http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/

What is the Cold War???• growing mistrust between the 2 Superpowers:

Soviet Union & the U.S. – Iron Curtain (symbolic boundary dividing Europe

into 2)• lasted from the 1920’s – 1990’s• Western Europe & the U.S. vs. Eastern Europe,

China, & the Soviet Union• no actual fighting battles, but lots of tension,

rivalry, & political battles (Domino Theory – one incident led to another)– Soviet blockade of Berlin– Berlin Wall– Bay of Pigs – Cuban Missile Crisis– Truman Doctrine– Korean War– Space Race– Nuclear Arms Race– Capitalism & Democracy (U.S.) VS. Communism (Soviet

Union)

President Truman• wanted to prevent the further

expansion of communism in Europe

• Truman Doctrine – U.S. would dedicate economic aid to help foreign countries fight communism

• COMMUNISM – favoring equal distribution of wealth & the end of all private property

• Marshall Plan – gave financial aid to European allies to rebuild their countries after WWII– $13 billion between 1948 –

1952– offered Soviet Union, but they

refused• the Fair Deal – reform programs

after WWII

"I'M SICK OF BABYING THE

SOVIETS."PRESIDENT TRUMAN WROTE THIS ON JAN. 5, 1946 TO SECRETARY OF STATE JAMES BYRNES. HE WAS UPSET

THAT THE USSR WAS TAKING OVER EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS AND IMPOSING COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS.

Churchill giving his “iron

curtain” speech in March of 1946

at Fulton Missouri

Churchill’s main points were that there should be a US/UK agreement within the framework of the U.N. to resist and

deter any disturbances to world peace and that Stalin wants "not war but the fruits of war”, and if the allies stay

strong and united they can counter any Soviet threat

"A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victories. . . . From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in

the Adriatic, an iron curtain has

descended across the continent.”

EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE USSR AFTER WW II YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST, REMAINED INDEPENDENT

GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG IN 1947

BEFORE THE MARSHALL PLAN

HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE

MARSHALL PLAN

EFFECTS OF THE

MARSHALL PLAN

The Fair Deal• it was intended to bring full employment

& a higher minimum wage for Americans• it called for more affordable housing,

expanded Social Security benefits, & aid for farmers

• it also dealt with civil rights – calling for an end to lynching & discrimination & for voter protection laws

• it funded domestic improvements– building highways– GI bill $$$

Korean War

•2 Koreas (Northern – communists & Southern – controlled by the U.N.)•North Korea (trained by Soviets) invaded South Korea in order to spread communism•Chinese (communists) helped N. Korea vs. U.S. (democracy) helped S. Korea•Election of 1952 – Republican President, Eisenhower (former WWII general) won! war changes

NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

38TH PARALLEL DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN NORTH AND

SOUTH KOREA

FORMER GENERAL DWIGHT D.

EISENHOWER WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT IN NOVEMBER 1952

WITH A PLEDGE TO GO TO KOREA AND END

THE WAR.

On July 27th 1953, after three years of

fighting, an armistice was

signed ending the Korean war. Korea remained divided

at the 38th parallel.

IKE (Eisenhower)• Eisenhower Doctrine -

Threatened the use of atomic weapons in Korea 2 sides signed a peace treaty soon after

• To this day… 2 sides (North & South)… tensions still exist… U.S. forces still there

• “New Look” in U.S. foreign policy massive retaliation – the use of nuclear

weapons to fight communist attack

What is Communism?• a type of socialism;

establishes a classless nation based upon common ownership of the means of production

• Karl Marx – German ideologist; the Communist Manifesto (1848)– the “Father of

Communism” – thought capitalism would end

– working class should revolt against middle class

– years later the Marxist Bolsheviks took over Russia & started the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (leader – Vladimir Lenin)

The Red Scare

•fear of communism (the Communist party exists in the U.S. & its spreading all over eastern Europe & Asia)•HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) , govt. agency, investigates American people’s involvement in communism•blacklisting – refusing to hire because a person may be communist•Hollywood investigated & up in arms•Internal Security Act – required organizations thought to be communist to register with the govt. & allowed govt. the right to arrest people suspected of communism

McCarthy

• a Senator who began a campaign to expose Communists in the U.S.

• he accused people of being communists without adequate proof & exploited the fear of communism McCarthyism

• people scared of proving him wrong, for fear that he would have called them a communist

• he then went after communism in the military… that pushed it too far

• McCarthy then voted out of office by Congress

Nuclear Arms Race• who would have the most WMD’s???

– SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks• from atomic bomb to hydrogen bomb

(more powerful)• U.S. not the only one with this

technology (Soviet Union has it too)• Families built underground bomb

shelters to escape radiation• children practiced “duck & cover”

drills at schools

In 1957 a new word entered the world’s vocabulary: ICBM, short for intercontinental ballistic missiles. These were nuclear bomb carrying missiles with ranges of over five

thousand miles. No place on earth was safe from nuclear destruction.

FIRST US ATLAS ICBM

USSR WAS THE FIRST TO

SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH AN ICBM

ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR BOMB TESTS WERE

POISONING THE ATMOSPHERE WITH DEADLY RADIOACTIVITY

THAT WAS SHOWING UP IN MILK AND OTHER FOODS. IN

MARCH OF 1958 RUSSIA SUSPENDED ATMOSPHERIC TESTING FOLLOWED BY THE

US AND BRITAIN IN OCTOBER.

Space Race

•Sputnik – Soviet satellite sent into space; Americans worried that the Soviets were beating the U.S. technologically in the Cold War•in response, the U.S. created NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Administration) & funded/pushed more math, science, & foreign language in education•Eisenhower created it, JF Kennedy made it what it is today

OCTOBER 4TH 1957 THE SPACE AGE BEGINS AS RUSSIA LAUNCHES SPUTNIK, THE FIRST

ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS

WERE THE FIRST INTO SPACE

The U.S. did not get an object into orbit until January of 1958 after several embarrassing

failures. The space race was on.

ON JANUARY 1, 1959 REVOLUTION IN CUBA SUCCESSFULLY OVERTHREW THE GOVERNMENT. ON JANUARY 6TH FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER

AND LATER COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF CUBA. MANY CUBANS FLEE TO THE U.S.

FIDEL CASTRO

CASTRO DECLARED HIMSELF A COMMUNIST AND ALLIED CUBA WITH

THE SOVIET UNION

CASTRO AND KHRUSHCHEV

the Bay of Pigs• 1959, Fidel Castro, Cuba vs.

Kennedy, U.S.• Castro established a

communist dictatorship in Cuba & an alliance with the Soviet Union

• Cuba very close to U.S. scared Americans

• Kennedy/Ike’s plan – CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade island on the Bay of Pigs

• Castro attacked back, invasion turned into a disaster

• FAILED!!!

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis•Soviets installing nuclear missiles in Cuba (could hit U.S.)

•U.S. navy then surrounded Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from bringing in more missiles

• Soviet ships then approached the U.S. blockade… time stood still… Soviet ships turned back

• Compromise: Soviets removed missiles, U.S. not invade Cuba, & create a “hotline” (the red phone between 2 superpowers)– Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – created

by Kennedy & Soviet leader, Khrushchev, ended testing of nuclear weapons above ground

The Berlin Wall• after WWII, the Allies

divided Berlin in 2 (West – U.S. & East Berlin – Soviet Union)

• East Berliners began crossing into West Berlin… this alarmed the Communists Berlin Wall (built by Soviets) attempt to stop border crossing– stood for decades as a

symbol of the Cold War

Vietnam Conflict• war fought between communist

Democratic Republic of Vietnam (N. Vietnam) & Republic of Vietnam (S. Vietnam)

• U.S. sided with S. Vietnam• Communist allies sided with

N. Vietnam• N. Vietnam wanted

independence from French colonialism

War Powers Act 1973

• Because of Korea & Vietnam, this fed. law is created

• President cannot send troops (unless under attack) to war; only Congress has that power