Why jump on Why jump on bandwagons!bandwagons!

Ade OliveiraAde Oliveira

Think of a lesson you have taught recently and write Think of a lesson you have taught recently and write down at least one principle or theory that guided you in down at least one principle or theory that guided you in

your teaching for that specific lesson.your teaching for that specific lesson.

E.g. Grant students everythingE.g. Grant students everythingthey bring with them.they bring with them.

A definition of methodA definition of method

Write your definition on your Write your definition on your sheet.sheet.

A method is a set of theoretical A method is a set of theoretical principles that will guide you on principles that will guide you on the design of your syllabus and the design of your syllabus and the choice of activities you use the choice of activities you use in your classroom.in your classroom.

Classification of methodsClassification of methods

Language-centeredLanguage-centered

Learner-centeredLearner-centered

Learning-centeredLearning-centered

Audio lingual, Situational Audio lingual, Situational Language Teaching (Oral Language Teaching (Oral Approach)Approach)

The Silent Way, CLT, TPR, the The Silent Way, CLT, TPR, the Lexical ApproachLexical Approach

CLL, the Natural Approach, TBLCLL, the Natural Approach, TBL

Main differencesMain differences

LANGUAGELANGUAGEPRACTICEPRACTICE

Form focused Form focused activitiesactivities

Meaning focused Meaning focused activitiesactivities

Problem solving tasksProblem solving tasks

LEARNINGLEARNING

Linear, additive Linear, additive process; linguistic process; linguistic competencecompetence

Linear, additive Linear, additive process; process; communicative communicative competencecompetence

Non-linear process; Non-linear process; incidental; incidental; communicative communicative competencecompetence

Principles of the Silent WayPrinciples of the Silent Way

Free our students.Free our students.

Develop awareness.Develop awareness.

Give and receive feedback.Give and receive feedback.

Promote independence, Promote independence, autonomy, and responsibility.autonomy, and responsibility.

Can you name the method Can you name the method you use in your teaching?you use in your teaching?

Write down one phrase or sentence that Write down one phrase or sentence that describes your teaching method.describes your teaching method.

The eclectic methodThe eclectic method

““There is no such a thing as an There is no such a thing as an eclectic method if by eclecticism eclectic method if by eclecticism it is meant the random and it is meant the random and expedient use of whatever expedient use of whatever technique comes most readily to technique comes most readily to hand. There is not merit to that.”hand. There is not merit to that.”

Henry WiddowsonHenry Widdowson

“ “The weakness of the eclectic The weakness of the eclectic position is that it offers no CRITERIA position is that it offers no CRITERIA according to which we can determine according to which we can determine which is the best theory, nor does it which is the best theory, nor does it provide any PRINCIPLES by which provide any PRINCIPLES by which to include or exclude features which to include or exclude features which form part of existing theories or form part of existing theories or practices. The choice is left to the practices. The choice is left to the individual’s INTUITIVE JUDGMENT individual’s INTUITIVE JUDGMENT and is therefore too broad and to and is therefore too broad and to vague as a theory in its own right.”vague as a theory in its own right.”

H.H. Stern.H.H. Stern.

Approach Design Procedure

a. A theory of native languageb. A theory of the nature of language learning

a. The general and specific objective of the methodb. A syllabus modelc. Types of learning and teaching activitiesd. Learner rolese. Teacher rolesf. The role of instructional material

Classroom techniques, practices and behaviors observed when the method is used

Richards, J.and Rodgers, T.( 1986) Method: Approach, Design and Procedure. TESOL Quarterly, 16: 153-68.

METHOD

WHAT GUIDES YOU IN WHAT GUIDES YOU IN YOUR TEACHING?YOUR TEACHING?

Write down a set of principles.Write down a set of principles.

THE PARAMETERSTHE PARAMETERS

The parameter of particularityThe parameter of particularity

The parameter of practicalityThe parameter of practicality

The parameter of possibilityThe parameter of possibility

An ALTERNATIVE TO An ALTERNATIVE TO METHOD rather than an METHOD rather than an ALTERNATIVE METHODALTERNATIVE METHOD

B. KUMARAVADIVELUB. KUMARAVADIVELU

MAXIMIZE LEARNING MAXIMIZE LEARNING OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

Lesson plan as road map: Lesson plan as road map: accidents may occur!!!!accidents may occur!!!!

Textbook as a sourcebookTextbook as a sourcebook Not a teaching syllabus but a Not a teaching syllabus but a

learning syllabuslearning syllabus Pay attention to what is going on Pay attention to what is going on

before you.before you.

MINIMIZE PERCEPTUAL MINIMIZE PERCEPTUAL MISMATCHESMISMATCHES

Cognitive: I don’t Cognitive: I don’t understand/recognize X.understand/recognize X.

Linguistic: I can recognize X but I Linguistic: I can recognize X but I can’t give an answer cause I don’t can’t give an answer cause I don’t have enough knowledge of the have enough knowledge of the language.language.

Communicative: I don’t feel confident Communicative: I don’t feel confident to participate in X.to participate in X.

Pedagogic: I’m not clear about the Pedagogic: I’m not clear about the purpose of X.purpose of X.

Strategic: I’m not sure about the Strategic: I’m not sure about the overall approach I need to take in overall approach I need to take in order to work with X.order to work with X.

FACILITATE NEGOTIATED FACILITATE NEGOTIATED INTERACTIONINTERACTION

Learners should be entitled to Learners should be entitled to initiate topic and talk, not just initiate topic and talk, not just react and respond!!!react and respond!!!

PROMOTE LEARNER PROMOTE LEARNER AUTONOMYAUTONOMY

Can you help your students Can you help your students learn how to learn equipping learn how to learn equipping them with the necessary means them with the necessary means to self-direct and self-monitor to self-direct and self-monitor their learning?their learning?

FOSTER LANGUAGE FOSTER LANGUAGE AWARENESSAWARENESS

Language awareness is a Language awareness is a person’s sensitivity to and person’s sensitivity to and conscious awareness of the conscious awareness of the language and its role in human language and its role in human life. It’s more than just grammar.life. It’s more than just grammar.

ACTIVATE INTUITIVE ACTIVATE INTUITIVE HEURISTICSHEURISTICS

Heuristics: a process of self-Heuristics: a process of self-discovery.discovery.

C-R activitiesC-R activities

CONTEXTUALIZE LINGUISTIC CONTEXTUALIZE LINGUISTIC INPUTINPUT

Is your book still on the table?Is your book still on the table?

If so, where are you? Where is the If so, where are you? Where is the table? Who are the speakers table? Who are the speakers involved?involved?

INTEGRATE LANGUAGE SKILLSINTEGRATE LANGUAGE SKILLS

How many times, in real life, do How many times, in real life, do you watch a movie or listen to a you watch a movie or listen to a song and fill in the blanks ?song and fill in the blanks ?

ENSURE SOCIAL RELEVANCEENSURE SOCIAL RELEVANCE

What are the sociocultural What are the sociocultural values embedded in the values embedded in the textbook?textbook?

Who actually speaks that way?Who actually speaks that way?

RAISE CULTURAL AWARENESSRAISE CULTURAL AWARENESS

Whose culture are you working Whose culture are you working with?with?

How will your students become How will your students become aware of themselves as cultural aware of themselves as cultural beings?beings?

Does learning a new language Does learning a new language mean learning a new culture?mean learning a new culture?

““To shape the practice of To shape the practice of everyday teaching, teachers everyday teaching, teachers need to have a holistic need to have a holistic understanding of what understanding of what happens in their classroom. happens in their classroom. They need to:They need to:

Systematically observe their Systematically observe their teaching.teaching.

Interpret their classroom events.Interpret their classroom events. Evaluate their outcomes.Evaluate their outcomes. Identify problems.Identify problems. Find solutions.Find solutions. Try them out to see once again Try them out to see once again

what works and what doesn’t.”what works and what doesn’t.”

B. KumaravadiveluB. Kumaravadivelu

THERE IS NO EASY ANSWER.THERE IS NO EASY ANSWER.

THERE IS NO RECIPE. THERE IS NO RECIPE.

THERE IS NO METHOD.THERE IS NO METHOD.

Have you ever engaged in Have you ever engaged in reflective teaching?reflective teaching?

If yes, what difference has it If yes, what difference has it made in your teaching?made in your teaching?

One last question.One last question.

What do the pictures in the slides What do the pictures in the slides have to do with this workshop?have to do with this workshop?