what do linguists want

8/4/2019 What Do Linguists Want

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S: Journal o he Jan van Eyck Circle or Lacanian Ideology Criique 3 (2010): 78-114

A n n B a n i e l d

W H A D O L I N G U I S S W A N ?

Te Age o Linguisis

As s ws j- s z ss sps m s- m ss ps psss sms ss s-

s m s s ms s sps.1Lss, s p Cs Dss s, mbm bs , , s s, b w smbwm, mss, s m-1960s, s,bb ss w ss, ws, s sb ss. O Cms s s B H 1971 m-p J F -w ss, mm, zws pps, Is js L D V.2 O Jbs C( p s Pss G) C F b ws sz ws s j mb Bss.T p w b s s s s ws ss s m pj s w ps. O m, ss mss s Pss pss Sb, B,mz Mm Vs s, s, p, ssw b; m, ws , m ss sb s; w ws ss b ss m t p,

ssm m m pp pp bs -s. 3

1. O pbs s I: W Lss W? J-C M,For he Love o Language, s A B (L: Mm, 1990). Pb-s w pmss P Mm.2. S s, xmp, Cmss m m W As Manhatan s Nw Y s s T W Ms Nm Ms Te Armies o heNigh.3. M Ps, Ciies o he Plain, s. C. K. St M (Nw Y: Rm Hs,1927/1955) 248-9.


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Banield: Wha do Linguiss Wan? S3 (2010): 79

ss, pms s sps, z m -ss, sm, , pzz. W s p ss ps, sm L psss m m ss ws zb s. T b-w s -s ws smm, p. T s ss s sps; s ss w s s-. I 1960s 1970s, ss ssss s s pms ms b , smmm p ms p ss w pjs, b, xm pms s

bs. Lss mpss bs s s w p. (T ss m s.) s smm, s ss, p Am- s sss s ws s s s sAm I s, w w wt xs ,sm mm, p U Ss, s s w belles letres. T - ps, s I-Ep Sm s, b mm, ws p- m w s xs ssp sm; mp s m b m b w p smb , b t -s s sps ss m, s pxp.

T s -s s b ss s bs m s ps x m sp-. I, s-s ss, -p , sm psss, m m b s sps. I ws w ss ws bj, ss, m, w s m ss p wsm t w ss ss. Pps ms xm s s -m ws bw Cms s-m mm, ms m ss, L psss, ms m b s m, s m m m w b Cms L, b

m Jbs, w L s s.T s ss ss b b ppx- m sm -s , , b. T ss ws p pm,4 w -ss

4. S, s, I Rbss Te New Grammarians Funeral(Cmb: CmbUs Pss, 1975), C Hs La Grammaire Generaive: Rexions Criiques(Ps: PUF, 1976), G Smpss Making Sense(Ox: Ox Us Pss,1980). T s m s pms s ss,p mm, s s. T j Smpss b, xmp,


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s b ss, w s xs b - b sm? Y pss, pp mps ms wss sps s w sm s.Fm sm s spp ps s , -s m s bm s m s s ssmps.T s ss m s: w s w m s b bss s ss s pp b w, s m m s t s?

T s ss s ps-s w s s. I ws s w spps- xp s m. H s s mss bw s -s, m. I ws s 5 ss ws s pp -, b s sm s ssm ss, ssm mm, m ms .

F s s, ws p s w s sps s ss. Y s ps Es F Ab s ss ss. T bj ss ws w -ss ws b, s w. A pss w . H ss b b mm s, s m s m, mm, m m s xps s-ms, s, ss, b s m ss , s, s ? I s, ws s bm w sbj ss mm pj w bs s s ? I s m b x ms, s ss ss s? H ss m b b mpsb m b s? Ws s pssss w mss p-p b s w w w ss , b x-

mms: M Ss sws sp ss s s-,s--s-, s-js- pssb ss-m x.I smp sws w m ss ss p sps bs-s w mpx s pp ps-s bb. I w b w ps b w ms m s b mps -s ssm. W j b b s , p b , s sms, w M ss ss ms sssm (s , 111). F ss s mp, s ws s s s .5. I m sp b pp s , Es s L, s b J B Us C, B.


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s, w s, b mm w w s bms s s spws s?

Go, dumb-born book

Bm, R Bs s s, s smp. Bm s m bss; s bss s m ss ps, xps m p mw s ssm ss s s mpss.6

T bm w sm s s w ms ss mp m s, s w w mPs. B w s s b s s ws- s xm s b w , mpssb s mm xm b, xp w s ss s w mp xps s ss,s mss s-js p m m s : m b pss s.

I s s t b w s, b-w ss s sw ss, s s b w -ss ms s , w ps ,

s -s, Pss t wsp ss z ws -mm ws Dss Gms s p sxs mm, mm sm w s mm.7 A s s m w pps w b p: Cms sm m-m L psss. F ss, s b pss -; sps m w xps, m sbj pssss wws m s sm . T s m s w ws ( -Es p s xpss sss) w ps For he Love o Language s mb bp s ; Cms s s w s mp mm, M ws s ss

w F.8

6. R Bs, Te Pleasure o he ex, s. R Hw (Nw Y: H & W,1975) 25-26.7. Gs Dz, Prous and Signs, s. R Hw (Nw Y: Bz, 1972) 149 145. S s Jaques Laan, Le Seminaire Livre XX: Enore(Ps: S, 1975) 26: b sp p m m w m ws s w smbs w s mm (26).8. As Cahiers Pour lAnalyse, j Epsm C Nm Sp, M b w m L w w. M ws s F-sp ssNs Rw ws -


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I s xs w ss ms w w b ssm b J-C Ms bb-p s ms pp s pp w, s pb F For he Love o Language 1978, s bm p. Fm w p m sx De la Synaxe lInerpraion (1978) xs m s ss Argumens Linguisiques(1973) Ordres e Raisons de Langue (1982) For he Love o Language, w p-p Ls ss, L Cmp F, b s s p mp p,Les Noms Indisins(1983), pbs Connexions du Champ Freudien, w p s Deeions Fiives(1985)

b x, - w Fs R, Dire le Vers (1987), ps w p, w s, w b s w sm w.9 Aws, w, s bw w ms m. F pssss w s w-s s m; s b z m ss , Dsss , w ss ps w.

S s s m m ssss. Ispp s s .w s s. T s, m sbj s p ws w Es xpsss b w ss m w s Rss m.10 I

b MI m-1960s m Rm Jbs. W,

w M 1968, ss Ps sbs s -s, Vs (Ps VI) swp ss M SbPs bm x w s mp p ss, s mms F, sss s Fs D, P E, Gs F, H H, P P, M-s R, A R, Ns Rw, J-R V, Ams RC, J G, R K, ss Jsp Ems, MsH, S.-Y. K, R, L Rzz S S.9. De lole(Ps: S, 1984), Ms sss F, w ws bj s m t s s s pb, pps p sp ps. I sss Ms w, w, bp w sp s m. As w For he Love oLanguage, s pps Ms s t s s, sss, s (129.) s t s s.10. I ws, w s sbj s. H w p Mss s De lole: Ts, w wss sb p , ws s a he same ime: sbj w s b sm m m, sm m s, ms, pss sm m t sps, ms sm m b , , w s, s ; s s s ms m , s, m, w F Es m ps z , --s , sp ss (57).


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s ss m ss m b w,sm s, sm ; s s, s s xp,ms j w B Rss s s ms b pp ss s.11 T ms -mb ss s w M s, L, O; t ps s msm psm w Rss swpss, s, ms O, mm-ss b m sp s.12 F Ls O s pp b b b . T s , b b ss.

S ss ms ms bs w; s xs s s p. T s j b s w M s s (79). T, s w s s, s bs . I s smp s mb w. I s s - ps s w smp b p - w , , bj sps w- b . I s pps pb ss ss s s -s, b wss mpssb w mps ms w w, s b w s s sws ss p . F s w s ws s, - m ps m x, ps w,

b , -ps : sps w, w Cmss s mp (54-5). T s m s s sp s s mm ss . T psm s s b s spsm m ms ss ps bs xs sps xp.

Te experience of science

W s pps xp s ss w s s s -m b s s spsm. H s Ms mm w s m s s : ss s xp-

ss m ss m ss M, sp ms, ms sm w ss,b ss s ss, w mm z, b p m w s - . Ts s w m xp ssmm s smp p, b p. I s bss

11. B Rss, Mysiism and Logi(G C, N. Y.: Db, 1957) 17.12. Rss, T Psp L Amsm Logi and Knowledge(Nw Y: M-m, 1956) 178.


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xp ss w s s ssmpb s ps s. H xp, wps m b b s, sm m m, w s, sz m xp mp ms m w. Ts s s b w Pss m w ms p xp,13 s p m s w z m s s ss, w ss ps sm.14 I s s s xpb m s s p,s mmb w w s ss

ms ws s m M ss : jouissane s, w w F ms smp ps b s mx sx . Jouissanes b b L s ps mpx s; s sm XX, Enore, sjouissaness p p, jouissane s m xp sw ps, sp m sm b mbm w ssL lajouissane. I s smp s, ps, b , - m ( ss), pb ( pssb Enore),b s, , w m m p. T s -, m, b m b w ss; b w b sbjxp , pb xp, mm , je jouis sx- ogio. p s jouissanes s, I w Es b ps bb ps. B ps s b s s s ps s ps b s s ps.

T ss s, w, xp s: s, s t w, p w w s s m . I s bw s xp- w s M s s mss- ss s . O s, s s w m w xzs m xp, pss s b sm m spp t,

13. T mpss s w w xpm s ss, w - ss w ps xpm w ms mpss. Te Pas Reapured, s. As M (NwY: Rm Hs, 1971) 140. F Ax K, ms bw s pm s. udes dHisoire de la Pense Sienifque(Ps: PUF, 1966) 69b m ws, , s b m: I s p m b b s 1pm, b s sp s m. udes dHisoire de la Pense Sien-ifque, 64. S s Dz, Prous and Signs, 94 151.14. Cms, s pms s s ss, z tspp w ss p s ps. K ms sbw ms m. udes dHisoire de la Pense. Sienifque, 69.


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w w m pss. T m ssss s s s smp s b , s , s b sz s, xp, ws s s b b xm: ! s m m s, s je pensexs s . xp s b s, mm (124). Tss w m s ss, ps ss, s ssm pbms, wb s s w s, p z ss sss ss m p s s s.

B For he Love o Language s ss s s sbs- w ppsp p.15 I s tmp -s xs xp s ss m s w w xps t ss m s s ws, pss ss b b ws ss s m sm : sm bm sbj -ssss smss, p sss. B ,M m mm s xp, m L wm sp jouissane. F , w s wss ssb w s s w s . M- s s s Pss sp m, s

Conre Saine-Beuve. T, Ps s, s ss ws sbs s-bs ss s ss sbs xp-; s s ss w s b s mp w sp .16 B M s s s xp, s w s s, pm, m p s s xp-, p ss sp s s ssms b. Ts psp b s ss s

15. T s mp p xs w ss. B s -ss, p s ss s pm m wm s ss mm-s wt b -ssJ Cs Sruuralis Poeis(I, N.Y. : CUs Pss, 1975) s.16. Y sm, s w ms sbs s [ -]. Bs s s w ws, s b w . A s s s, sb pm s p ms b s. Conre Saine-Beuve Prouson Ar and Lieraure, s. S. . W. (Nw Y: M Bs, Ct & Ws, 1958)25-6.


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p m s t b, s ss, psss s s sbj s psp s.

Confessio amantis linguae

A s s s s xp ws p s msb s s s b s. Ts, b mmz t For he Love o Languages p s; s b, w ps w s s p, s wb s s j p. R, , b ssp b p xp: s ppro urriulaviae suaem mps m ps sm, ss tm s Obj. T p mps m s bp m M s: s w s-ss, ss F. T ss s M bssb ms s s s xp: w s ,w ss s s s s m, s , s sp bm sw, ss s?

T ss js s w s sbj b-m sb ss For he Love o Languagew sp sm pjs, w m m s ss. O sp

s s R Bss Te Pleasure o he ex, p pssp - w s msm s w Wriing Degree Zero. I , Bs s s-ps Ms ms tm. A, M-, Bs sps sp ps s p Lssm,jouissane ( s b R Hw s bss), ps Bss , ss , s bsss b -, s ss x, s p, s s. I ms ps b ps,17 p s ps m s bssss sw ( sp) ps, s, t ws, ss(21), , ps, ss, sms, pss: s wm reurns (63). W Bss s t ,

p m s s , s xs s b pp sps s , w m mm , ms, s, w pp ws s b Bs, b w s s pb bm. O sm bm s, T s s b-m, Bs mms (25). F s, s b sss sb s bs ss m sp M s s-

17. Te Pleasure o he ex, 63.


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w.18 Ms x s s ss s sm sp, s sss ( s s spm ) .

Y m sm wm reurns. Bss b mp-sz ps m reurns s pps ms mp- s x b Ms: Ls Enore. I s smp s smspps x mm s Ls ms w p For he Love o Languagebssjouissane, sbj Enore, s lalangue pas-ou, s s b M ws s-s w mm , b Enore. N s x Ms s sp sm 10 Ap1973 (93), T Ps Ls.19 Ts ms For heLove o Languagep Enore, b Enore b Argumens LinguisiquesM ms s ps s.20

Ts s bw Enore For he Love o Language bs , bspp w mss ms mp s p-p Es-sp . I b mm L ms Ms ps, sps mb ws p w w ppsI m sp ms b s w w m s s s, w b bm js , s.21 T sbj ss s s w z s Mss pps ss w Ls sms ms sp w Enore, w s w Es xp s J

18. J.C. M, Les Noms Indisins(Ps: S, 1973) 48. b x, M sps lalangue, w w sss. I Ms x, s x sss Es s mp . I w s w , - M, s s ps s w w sps w , s smpm, s, s b Es s w s pp-p s , s spp . , p x, ws sm b J s b s js (47), Bss m sEs w s ps ms ps bs s mss. M w s s Es s bj p x m p sbj pps m sp , J , b p s w sp , mps s, Es-sp w , bsm s , w mm ss ss, s ps z m w ws sm s Ms w b s w ssms mm?Ms p s s b b s w ps, w Es F.19. Ts s sm sm ws 19 Dmb 1972 sss s Jbs, Ps s s C F.20. I x SeminarXX, L s M b s s m sp ps s (92).21. Enore, 92-3.


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M J Rs s mm m sx.22 Mssbj ws sp mps bw w ss ssZ Hss ssm Nm Cmss sm- mmw sp mms sm b, mp m s w ss s. I L s s smss t m s ss m pss-sm, msm spsm, w zs s s s-m s , Enoresb s s smss ss s. R, L M ps ws

s w ss s s s w xs s pss xp msm w .I s spsm, s w s s p-p w m ws ss s w ss s b. L psp s, s s s s s w xss, ss sbs ss m -s w. Ts m, w, w sp F s -. Dm ss s s s Msm s, w; s s ss w xp s, w s w w ss w s s ss b . B w Ms , wms s s ss s s p w s - s. I s , w w s s pj psss bj w.23

Te epistemology of linguistics

Ts s w s t w s F-spw w s, s mss. T m psm s b w s s sp sp ss p m p-sp s m Bs Vs mpsm mm Es sp w.24 I t , psm

22. Feminine Sexualiy, s. J M J Rs (Nw Y: W. W. N,1982).23. T ps s sb Gs Bs La Formaion de LEspri Sienifque:Conribuion une Psycoanalyse de la Connaissane Objeive(Ps: V, 1938, 1986).24. Ts s s w psm s pp Es s w m s s F. Epsm, s s s b Ppp P 1959 Es Te Logi o Sienif Disovery(Nw Y, Hp& Rw, 1959), s s w w Ppp s w w. I s w x s ssmp Ppp m sp m: w w b s bs b s w s w (15, Ppps mpss); ws, psms


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psp s b s m xs. A mps psm- s s p w ps, m w sbjs, ss ss pp; psp s,s s mpm, ss w p sbj: s. W s , pm s b p s w ms sp s, js m w -p w sbj, p bs, pm s sss. I s ss, psp s s tmp s pbm w s s m b mpsm. Tss s b p b w s

bj w ps w w ps spmp, A s s w w; I b s pp psp s s s s I Bs Vs s w s psm- s ms. T s F psm s s, , s ss m b b,pps b Cm; , , s p s- w s s m p-s w, p w s s b Ps. B s , , s w. Ts psm s b t ms: Kj, sp s-s, B m s w, Dm Ms, K, ,m m ss, F.25 I s ms w

s psp s, b s b . W ws ps-m psms , sm b ss m s sm , s Ess ps ssm psm-s Fb, Problems o Empiriism: Philosophial Papers II, (Cmb: Cm-b Us Pss, 1981), 198, . 58, Fbs w x. A xmps Es s Gs Dzs Cinema I: Te Movemen-Image: w Bss p s p psp w w b ms ( ss s, s psm) (M-ps: Us Ms Pss, 1986) 60. A s xmps s xps p .25. B m b w sm Es-sp w s psm-s s b w s Ass. M p, w, Bsp Es s s w w ps, bNp F Te Psycoanalysis o Fire 1964, s s w B-s Es, sss m w sm m E-s Am pb. O sm ws pp Es s 1964TePoeis o Spae 1969, Te Poeis o Reverie 1971,Waer and Dreams 1983b ws 1985 Bs m ws psm pp Es,Te New Sienif Spiri, s s s p F. (Ts-s w Bs w s ps C. G. Csss ss B Es, w ssss psm w s w. SBs Ass, JAAC, XX, 3, 1962.) Ks p Es s m msbs; , K Js Hps 1950s pbs


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Ks m s s s b ws - Es Ks Te Sruure o Sienif Revoluions.28 As s mp-ss p s b s A-Am s ss, w s pms ssmps, s s p. I Ks s s, s mb sz sps, w sbs p -; bms b sss. T s sb x s bss Ks p w,

mm (m) m s ss

p s sws, w, sbs Us ps ppxm w w mp, ps msm s m,xpm pp ms mp . I s s m w, mmz , ws p, b G ms,ws xpm w s p w , w ws s p s xpm b ms pss ss, s b s sps s ssss. As s, M. Cmb sms m x smw xpm sp s G sss s s w ms xpm , G s w m s ms xp. udes dHisoires de la Pense Sienifque, 69. O : B G s, w p w m ss jsm p, b, w sss s w. W G m, w p bw w sss w, s. udesdHisoires de la Pense Sienifque, 47.

28. Ks wm Ks s s . I s Te Sruure o Sienif Revoluions, s b w -zs s sp s s, K ps sw sp pps bs xmp ws Ax K(C: C Us Pss, 1962) 3. B s s sp m K ms s ws, w s s . I s Ls w sps mp K psm bs K m s : s [Ks] b s K Ppp. K sw pssm s b s s, s pss b s x sss mps s pmms. Ts s s w s sm mps s. K ps s mss Bt K s sss s b ws p s -t, sm jss spw ss m sss ss s wm Bts, Ks ( Ppps) mss s (Im Ls, Fs M S Rs Pmms, Im Ls A Ms (s), Criiism and he Growh o Knowledge(Cmb:Cmb Us Pss, 1970) 92, . 3. A s ss m s bw Cmss Synai Sruures(T H: M, 1957) KsSruure o Sienif Revoluions. B Cms K w j Fws H s, K js p Cms. Cmss sm m -p s ms xmp s pb b ss s, C-ss s sp s, ws K pps, R ws pp .


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G s s mps mpss bs; ms Ks s s s m.., ps b ps.29

O , p s s s ss s- m p-s . A spp m s b w s ms w bs m-p pm s . T s Ksss, s ps s psm s, s p m bs mp p mp s. Ts Ksp G m s, w s M-s psm ss.

Te mathematization of the real

F b s.., G s Ks , ms bb mz mmz mp. T s, s s b j w s: mp mm .., mm w. I, M mms, K ws ss mms b w mp , w ss. T m

s j s xpss pps mp s mmz.

30

T ps pp mmz sss m s s. B s js s mmz mp, s mps m mt. Ks m, s M s ,s s ssmp p pmt s mmz-: mp s s b mmzbpsb -m ww j mmzb ss mp. Ms m s w: I s s w wsbss O b , b s t w mss w pssb (91-2). T p m ps mp ss pssb m, b w mp s pps

29. I s s pps Hps Ks bs s K pp ppz m s-s s mp s m s. S, s,S Fss Is Tere a ex in his Class?(Cmb, Mss .: H Us Pss,1980). Ks w s m s w t b ss bw pms b w K s m s. S b bw K, Ppp, s, sbj m s Criiismand he Growh o Knowledge.30. S M, L I S, Laan and he Human Sienes, . A-x Lp (L: Us Nbs Pss, 199) 27-42. I s b m w s s s m .


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sbj mz, s s s m mp mm m, x, bs, mm m mp. T mm w s mps m m-ss p ; bms ps , w ps w. I s ps s p mp t mm w , s w s s, xp s s.

Te encounter with the real

T mp K, w, s smp w w w xp,mm ss bs, ss . W, , ss mp m? Ms sw s w: K xp w m b mp, b s psb ww:

I b s s mp, sm s m w -s: (1) s s s s b p-sb sp m; (2) s b pssb s s s s m w s. 31

I s s pssb m s s b mp sm s m w sw pms mss s mp, p s

. I psp , M mms, (2)s sm w s w s s .32 C- (2) ms psp s sp pss F , s s ms, m Ps L. IFor he Love o Language, M s w Ssss bss,tb m L Mm. Msb spps m: m . Ts ws, s b , For he Love o Language; s b s sbj s m w mm : . I s L s s xp m ms . T p s p b s w w ms m- smbs w s s . O

ms Ls , s t t A-Am x, w s s m s w ms w sm msm ms Ks ms K. 33T m smb s s xs

31. M, L I S, 34.32. M, L I S, 35.33. F sss , s IMAGINARY, SYMBOLIC, REAL ss p ss N S s ris, x.


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; s s Ls m R ws s sp.34

C Ls b R, s Te Four Fundamen-al Coneps o Psycoanalysis,35 s w R, psL ms mpszs. T x w s s s ssss s mp bs ps L w msm sm. Lps sss 12 Fb 1964 b xp ps-ss, mm ssmp, b sm. T bss s, m, s xp ps-ss. I s x s m s -: N pxs s m ws w, xp,s ps-ss (53).

I s, , s x s s b psm ss psss s b p L s caneenouner,36 sm s [] as i by cane (54, Ls mp-ss). Ts , s w w ws , s j p b sbj b s m b, m s w s b m-, b ps, sm w s sbj. I s ss s b , b s s s -s s. As Ps, s ss s s - . I s w s s , xp, pb . M, s ws sm p , p Ls s sbs pp js w , bw mss s s w. Pps ms m ppp s m s mm ; s ss b p.A s p, Rsss ss.

M s w s m w w s . H, s m, mp s daa, , sms m mp s . B bw m ms w b m s s mps s p-

34.Js L, Te Four Fundamenal Coneps o Psyco-Analysis, s. A S(Nw Y: W. W. N, 1978) 4.35. S Sss 5, Am. L mms s ws: Fs, , w w bw, s I s m, m As, w ss ss s. W s s he enouner wih he real. T s b auomaon, m-b, ss ss, b w w s ss - b ps pp. T s w ws s b m, s bs, Fs s, s s s bj s (53-4).36. I s s I F renonre sss mss m.


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m w s bs, s s ss bs, s b bs. T s b s; , mp M ppss Ks psm s ms s pbm w s p mpspsm s p psp s, pbm s w.37 Ts s b s s smp w s , w w w m b w, w w b w. T s ss s ssmps s bs w, s s s ss s sbs . Ts

w Cms Aspes(25f) s s pm s (s 48 ). T s b s w s ss.

W b s sp ss- s sp s , s mpss s b Ms separablem ssb bs mb ws. M ps - xmp m ss: s mm s. Sss s ssm s s ms b js pm bs , w sm mm ps s (89-90).:, s m s p s pm s . Nw p-m s mm s pm, m psb b s ss-m, ss p s pbms

w s ssmp, mpsms tmps w wRss p bw w pss w ss. B w s s-, ps, s, s s p-m w M ms b , ss s bs w mt b sss. T m b bs, ss bs- s x m. I w s pp s s m sx s pps p, w w sw Ssss ss w sw ss sm p s s bw ssb p . Sps s sp p s sss..sms bs bw: s w sps ssp ss m w .38

T mp s s m Pm s -ss s w pbm w ss-pp w pss b sms m Ms bss

37. O s s Ppps sb s m sm pb-m.38. E m p w m pb -pb ss b m x t s ps, s, ms sm ms ps, s js. S Sss, Course,38.


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Sss, ms b ms p ss m sm ss mpsss, : O s Ksss G pss (95, . 5). Abss s ss m w L bt ms , s w Mmms C (87).

T m w s mss sw, w L zs s s s m b mss, s s s ss mss .39 H - w bs s pp, s w s b bs:A s p, s mp M spps K b b w mpsms ms b m m , Ppps sb, w M s b pp (2)40 sp ms b pssb m s s b mp sm s m w s.B sb m m s pps b w s m mp, sb m w s s b pps ms m b s - s, pss w sb pps m m .41 I s ss, sb, , s pp smsms s, p s s. I ss pp, p, w ss m m -mp sms.

I ws, s psm s s w ,w st p s sm- s- w; s w mp sms ss m m s w . I mp s smp ,w s b , m s s m; s p m w sps , s s , s w sspb mz: s s w pms z ps. I s s, , s s p . 42 Tspps sp m ps b w s. I s w w s ss, sp s Am m, b mpsm bsm, s mms xs ms s , s ps.

Ts ps, m, w s pbm m s : tmp pm s m, mm p

39. Four Fundamenal Coneps, 55.40. M, L I S, 35. Ppp s pss m sm mpsm.41. I s s w I Lss m s m s pps-s, s s ms b sb, mp ms.42. J Hpp, LEpsm G. B, Revue dHisoire des Sienes(Ps:PUF, m XVI, . 1, J 1964) 5.


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s s bs s s p p. Cmss j smp ss b pssb s ps s p w s psm s.

T s w b s s ws.I m -bs mpssb ss s s xpm. W s Mss sm b mp: psb m sp. I s b s s - m sp; ms b s psb. Ts, Mspsm, mms t sx s m sps jms pss pbm m Mss mpss msm b s-ss bss s s p s ; s msm s mp.

T sps jms ss- sbj. T s ps s s w s sbj b xz s m spssb m bs, b mps, sbj; s s s sm, s w s s msm. Tm s sp ms sbj xss sbjm sp.., s s pspb s bjz b b p s bs.43 S s s pxpm s. I s s , s- sps jms s xpm; t s xzm p sp m ssb jm s. Mmp, s ps s, s w ss m bs. Cs s ss Cms ssss w sps s- s mm ss s ms sm; s ss, Cms s, ms .., s w s ms s ad hos, s b .

T s mp s mss s b pssbs s s b b w s mp mw sss s . N w s b s b s w- s s, p Wtss raaus44 w s m b ss, s ws b s-ss m. N s s m , b s s ws -

43. S G. F, Ss R, ranslaions rom he Philosophial Wriings oGotlob Frege, s. P C Mx B, (Ox: Ox Us Pss) 60, B, Dsb Ubs: Es Gp Emp C, TeLinguisis o Wriing(Ms: Ms Us Pss, 1987) 264-85.44. raaus LgioPhilosophius, s. D. F. Ps B. F. MGss, (L H: R & K P, 1961) 5.


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s s b ss, s ssms sss, s Ps ws w.45

B mss s s w ss s , w b ps b w, s w s b w ms s s ss.

F w s s w s zb s b smp , smp , , mzb , w s s m p , s ss s m s b

ms s w s w s b sss wss xps, s w s s . E ss ws s w smb s w bj s, s m pss p , sss s w b p b m.46 N, s, Bss mpssb s b,47 s, pssb s, ms s, m ws w p w s , -, b w s . Ts s s m b zbb m b , w s w s. H mmb xp w pms ps.

I s s p s ms s psm- s j w m m F . I pps ppss Ps, ps-G mm, b wss mm p-p F s . M, s w sw, s Mms

45. S, sbj, I Hs Te Emergene o Probabiliy(Cmb: CmbUs Pss, 1975).46. As xmp, w sss p s b b Jsp Ems: I s, mm m s pps w N, m DE (deenniner), s daugher, ss NP, sm mm DEC ( ws) pps wA. W b , s smm ws m m pps Y, b N,A, P, s pj b . F b , x X s p w sp mm m SP(X), sp, w s mxm pj X. I S = V, w INFLECION b sp Y, ws s ss YP (= V), wSP(N) SP(A) s NP AP. A Unifed Teory o Synai Caegories(D-: Fs Pbs, 1985) 5. T sp s ms s ws bjs s w mpb w mm, m w mm s s s . N s m s b s b m w ss wj. F s z w s bs m s-, s Ms Jbs Jps ms s I (112).47. R Bs, Camera Luida (Nw Y: H & W, 1981) 71.


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. B s Ps sp s s s b s s p p w mpsss w sm bss s bj s, b s, pb b s s mpss s. S s mss Ps ss p, s [s] w mms s s w, s :

mps m sw, mpx b s, ss ws I ws s m, s s w w m. A I z s ms b m . I s w p-ss - p w I smb. B ws ps -s b s w s sss b p ss ps w b b , ms w s, s w , w s sss, m mb ws , ss j s w s . 48

Linguistics encounter with the real of language

I s b s m m For he Love o Language -ss, , s m p s , , s w

mz . T s s: s b s, w M s mpssb . I ss m , mm m mm.49

M, s . w s b mm; s w Ps smbs s, mpss s sps s

48. M Ps, Te Pas Reapured, s. As M (Nw Y: Rm Hs,1971) 139. F s , w s s m sw pps Pss s F w grimoire(s A La Recerce du emps Perdu, Ps:Gm, 1954, 879), w w pps s w s ss Ms x.T s s Es w w mps, s grimoires, sm wt ps bss w. I s , I s s m P, s ss. T w grimoires m w grammar.49. I mm, s bw pb -pbs p b sps jms; s bw m-m -mm s mm . Apbs p bs s pm, ws mmss bs s mp. Nm Cms, Aspes o he Teory o Synax(Cmb,Mss.: MI Pss, 1965) 11. T s p s ss w mm x s w ; b , s ss b mm -sp w s j pb, b xps. S Cs-P O,Apb Umm [tsJ Sps, Linguisi Inquiry3 (1972): 233-42, Amm Pm, Linguisi Inquiry4 (1973): 551-62.


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w. T s mpssb s w s sm s mss p s b , s sm s, ms ss b p b s.

I, mpssb s px . T s s s b m s s bs s s w s w s. B s s. I s ss, s mps-sb b ws b s. T m b pssb w w s b , b s ps-sb w, s s b s. Ts b w, s s, b s, s w M, w L, msb mpssb.

T mpssb, s s s s s, s sm m psm ; ws, s b s b s s pb s s js .I ss, s w ps mpssb - ps; s sp m, mm s ssm s s s b b. M,w, s w s mpssb s s b. T ws s w s b, w zs ws s mpssbw s s pb (105-6). W ms b s s m b ssss mm pbs En-ylopedie Universaliss Gmm. I ws, mm jmpps m jm. Ts s mpssb s w m mpssb: s s b sps ws, sp s, bp, js. Sm, sp sbjs p p m, s , w ps s (746).I ws, mpssb , s s b, s psmpssb, ss xss . Is s pmm ss m b p b m m s mm, ss bw . I ss, M bss, s s ss m, mm s m(747). T p mpssb , s ws s, s s s b -ps.

F xss w w. I s ms p mm-, s F s 50 ss s s . Ts, w s ss, s sp s s- ss. F M, s s s w. W ss, mp w ps: Os s w mm m mmm, psp z

50. M F, Te Order o Tings(Nw Y: Rm Hs, 1970) 235.


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W mm, s s w sss Opps s , b w ws b s x. Gs sm ts s pb sp sm physis(93).

F M xs ss s ps mpssw ps w, s ms w m w s b ss b pps ps s ws s . I w mms sps bs sss s msm, m sm Ms ps s - s s pss. O s Cmss Nws sss w s s bs s p s. M, Cms, s ss w bs bss ps, w s b b.B m sm ss tb sps -z mm b ; s s ws m pb b ps M ms s xp p.W, , s s s b?

T m For he Love o Languages m s w ss s pps ss mss . T -sm, M s, ws m psm ss, p ss s s s. B M ms spsp sm w s pssm.

Ms ps For he Love o Language b ss b sm b bjs x bsm s m pssm sps b- ss.51 T s Ms m s s- ss s ss ps w xss , s ms sb, m sss s s () ps (b) ps s b s m . Ts s, M s, - s p s w mss s ss, w z s pssb s s spps w s ps b.., -s.

T ss ms w Ms sp sbs ms b tb-

w s . T xmps s ms - tb sbs ss. T s s w Nw pss, w w sw Cms ms s x sm b. As M ps w m wKs psm s, s pss m s sbs , smms b sm , w psss s w . M s s Ssss xmp 8:45 G Ps Expss, mm Sss s-

51. Ms Rp, GLOW Newsleter1 (Spmb 1978) 5-8.


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s smw sps ps sbs. B xmp s s ms s sbs s pb. H w b s Ms p s w s s. T xmp s m F, s ps-ss M wss sp ps , w s sm ss s ps ps s s . I s , ps bss p Ls ss psss s sm sm w s s F m s s. Ds, , Fs s , s , b w; s s , b s ss s. 52

B ss -ps , M s b s s ss s msm. F m -ss s w s mzb s m m s s Ks ss. T s s m s M ms ss m s- m ss (78); s x s w, M, p w s s w s pp sp parody mps-sb (78). Ms ps s s s sw w p-ms x pjs ss ps sms s s m ss, w m tmps s s w ; ss ss s ps ss m b s. T

s s s s s xpb ms s m, w; s, M sss, tbb ss sspb mz. I s s s, w ss xs ss s s s w w , b ss -ss?

Grammars otality vs Linguistics All

Lss s , b s sM ms m m s. Fm p psFor he Love o Language, M ps ss s tmps w s , s ss s s s s

m s s . Fms m s pps ss ss s mm. T s wmm s b p psm p s, p Ks m p-G pss sm psm

52. Ap s ps Fs s mpb w sm ss s s m p s s- m b sm , s w s s, s. B s b Fs , desires m, b sm s mss s s.


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s. M s mm w m sp b - w s s Am Fs - b sm mm. I s ss t s,bs Es-sp w, w xss s s, mm s sp s ss spp.53 w Msm, ms ss w ms b mm.

A w sps b mm ss m wM zs s s m sps (91). Fm s m mp w mm s sp ss m s , m ws sbw mm ss. T m bw pb -pb sps w s s b m p-sb s s bw mm mm; m s mb G w, s, Ksss, s s.

T p b w mzb s sz, w s xp s s, s Ms x ps -s . Ts s s M s, L, ou, s w F s sb s s w. T pss x s sms xs, s m psb. T s b -s w - w sps mz. T s s s w b ps b m w s s s, s ss b w b mm-z. S w s Dss pj, b ws K b m pmm.54 Ts s ss ss ss s s bj s. M ms w s . T bj ss s mm w s b s ms: xs mm. Lss ps ssmp s mm

53. O sbj spp mm Es,s m , N Gmm F, Jm Hw (.), Narra-ive: From Malery o Moion Piures, Sraord-upon-Avon Sudies(L: Ew A,1985) sp 17-8.54. S Dsss sm Disourse on Mehod: B bs ms s s b w s pps, ws b b p , w m t b mss w pp w m b ss s w m b, s w s s t bt sps w, w s m s, bs , sss . I, w, p w sm sm m sm , w w s bss pb, s w s sm m w, s ss I s s m w I s s Dss. Te Philosophial Desares, . 1,Ezb H G. R. . Rss (Cmb: Cmb Us Pss, 1967) 125-6.


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s ms b p b m s; s s psb w .

Lss s s ms b s bj w s x m, -. T Es-sp s b mw Ssss s bw langueparole. W w b ms s s w Cmss s mp pm,ws s , psm mpb. B ps s m bj s s s s -s. Langue mp s w s mpsb, p pm w s . 55 H b-b sp t w s.., p s pm s (s 89 Forhe Love o Language).

M ps w s w w w s s ,b w Sss pps ss w w Es sp, bw langue langage. T m s m b pbm s ; langueparole, s w sp ms, Es, bm ssb. I s m b s- bw w sm I L w p L.56 I s w ms bj ss; p ps b L- bs -s, -mm sp- , psp mms, psps L -ss L. Is bj s psmb ps . Om sb ss L w w F sbs s [] s ss, w s s pss w w s mss p mm.57

I Ms , p mm s w mm, s pps psp mm; b mm, w s w -, s ps s s m. T m - s js , w; s p b ss s p- mms ss mm bj, . T ss tbs s s Ms m mm ss. I s ps p Ls s b-w m smb (75), w s ws M w ws ps m w .Gmms p s m (75). T m sss m s m s L sss w m.S b , m b Gs: s

55. S m Ls Cmp L T, J Fs (.), Essays inAesheis(Pp: mp Us Pss) 201-34.56. F s , s p x w I p-z s , s m. T Cp 7 s w sm .57. Te Order o Tings, 236 235.


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sz , ; s pb s w. Ts s w Mms b s mm ss m . M, z w sp ; s s - ms b mp ps mm. T s -, s s -.

T ss s m . I b ps b b- w b mz. H m -ss , w w s ss mps s sms ss . Ts p w s smb w. A mm w s s m s pp m; ss w ss ps s, - w b p s w. T ws ps s . N ps b , s s b s ssss b , I; s spb b ms b s w bj m mm m.

Te epistemic break in the history of linguistics

T sp sp mm m ss s s s w, M-

s psm ss s s K, ps- K, ps-K, ps-m b sp ps m s. F K, s s s mmz mp s s. Js s s K s G s (68) s, mm Am pss p-s s As E pss, m, s mm s b s pp, s ms m psss s, s G Bs pps s Gs ss s s ps s p-s, p, w, ms p s bj.

F M, s mm m b bw mm -ss s s mp mm I-Eps. I s, M s m w F, b p mp-

w s ss s s bsw Sss ssm (82-3).58 B w F ss s m s ssm pss59 s bj,

58. S Te Order o Tings, Cps 7 8.59. A F, s s s pp t s -s b mp, s mm. Nw w m s: , s m ps, s ss s-s s ; , s m ss s,s, ms b s w s s mps p pss s m s s mss. M, s m, s s


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s p mm, M s mm, s pps psp mms F s, w w p m-m, ss p mp mm s s- m w, p (94).

T s s w s s p mp mm s -s b M ms w mp ss sw s-s b bsp s s w ms m sp s hes ss. Ms s, s s, bs w : m m- ssm s spm b mm (81). Ts wss s w p K, s Ass, ss E, ssm, G Am S-, sm mm. I s s, Sss ps p ssm s pj m ssss m. I s ss w bs w mp mm,ssm bms wb ps. S s s s Fs ss , b w mp. F F, Ssss bwss s b s s: I ws s ss Sss, s pj sm, s s sm pss( p m): s s bs ws s ss b s (Te Order

o Tings, 67). A F, w b mpmm ps, Sss b-pss s mm s sp w, w ws mj w - p-, s, b s s ms, ms , p, s , pbm s, w m w m P-R s I-s (286). F M, w, Sss p s , ss w . M s Sss s - w s b s ms psms ss, m-m p-xs p: m, ss xs, mmp mm (82); bj Sss s ss s

s , s m ss, s s s sb, s; s ssm ms w s sms p:U , s w ss s s p s ps [ps} s . I s s s ss.B , ssm, ms p mm spp: sss pss ss ps pss m m s s ; sss s m ms, p ssm, w mps p ss,sbs, s z s ps. Te Order o Tings,235.


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(86). Ssss Courses s tmp m ps ss s-smps K ms, s -mms b m.

I mps bw w ms s ss, s s-Sss s M sms, w s m w s ss ss s ss p sss s sms w s. H Ms m,ms Sss psm ss s w bw xs sssm mmpps Oms z x-p s Cms Ssss p s, xps pss mm s pw w s ss. I s s s s m, s pps wsb mm ps .

S x s ss s s t s, s s s w ss s b msw For he Love o Language Am s pss ss, mps, M w s. M, pps ss Sss s, M s s s ss mm ssm m Sss. Ts s ms pp w sp -bss s, w M s mb ss ssmps pssb s s s. T bss s ms bw w (), bws m, s smp . W s xs ( s - ss s s ), m b s s , s ss xp w s s m . Ts, Cms, xp- s ms xp ss b- mm, s m, xmp, s (s Aspes, 30-7). R, xp sss p pp bss s sp mm bss pm s b s w- ms (Aspes,34), ws, w pps mms (Aspes,31). T sp Cms ms s ms b w ms mm s s s

s s s pssb pss. Exp s sps psm ps w ssms ms ss pp s w.

T bss ss b xs -xs .60 I ss w s

60. I Cms, s bss s m sx, ps Synai Sruures. Ts s w D Spb D Ws sui generis s s, w Synai Sruures. S D Spb


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w mm mms w s b xpb ms s (87).H, ss bss s s w s s-s s b: w s w s. I s m s xs s pssb msw s s bj; s s mpss. Ms p bsss xp s sm (. 11, 96), , a oriori, w pj sm wb m s m w m ssm s s. T sm b s s xp- w s b s ppss m s,

mms m .

Linguistics relation to lalangue, the not-all of language

T pssb s s s p, , s s- b w ss s s ss s s ps bj w w- ms sbj w-ss. T bj, , ss, s sms w z m s b mm w L psp. Is , s w s, s m , b ps ; b ws s sm wsps . F mmbs Ms p /L s mss

js w sp b w sp m, bL, w I s: lalangue.61

O m, s m s b s w ms -s w.Lalangue s m ; s s w sps s: -. I, ss hereal, heno-all, lalangue ; , ss (25-7), sp- bw Ls m, smb Ms pz s w ps Sss L: L w p L sps m ps; w sm l smb ps, lalangue . T m Lss ; smb w, lalangue -. I s s ss m b s ms ,

sm sm xpb; s ps s s mpss. H m ss ps, m-s sm xp . I Ls m s w

D Ws, Relevane: Communiaion and Cogniion (Cmb, Mss.: HUs Pss, 1986) 8.61. I s s s ss L s w, lalangue, sw s m b. W w s m slalangue, s [) lalangue, bs lalangues mpb . J-A.M, T lalangue, Orniar(J 1975) 26.


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sps ps, s xs s ss b w s ss m w; s b . L-ss w xs s s w spsss: sps , ps ws, s . Ts w s s ss s . O , mp b wss ss -sss w m. O, sp s ss, ss ms mp s p s. R, mm, s ss m ps.

Y , M sss, ss s x w smb- pss. Ts bw smb s sbj For he Love o Language. I s -s ss mbs bw w ss mss; s. B w b mss w p Ms w sb L w s pb s s bw s bj ss s mpssb ps ss ss pss. F s wt, , b s, s pps s ss, s,s , b b sm , b mzb sm . T s b sm b ps b w s For he Love o Language m s s b ss ss xp s ps-

sb, w sm m w xp pb s s.T -ss s sp s s s M ss sss; s w p (67). I s m w smss ss wss , s , -s s p s bj s (62-3). H s Ms psss xp s. F wss s xp, s s bp - msb m w xss mm ps. F , sm ss b wt.I s s w s ss . F s wws ss ps w s sp , smp s.I L, s sx , sxs s mpssb ,

s b m mpssb, mpssb w, m Enore, s s b wt, s sp sm L s , s m, . L, - L, s mpssb w s s b wt; s, ss b wt.62

I s smp p m ss pp s-s w sss Ms . Ms s m m pssbs s m

62. Enore132.


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s ps, p s m w w ssw ms s s . B s , mp ms s m sps pmsm s ss, ss s s, j w F s-ss p, pss. F ss s s p . T s ws, b smt , b , b , s w b pss p , m s s m, w sss , w lalangues s mps w .

Te linguists relation to lalangue: Saussure, Jakobson, Chomsky

I ss xs sms w m ss Ms -m z s s, xs ss Lb ogiaur: lalanguews s sm xb mlalanguems s ss. Ts s pps wM : S s w s ss, s s mp psss ms w m (67). F ss, psm s, psz, ms b psss s w. N s sps L, tF psp , s s sbj. B

Ls p sbj ss: Cs ogios m ssss s w sbj sbj ss s s w sw s.

F s, s p w ms ; s s p w ms s mmzb m -, wlalangue, s pps s sp, ws. F s s, mp lalangue, s s s s -, s, s m s w , s ms p , ms s w s spsmz. I, s M ps , ss - s w-, pp s , w (60) w ss ss(74) Sss s s w b w w s b

b xp s s s s -, b , -, lalangue, s ss. A w w ms b s x -. Ts s s w w s sbj For he Love o Language. S ss pxp, s p m s w s, ss bp, ppp s psss ww ss b wt, s b wt. F s xp-


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s sp b w s wt m smbs. Tw s bj, , s s, s z b w ss ms s p ss w; s sbj -s s ms xp w s sz mz.

T s s s w ws s pss ss ps-s s w s s s , s s m w w - s m w sss m. Ms ps ss Sss, Jb-s, Cms ( s spp), s bw Sss Cms p For he Love o Language bw Sss J-bs sw. T s ss ss s.B s s, s ms , s ws b w-. A, s s w ss w b mps ss w b s -, mss ps mss b ss s, t bs s s, b m m b ss s. I s s ss , s M ps , ssmps. F s, ms, Fs Cp , bw ms sssm, sp m m s (137).

T ms ss b sb m- p b s Ssss m ps ms. F Sssms, z ws, s s b sb b .I s jxps pms Sss ss S p- s xs s b s sps s ms sb s ms s ss , s, b bss s. H Sss, sbj xp s w s mp mm, s mps w sbb. M s Sss ms m s- s Cs s (115). Jbs,b s w Sss, pss w w s w w- , w s p s w s s. I b Jbs Rss Jbs, m pps Jbss b Mjsj (142),63 M sbs Jbss

s w p ppss w ssm sw b , p-G w . Jbs, Ms s, w sp F, s langueb ws langageL. Ssss s p mxm p m :Ns m m p. Jbss bj ws w ms.T s m bj, w s mxm psm s, w, , s m s b

63. M, Rss Jbs, Cahiers de Poejque Comparee X, 1985, 61-6.


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b s bs s bj b ms, M mms (62).M, Jbs, s s s smms.

M s s p Jbs s s:

A b wss ps s w Jbs m m m w ms z sm Jpsss p m pss z b s Nb -w ws Jps sm m s. Hs s, ms m s K, xpss m ,-ssm. Pps mmspps m b Spz-

sm s mp w mp; s m m p ps, s t ps b, s b pss. Hs , b, ms, mss sm: ws b z m w m m sw, m b G, s s, px, s s ss. Jbs ws sp s, ps w s pp m ws s b s w b m s G; -ss, mm s Ampb, ws pmssb s sm s s J D, G B, Hms smss.

H w ws b s ws s b

S par exellene. I s m b C-Rss, t : , ms msm msm, b m ms, ms. L D B, s j m m, j- ms ms s. E ps m: P, mss, ws p w Ms Ws. (64-5)

Ts Jbs, Ms , s w p C--Rss, m M bws m G s ps-G p. T s , w s, ss b F Sss. F s p w s s w s ss w s p .B M, w b mmb, ss Ssss use s

ss (s pps mm) m w s b heory s. I s Ssss ps w ps w-b w . Sss ms Ms pss m b w w ss bw s b , s, s. T s w Msp Jbs s :

sbj w b smms w w s w s- ms m. A , m b pmt m m s mpsm wss? Hw m-


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p b s s , , w b smm smm w s ps? Hw pps pp Jbs st Sss? T t, s, , sm, , p, w s. A S, smb s s s, , s s j, m . T m, mm, Jw, p, w ws s; sbs s smm.E ms m, s bsbm smm. S sss ss. W

s s sss : s ppss w s s smm, w m sss bms. (66)

I s w Cms ss s G s.W ws, Ms , s Cmss ps, s s -, s pss w s Cmss m b s mps w ps m s m s sbj .

B , m p w s s, ss w msbs mmbs w s m s, sp bj w s ss s s; mps-sb ss b mss (77-8). I b sss, s s w s ss w w sss ms p x s ss s. A ss ss smps w Cms s w sps m ms -ss. I s t w m s w -ss ms ms mp, w s s mpssb , w xp s, - xss sm p s mzb, w m ss w sp s s , lalangue. B ss s M sbs s xs, , a oriori, ss s bj, pms bss ss sp s, s s sps.

T xp sm s b . W s s s ss s m, s tmps ms mzb . R, s ss ms b ss b s wp p sm .

F s , F s pj Te Order o Tings. Hs s ss , w p m b b , b s w s mpss m m ss b-


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j (296). T s s pm smb s s s xss (297-8). Ts ms p m pps b s mz (298)w s s b , ws m-sm ws s sswsRss F (299). Ts w mpss bw ms -sssm b ss s m For he Love o Languagesmb sb ss w psss p ss xp . B s s mps F s ms mp, s ms

xp pp , s s (299). L ss, pp sm s mp mm, F s s s p ws p m b s xs w p w (300). L, Fsss, s s p ( w s ss w -): A mm w , s sp st ws, bms bj w, w s pp s pps m: s,s ps w p wss p pp, w pssss s , w s s b s, - b s bss s b (300). Dz m b-ss pps s x: W s s s F s , s b ss m , p ss b (Fouaul, 139). T p ws . B ss m ss m bss s, s s, - psb b s s s s b ss, b s tmps s m s sp sbj w , b s m m ms . I m b ms sm, ws, ms m m s s w m, w s b s. Y, b ss b p s, s b mm, G, w s s, b s sps, b s ws, s ss ms w b s b s.

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