WINE The Art of Enology

Working by : Jonian Kokona

April , 2010 Biotechnology

2ND Group , Viticulture - Enology .Agricultural University of Tirana

What is wine ?

Wine is an alcoholic beverage, typically made of fermented grape juice. The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.

Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast.

Wine is usually made from one or more varieties of the European species Vitis vinifera, such as Pinot Noir, Chardonnay,Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay and Merlot.

Wine can also be made from other species of grape or from hybrids, created by the genetic crossing of two species. Vitis labrusca (of which the Concord grape is a cultivar), Vitis aestivalis, Vitis rupestris, Vitis rotundifolia and Vitis riparia are native North American grapes usually grown for consumption as fruit or for the production of grape juice, jam, or jelly, but sometimes made into wine.

History The history of wine spans thousands of years and is closely

intertwined with the history of  agriculture, cuisine,civilization and humanity itself. Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest wine production came from sites in Georgia and Iran, dating from 6000 to 5000 BC. The archaeological evidence becomes clearer and points to domestication of grapevine in Early Bronze Age sites of the Near East, Sumer and Egypt from around the third millennium BC.

Evidence of the earliest European wine production has been uncovered at archaeological sites in Macedonia, dated to 6,500 years ago. These same sites also contain remnants of the world’s earliest evidence of crushed grapes. In Egypt, wine became a part of recorded history, playing an important role in ancient ceremonial life. Traces of wild wine dating from the second and first millennium BC have also been found in China

WINE TASTING

Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines are made up of chemical compounds which are similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation, relative to the acidity present in the wine. Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. The red wines have Resveratrol which is a anti ageing compound. Wine aroma comes from volatile compounds in the wine that are released into the air.

Vaporization of these compounds can be sped up by twirling the wine glass or serving the wine at room temperature.

Wine production by country 2006

FRANCE21%

ITALY17%

SPAIN14%

UNITED STATES

12%

ARGENTINA10%

AUSTRALIA9%

CHINA 7%

SOUTH AFRICA

5%

CHILE3%

GERMANY2%

Sales

Wine production by country 2007

ITALY21%

FRANCE18%

SPAIN15%

UNITED STATES11%

ARGENTINA10%

CHINA8%

SOUTH AFRICA7%

AUSTRALIA5%

GERMANY 3%

CHILE2%

Production

BEST WORLD WINE

FRANCE ITALY SPAIN GERMANY U.S.A (California) Argentina

French wine

French wine is produced in several regions throughout France , in quantities between 50 and 60 million hectolitres per year, or 7–8 billion bottles. France has the world's second-largest total vineyard area, behind Spain , and competes with Italy  for the position of being the world's largest wine producer.

France is the source of many grape varieties (such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc, and Syrah) that are now planted throughout the world, as well as several wine-making practices and styles of wine that are copied and imitated in other producing countries.

France's several hundred geographically defined appellations, which can cover entire regions, individual villages or even specific vineyards.

Top Best grape varieties in France

VARIETY COLOR AREA(%) AREA(HECTARES)

 1.Merlot red 13.6% 116 715

2. Grenache red 11.3% 97 171

3. Ugni Blanc white 9.7% 83 173

4. Syrah red 8.1% 69 891

5. Carignan red 6.9% 59 210

6.Sauvignon Caberne red 6.7% 57 913

7. Chardonnay white 5.1% 43 887

8. Cabernet Franc red 4.4% 37 508

9. Gamay red 3.7% 31 771

10. Pinot Noir red 3.4% 29 576

´´Map´s of French vineyards´´

ITALIAN WINE

Italian wine is wine produced in Italy, a country which is home to some of the oldest wine-producing regions in the world. Etruscans and Greek settlers produced wine in the country long before the Romans started developing their own vineyards in the 2nd century BC. Roman grape-growing and winemaking was prolific and well-organized, pioneering large-scale production and storage techniques like barrel-making and bottling.

 Wine is extremely popular in Italy. Italians lead the world in wine consumption by volume, 59 liters per capita. (Compare this to the United States, at 7.7 liters per capita.)

 Grapes are grown in almost every region of the country. More than 1 million vineyards are under cultivation.

Key Italian wine varieties

Rosso (Red)Sangiovese - Italy's claim to fame, the pride

of Tuscany. Traditionally made, the wines are full of cherry fruit, earth, and cedar. Like Brunello di Montalcino, Rosso di Montepulciano, Montefalco Rosso, and many others. Nebbiolo- The most noble of Italy's varietals. Montepulciano- The grape of this name is not to be confused with the Tuscan town of Montepulciano ; it is most widely planted on the opposite coastin Abruzzo.  Barbera  - The most widely grown red wine grape of Piedmont and Southern Lombardy . Malvasia Nera- Red Malvasia varietal from Piedmont. A sweet and perfumed wine, sometimes elaborated in the passito style. Nero d'Avola- Nearly unheard of in the international market until recent years, this native varietal of Sicily is gaining attention for its plummy fruit and sweet tannins.

Key Italian wine varietiesBianco (White)

Trebbiano - It is grown throughout the country, with a special focus on the wines from Abruzzo and from Lazio.Moscato- Grown mainly in Piedmont, it is mainly used in the slightly-sparkling (frizzante), semi-sweet Moscato d'Asti. Pinot Grigio - A hugely successful commercial grape (known as Pinot Gris in France), its wines are characterized by crispness and cleanness. Tocai Friulano - A varietal distantly related to Sauvignon Blanc, it yields the top wine of Friuli, full of peachiness and minerality. Fiano - Grown on the southwest coast of Italy, the wines from this grape can be described as dewy and herbal, often with notes of pinenut and pesto. Pigato - A heavily acidic varietal from Liguria, the wines are vinified to pair with a cuisine rich in seafood

SPANISH WINE

Spanish wines are wines produced in the southwestern European country of Spain. Located on the Iberian Peninsula, Spain has over 2.9 million acres (over 1.17 million hectares) planted—making it the most widely planted wine producing nation but it is only the third largest producer of wine in the world, the largest being Italy and France. Major Spanish wine regions include the Rioja and Ribera del Duero which is known for their Tempranillo production;Jerez, the home of the fortified wine Sherry; Rías Baixas in the northwest region of Galicia that is known for its white wines made from Albariño and Catalonia which includes the Cava and still wine producing regions of the Penedès as well the Priorat region. *The country has an abundance of native grape varieties, with over 600 varieties planted throughout Spain though 80 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes—including Tempranillo, Albariño, Garnacha, Palomino, Airen, Macabeo Parellada, Xarel·lo, Cariñena and Monastrell.

SPANISH WINE VARIETIES Albariño - A Galician grape.This grape is called Alvarinho in Portugal, where

it is used to create Vinho Verde wine. Albariño, known for its fruity aroma.

Listán Blanca is grown in the Canary Islands, particularly on Tenerife volcanic soil.

Xarel.loXarel.lo, grown in Catalonia, is one of the essential cava grapes. Under the name Pansa Blanca, Xarel.lo is also used in Alello DO wines.

TempranilloConsidered Spain’s most noble grape, Tempranillo is widely planted throughout Spain. This grape bears several names, including Tinto Fino or Tinto del País (Ribera del Duero), Cencibel (La Mancha) and Ull de Llebre (Catalonia). Many of Spain’s famous Rioja reds feature Tempranillo grapes.

MonastrellMonastrell grapes, grown in southeastern Spain’s Alicante, Jumilla and Yecla DO’s, are sweet grapes originally used in dessert wines. Today, Monastrell grapes are used in several DO wines, including Almansa, Penedés, Valencia and the regions previously mentioned.

SPANISH WINE MAPThe Rioja wine region is situated in the province of La Rioja and covers an area of 63,500 hectares. The Rioja wine region consists of 1200 vineyards (Bodegas), which produce 278 millon liter of wine annually.Subareas: Rioja Alta, Rioja Alavesa and Rioja Baja. The Vinos de Madrid wine region is situated in the province of Madrid and covers an area of 7,700 hectares. The Vinos de Madrid wine region consists of 44 vineyards (Bodegas), which produce 20 millon liter of wine annually. The Rías Baixas wine region is situated in the province of Pontevedra and covers an area of 3,600 hectares. The Rías Baixas wine region consists of 200 vineyards (Bodegas), which produce 15 millon liter of wine annually. The Toro wine region is situated in the province of Zamora and Valladolid and covers an area of 6,000 hectares. The Toro wine region consists of 48 vineyards (Bodegas), which produce 11 millon liter of wine annually.

GERMAN WINE

*German wine is primarily produced in the southwest of Germany , along river Rhine and its tributaries, with the oldest plantations going back to the Roman era. Germany has about 102,000 hectares of vineyard, which is around one tenth of the vineyard surface in Spain, France or Italy. White wine accounts for almost two thirds of the total production. *Germany's reputation is primarily based on wines made from the Riesling grape variety, which at its best is used for aromatic, fruity and elegant white wines that range from very crisp and dry to well-balanced, sweet and of enormous aromatic concentration.

The German wine industry consists of many small vineyard owners. The 1999 viticultural survey counted 68 598 vineyard owners, down from 76 683 in Western Germany in 1989/90, for an average size of 1.5 ha. *Of the ten wineries considered as Germany's best by Gault Millau Weinguide in 2007, nine had 10,2 — 19 ha of vineyards, and one (Weingut Robert Weil , owned by Suntory) had 70 ha. This means that most of the high-ranking German wineries each only produces around 100,000 bottles of wine per year.

German Wine Varieties Common white wine grapes White grape varieties account for 63% of the area planted in Germany. Principal varieties

are listed below; there are larger numbers of less important varieties too. Riesling is the benchmark grape in Germany and cover the most area in the German

vineyard. It is an aromatic variety with a high level of acidity that can be used for dry, semi-sweet, sweet and sparkling wines.

Müller-Thurgau is an alternative grape to Riesling that growers have been using, and which is one of the so-called "new crossings". Unlike the long ripening time of Riesling, this grape variety only requires 100 days to ripen, can be planted on more sites, and is higher yielding. However, this grape has a more neutral flavour than Riesling, and as the main ingredient of Liebfraumilch its reputation has taken a beating together with that wine variety.

Silvaner is another fairly neutral, but quite old grape variety that was Germany's most planted until the 1960s and after that has continued to lose ground. It has however remained popular in Franconia and Rheinhessen,.

Gewürztraminer Kerner Bacchus Scheurebe Grauer Burgunder or Ruländer (Pinot Gris) Weisser Burgunder (Pinot Blanc)

German Wine Varieties

Common red wine grapes Red wine varieties account for 37% of the plantations in

Germany but has increased in recent years. Spätburgunder (Pinot Noir) - a much-appreciated grape

variety that demands good sites to produce good wines and therefore competes with Riesling. It is considered to give the most elegant red wines of Germany.

Dornfelder - a "new crossing" that has become much appreciated in Germany since it is easy to grow and gives dark-coloured, full-bodied, fruity and tannic wines of a style which used to be hard to produce in Germany.

Portugieser Trollinger Schwarzriesling (Pinot Meunier) Lemberger

Weinsberg Schemelsberg Burgberg Mai 2005

Deutsche Wine

German wine regions Map of the wine regions in Germany. 

There are 13 defined regions for quality wine in GermanyKey: 1. Ahr2. Baden3. Franken4. Hessische Bergstraße5. Mittelrhein6. Mosel7. Nahe8. Pfalz9. Rheingau10. Rheinhessen11. Saale-Unstrut12. Sachsen13. Württemberg

1. Ahr - a small region along the river Ahr, a tributary of Rhine, that despite its northernly location primarily produces red wine from Spätburgunder. 3.Franconia or Franken - around portions of Main river, and the only wine region situated in Bavaria. Noted for growing many varieties on chalky soil and for producing powerful dry Silvaner wines.4. Hessische Bergstraße (Hessian Mountain Road) - a small region in the federal state Hesse dominated by Riesling. ,  ect…

Albanian Wine and Viticulture Albanian wine history ...! A small European country on the Adriatic Sea with Kosovo and Montenegro

to the north and Greece to the south. It was under hard-line communist control for much of the 20th century but has been since 1996 in a state of some anarchy. Albania claims one of Europe's longest histories of viticulture. French historian Henri Enjalbert considers Albania, the Ionian islands of Greece, and southern Dalmatia in what is now Bosnia Hercegovina may well have been the last European refuge of the vine after the Ice Age.

By the 17th century wine production diminished considerably under the influence of Islam.

Albania is divided into four wine regions:

The coastal plain rises to 300 m/990 ft and encompasses the towns of Tirana, Durresi, Shkodra, Lezha, Lushnja, Fier, Vlora, and Delvina. 

The hilly region varies between 300 and 600 m/1,980 ft altitude and includes Elbasan, Kruje, Gramsh, Berat, Prmet, Librazhd, and Mirdita. 

The submountainous region lies between 600 and 800 m and surrounds the towns of Pogradec, Korca, Leskovic, and Peshkopi. 

Some vines are also grown in the mountains as high as 1,000 m/3,300 ft. Soils are generally clay silica of varied depths and exposures.

Modern day history of winemaking in Albania

Between the establishment of the first Albanian government in 1912 and 1944 viticulture increased rapidly, although phylloxera caused such devastation after its discovery in 1933 that by the end of the Second World War there were only 2,737 ha/6,760 acres of vines in Albania.

During the 50 years of communist rule that followed, total vineyard area increased to 20,000 ha/49,400 acres, of which 14,000 ha/34,500 acres were devoted exclusively to wine, including imported vine varieties such as Mavrud, Dimiat, Pamid, Prokupac, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Aligote, Riesling, Tocai Friulano, Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains, and Trebbiano.

In 1957, 24 wineries were established in all regions producing dry wines and a grape distillate called raki rrushi for local consumption and sweet wines, grape juice, and brandy for export. 

An experimental station designed to research local grape varieties and upgrade Albanian wine production was founded in 1990.

Since 1992 there has been a programme of land privatization and attempts to establish a free market economy.

ALBANIAN WINE VARIETIES

*The main indigenous vine varieties for winemaking are white wines:

-Shesh i bardhe

-Debin e bardhe

-Pules.

And for red wines:

-Shesh i zi

-Kallmet

-Vlosh

-Serine

-Debin e zeze. Shesh i bardhe and Shesh i zi are the two most important vines, accounting for

about 35 per cent of the crop, and take their name from the hill village of Shesh 15 km from the capital Tirana. At low yields the former has an attractive floral aroma while the latter is capable of producing wines worthy of ageing.

Kallmet is the country's noblest red grape, cultivated in ancient times around the lake of Shkodra.As disseminated by the Romans as the variety known in Hungary as Kadarka.

Vlosh is a speciality of the village of Narta, makes full bodied, quite astringent wines that may have some rancio character.

Vineyards , Albania ,Lezhe

Some Wine Factory in Albania

Cobo Winery - Çobo wine was born out of family tradition. It is also a 100% Albanian product. It is made from all Albanian grown grapes, produced by Albanians, and bottled in Albania. Çobo Winery currently produces five premium wines, Trebiano, Kashmer, Shesh i Zi, Shesh i Bardhë, and E Bardha e Beratit, and two rakis, Raki më Arra and Raki Rrushi.

“Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeu” The company owns two separate facilities: the grape collection and

processing center in the center of a large vineyard area in Sukrh (18 km from the city of Durrës), and the center

of production, at which aging and bottling of wine, brandy and other drinks takes place, situated on Rushbull Hill,

3 km from the port city Durrës on the Adriatic coast. Our company is known to produce red wines (Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon ,

Shesh I Zi , Sangiovese, Pinot Noir, etc.) and white (Riesling, Tokaj, Trebiano, Aligote, etc.) and various liqueurs, sweet wines of Malaga, Moscow Vermuth white and black, and especially the Skanderbeg Brandy.

Some Wine Factory in Albania

SARA Sh.p.k. is founded in 1994, in producing alcoholic drinks. It is based on the experience of Drinks Cantina Fier. Today SARA is an important part of food industry of city of Fier. Sara Company has started its own operation in 1994. The company has taken the raw material from neighbouring Countries mainly from Macedonia, since Albanian wineries were under reconstruction period that time. The company has taken the ISO 9001:2000 and is preparing to modernize the supply chain and marketing strategy. Product specification : Merlot (Red wine)Grape variety : Merlot - Trevllazer Vlore . Chardonnay (White wine) Grape variety: Chardonnay .Riesling (White wine) Grape variety: Riesling .Kabernet (Red Wine) Grape variety : Kabernet .Kantina “Bardha” is situated between the capitol city of Tirana and the Adriatic sea. The small European nation of Albania has more than 4,000 years of winemaking history.Kantina Bardha takes great pride in blending modern winemaking techniques with ancient viticultural traditions.Products Specificiation :Mavrud 2006,Cabernet Cuvee ,Shesh i Bardhe 2006,Shesh i Bardhe 2007,Barbera 2007,Shesh i Zi 2008,Merlot 2008,Primitivo 2008.