracting from the area'saesthetics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityLinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityLinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TullamarineFwy.jpg


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can be reduced to some extent bydesign of quieter jet engines ,which was pursued vigorouslyin the 1970s and 1980s.

This strategy has brought limited but noticeablereduction of urban sound levels . Reconsidera tion of operations, such as altering flight paths and time of day runway use , hasdemonstrated bene fits for residential populations

near airports. FAA sponsored residential retrofit(insulation) programs initiated in the 1970s has also enjoyed success in reducing interior residential noise in thousands of residences across the United States .

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_pathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_pathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_pathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_pathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_pathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine


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Exposure of workers to Industrial noise hasbeen addressed since the 1930s. Changesinclude redesign of industrial equipment,shock mounting assemblies and physicalbarriers in the workplace

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_noise


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The human ear drum is struck by noise in theform of airborne mechanical energy. While the tolerable conversation level is 65dB at a distance of 1 metre, 125 dB gives the

sensation of pain in the ear and 150 dB mightbe a killer.

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Noise pollution can cause annoyance andaggression, hypertension , high stress levels,tinnitus , hearing loss, sleep disturbances, andother harmful effects.

stress and hypertension are the leading causes tohealth problems, whereas tinnitus can lead toforgetfulness, severe depression and at times panicattacks.

Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-inducedhearing loss

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension


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High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects, Blood pressure , and increased incidence ofcoronary artery disease .Noise pollution is also a cause of annoyance

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular


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http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/noise-pollution.html =http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/business/top%20brands/top%20brands%20of%20the%20world%206/waste%20management.htmlhttp://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/air-pollution.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/air-pollution.htmlhttp://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/air-pollution.htmlhttp://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/air-pollution.htmlhttp://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/air-pollution.htmlhttp://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/air-pollution.htmlhttp://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/air-pollution.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamics

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