what do we not know about indo-pacific fishes? rainer froese ifm-geomar [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Content
• Beyond your favourite species
• Knowledge Gaps in the Indo-Pacific
• Some Approaches
• What - If
Beyond Your Favourite Species
• Work locally, think globally:– Firmly established in taxonomy– Increasingly accepted in fisheries– Starting in ecosystem modelling– Long way to go in biology and ecology
Growth of Fishes (K over Linf)
All fishes (6695, yellow), Labridae (67, red), data from FishBase
Mortality of Fishes (M over K)
All species (495, yellow), Serranidae (19, green), Plectropomus leopardus (black), data from FishBase
Maturity in Fishes (Lm over Linf)
All species (717, yellow), Serranidae (4, red), data from FishBase
Relative Brain Size
All species (3072, yellow), Serranidae (94, red), data from FishBase
Relative Gill Area
All species (274, yellow), Elasmobranchii (9, red), data from FishBase
Beyond Your Favourite Species
• Working locally, thinking globally:– Accepted in taxonomy– Increasingly accepted in fisheries– Starting in ecosystem modelling– Long way to go in biology and ecology
• Precondition:– Data sharing
Species in a Classification
In the Indo-Pacific we find:• About 12,500 species of marine fishes (79%)• 397 ‘marine’ Families (98%)• 50 ‘marine’ Orders (100%)• 6 Classes (100%)
Comparing Species Richness
Ocean Species Percent
Arctic Ocean 130 0.6
Antarctic 366 1.6
Atlantic Ocean 4,894 21.8
Mediterranean Sea 607 2.7
Indian Ocean 5,966 26.6
Pacific Ocean 10,463 46.7
Number of species records by ocean, with 22,426 records for 15,865 species. Introduced species and questionable occurrences were excluded.
Species by ClassIndian Ocean Myxini 3
Cephalaspidomorphi 2
Holocephali 12
Elasmobranchii 356
Sarcopterygii 1
Actinopterygii 5,592
Pacific Ocean Myxini 45
Cephalaspidomorphi 6
Holocephali 22
Elasmobranchii 551
Sarcopterygii 1
Actinopterygii 9,838
Human Uses
• 2,400 (19%) for human consumption
• 1,100 (8.8%) commercial aquarium fish
• 645 (5.2%) sport fish
• 184 (1.5%) in IUCN Red List (2000)
• Total: Over 3,000 (24%) species affected
Data needed for Management
Parameter Species Families
• Growth 923 (0.7%) 209 (51%)
• Maturity 916 (0.7%) 199 (49%)
• Diet 1,056 (0.8%) 206 (50%)
Problem!
• Over 24% of Indo-Pacific Fishes used or affected by humans
• Data needed for management is available for less than 1% of the species and only half of the Families
Approach 0
Make ‘hidden’ data publicly available
• Send copies to FishBase– Articles, reports, theses, spreadsheets in
most languages will be accepted, archived, shown and properly cited
• Use ‘Missing data’ links >> >>
• Click ‘Comments & Corrections’ button >>
Approach I
Focus research on species used or affected by humans
• This is what happens already
• But very slowly (30 years to cover less than 1% of the species)
Approach II
Use available information
on congeners or other Family members
for first best guess with margin of error
Example: Modelling Trophic Levels
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
1 10 100 1000
Length (cm)
Tro
ph
ic l
evel
Trophic level of 97 species of Genus Epinephelus plotted over body length. Open circles are 60 observed values, black dots are 37 estimated values. The dotted lines indicate the classification into trophic groups, from herbivores below trophic level 2.2 to top predators above 4.2.
Example: Modelling Growth
.01
.1
1
10
1 10 100 1000
Length (cm)
K (
1/y
ea
r)
Von Bertalanffy growth parameter K plotted over maximum length for Family Serranidae. Open circles are available data; small black dots are values derived from the mean slope and Ø' for this Family.
Approach II
Use available information on congeners or other Family members for first best guess with margin of error
• Focus research on Families for which no data are available at all
Approach III
• Combine Approaches 0-II
• Expose hidden data and focus new research on Families without data and which are affected by humans
• Preliminary list >>
Family Food Growth Maturity
Achiridae No Maturity
Acropomatidae No Maturity
Anomalopidae No Growth No Maturity
Antennariidae No Growth No Maturity
Apistidae No Food No Growth No Maturity
Aploactinidae No Food No Growth No Maturity
Aulopidae No Growth No Maturity
Aulostomidae No Growth No Maturity
Banjosidae No Growth No Maturity
Bathymasteridae No Growth No Maturity
Bovichtidae No Growth No Maturity
Brachaeluridae No Growth No Maturity
Brachionichthyidae No Growth No Maturity
Bregmacerotidae No Growth
Missing Data I
Family Food Growth Maturity
Caesionidae No Maturity
Callanthiidae No Growth No Maturity
Caproidae No Growth No Maturity
Caracanthidae No Growth No Maturity
Centriscidae No Maturity
Chaenopsidae No Growth
Chiasmodontidae No Maturity
Chirocentridae No Maturity
Chironemidae No Food No Growth No Maturity
Chlamydoselachidae No Growth No Maturity
Chlorophthalmidae No Growth
Cirrhitidae No Growth No Maturity
Citharidae No Maturity
Clinidae No Growth No Maturity
Missing Data II
Family Food Growth Maturity
Congiopodidae No Growth No Maturity
Cyttidae No Growth No Maturity
Dactylopteridae No Growth No Maturity
Dactyloscopidae
Dalatiidae No Growth
Dinopercidae No Food No Growth No Maturity
Diodontidae No Growth
Drepaneidae No Maturity
Echeneidae No Growth No Maturity
Echinorhinidae No Growth
Eleginopidae No Food No Growth No Maturity
Enoplosidae No Growth No Maturity
Epigonidae No Maturity
Fistulariidae No Growth No Maturity
Missing Data III
Family Food Growth Maturity
Geotriidae No Growth No Maturity
Gonorynchidae No Food No Growth No Maturity
Gymnuridae No Growth
Hemigaleidae No Growth
Hemiscylliidae No Growth
Hemitripteridae No Growth No Maturity
Heterodontidae No Growth
Hoplichthyidae No Food No Growth No Maturity
Hypoptychidae No Food No Maturity
Labrisomidae No Growth No Maturity
Lampridae No Growth No Maturity
Luvaridae No Growth No Maturity
Megachasmidae No Growth
Melamphaidae No Growth
Missing Data IV
Family Food Growth Maturity
Microdesmidae No Growth No Maturity
Molidae No Maturity
Monodactylidae No Growth
Muraenesocidae No Growth
Muraenolepididae No Growth
Narcinidae No Growth
Nematistiidae No Growth No Maturity
Ophichthidae No Maturity
Opistognathidae No Growth No Maturity
Oplegnathidae No Growth No Maturity
Orectolobidae No Growth
Ostraciidae No Growth
Parabembridae No Food No Growth No Maturity
Parazenidae No Growth No Maturity
Missing Data V
Family Food Growth Maturity
Pegasidae No Growth No Maturity
Pempheridae No Maturity
Pentacerotidae No Growth No Maturity
Peristediidae No Growth No Maturity
Pholidichthyidae No Food No Growth No Maturity
Plecoglossidae No Growth
Plesiopidae No Maturity
Polymixiidae No Maturity
Priacanthidae No Maturity
Pristiophoridae No Growth
Pseudocarchariidae No Growth No Maturity
Pseudochromidae No Growth
Psychrolutidae No Maturity
Regalecidae No Growth No Maturity
Missing Data VI
Family Food Growth Maturity
Samaridae No Growth No Maturity
Setarchidae No Growth No Maturity
Stegostomatidae No Growth
Symphysanodontidae No Growth No Maturity
Synanceiidae No Growth
Triacanthidae No Maturity
Trichodontidae No Growth
Trichonotidae No Growth No Maturity
Zanclidae No Growth No Maturity
Missing Data VII
What Else if We Had Data?
• Some examples…
Testing Evolutionary Theories
Theory Type of Size Productivity Trophic
Environment diversity
r-K variable small high -
stable large low -
Succession less mature small high low
mature large low high
Temperature high temp. small high -
low temp. large low -
Herbivory high temp. - - more herb.
low temp. - - fewer herb.
Selection in World Oceans
If polar oceans are more variable, less mature, and colder then:
• r-K: small size, high productivity• Succession: small size, high productivity, low
trophic diversity• Temperature: large size, low productivity• Herbivory: fewer herbivores
Size Distribution
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 Arc 2 Ant 3 Atl 4 Med 5 Ind 6 Pac
Oceans
Le
ng
th (
cm)
Comparison of Productivity of Species (rmax)
Ocean r max
Arctic 0.18
Antarctic 0.18
Atlantic 0.21
Mediterranean 0.23
Indian Ocean 0.23
Pacific 0.21
Overall mean rmax was 0.21, 95% CL 0.18 – 0.23.
Trophic DiversityOceans Trophic levels Species H' J'
Arctic Ocean 16 130 3.46 0.86
Antarctic 18 366 3.25 0.78
Atlantic Ocean 29 4,893 4.09 0.84
Mediterranean Sea 26 607 4.10 0.87
Indian Ocean 29 5,964 4.10 0.84
Pacific Ocean 31 10,458 4.01 0.81
Analysis of food web complexity: H’ is trophic diversity and J’ is evenness of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index applied to trophic levels.
Trophic Level
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
1 Arc 2 Ant 3 Atl 4 Med 5 Ind 6 Pac
Oceans
Tro
ph
ic le
vel
Life-History Strategies of Fishes
Life-history strategies of species defined as combination of:
• Size (small, medium, large, very large)
• Productivity (very low, low, medium, high)
• Trophic level (Herbivore, Omnivore, Low-level predator, Mid-level predator, Top predator)
Life-History Strategies of Fishes
• Of 80 possible strategies only 49 are used
• Most fish are medium-sized low-level predators with medium to high productivity
• High correlation between species numbers and strategies
Strategies vs Species
1
10
100
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Myx
Ceph
Holo
Elasmo
Sarco
Actino
Species per Class (n)
Str
ate
gie
s p
er
Cla
ss (
n)
Orders vs Species in Fish
1
10
100
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Actino
Elasmo
Sarco
Species per Class (n)
Ord
ers
pe
r C
lass
(n
)
Orders vs Species in 4 Kingdoms
1
10
100
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Species per Class (n)
Ord
ers
per
Cla
ss (
n)
Animalia Plantae Fungi Protozoa Max Orders
Actinopterygii
Insecta
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