Westward Expansion Notes

8th grade U.S. History

Chiong

Dotson

Goemans

Graham

Worcester vs Georgia: Trail of Tears• Supreme Court declares it unconstitutional

to take Natives land.

• Andrew Jackson passes Indian Removal Act and forcibly removes Cherokees

OR and CA trail

Mormon Trail

Westward Expansion: Use this to guide coloring your own expansion maps.

Proclamation of 1763

• One of the grievances against George III was that due to the Proclamation of 1763 and other government policies, colonists or new settlers were not given permission to move into the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Treaty of Paris 1783

• After the American Revolution the United States was extended to the Mississippi River by the Treaty of Paris (1783). In fact, many soldiers were paid for fighting in the Revolution with land in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.

Louisiana Purchase

• In 1803, Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million from a Napoleonic French government desperate for cash to finance European wars. The U. S. was effectively doubled in size.

Florida Cession• Florida had long been a refuge for pirates,

smugglers, escaped slaves, and others who wanted to escape American law.

• Seminole Indians from Florida would frequently raid American settlements along the border.

• In 1818 President Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to stop these raids.

• Jackson chased the Indians into Florida.• By leading his army across the border into Spanish

territory Jackson had committed an act of war, but he went even further. Jackson captured several Spanish forts and hanged two British citizens who were found guilty of supplying weapons to the Indians!

• Spain protested, but at the time Spain's power was weakening. The leaders of Spain knew they could not hold on to Florida if the United States decided to take it from them. So, instead of declaring war they decided to make a deal.

• In 1819 a treaty was signed (Adams-Onis treaty) in which Spain agreed to cede, or give, Florida to the United States for $5 million

1820

• By 1820, much of the eastern land from the Atlantic to the Mississippi was divided into farms, much of the soil was less fertile because of over-farming, and because of a depression, many people were losing their land.

• Texas became attractive when Stephen Austin negotiated a land price of 12 cents an acre for land from the Spanish/Mexican government. Thousands of Americans moved to Texas in the 1820s and 1830s.

1840’s & Manifest Destiny

• By the 1840s the United States needed to grow again. Manifest Destiny became the rallying cry for further expansion.

The Mexican-American War

The Settlement of Texas

By 1835 Thousands of Americans have settled in Texas (Part of Mexico)

Manifest Destiny – It was the countries manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent 1836, formally found Republic of Texas

Mexican Response Santa Anna sent

troops to subdue rebellion Eventually lost Texas and

gave independence 9 years later the U.S.

annexed (added) Texas Also, U.S. offered $30m

for New Mexico and California Mexico Refused

The War

President James K. Polk sent troops to border

Mexicans fired shots American troops Gave Polk excuse to

invade U.S. declared war on

May 16, 1846

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848, in two years the U.S. defeated Mexico

In the Treaty: Recognized Rio Grande River as border Mexico gave New Mexico and California

More than 2/5 of Mexican territory

Warm Up: Manifest Destiny RootsWarm Up: Manifest Destiny RootsDraw stem w/ 3 roots/ the petals should have all of the US territories in the order they are acquired/ center should have Draw stem w/ 3 roots/ the petals should have all of the US territories in the order they are acquired/ center should have

“Manifest Destiny”“Manifest Destiny”

• Create the plant Diagram depicted on the Create the plant Diagram depicted on the board in your notebook (use entire L page)board in your notebook (use entire L page)

• Use your Notes on “Push Factors” Use your Notes on “Push Factors” andand your map/Notes on Westward expansion your map/Notes on Westward expansion to categorize the to categorize the causescauses (“Roots”) of (“Roots”) of Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny {Social/Political/Economic}!{Social/Political/Economic}!

Categorize these!!• New Borders in the Treaty of Paris 1783 • Annexation of Texas in 1845 (War w Mexico)• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo/Mexican Cession • Indian removal Act• Cheap Land in frontier provinces of Mexico and Great

Britain • Adams-Onis Treaty (FL Cession)1819• Immigration• Gold in CA 1848/9• Trail of Tears• Americans moving into frontier provinces of Mexico • Acquisition of Oregon Territory (to avoid war with Britain)• Conflict with Native Americans over land ownership • High birth rates• Religious Freedom-Mormons• Louisiana Purchase 1803• Gadsden Purchase • Oregon Trail

Petals: List territories in chronological order

Manifest Destiny

Economic

PoliticalSocial

Westward Expansion

Check Your Work:Check Your Work:Political Roots 1.New Borders in the Treaty of Paris 1783 2.Louisiana Purchase 1803 3.Adams-Onis Treaty (FL Cession)1819 4.Annexation of Texas in 1845 (War w Mexico)5.Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo/Mexican Cession 6.Acquisition of Oregon Territory (to avoid war with Britain)7.Gadsden Purchase 8.Indian removal ActEconomic Roots •Cheap Land in frontier provinces of Mexico and Great Britain •Immigration•Gold in CA 1848/9•Trail of TearsSocial Roots 1.Americans moving into frontier provinces of Mexico 2.Oregon Trail 3.Conflict with Native Americans over land ownership 4.High birth rates5.Immigration6.Religious Freedom-Mormons

History Mystery….History Mystery….

• Why did the United States pay $10 million Why did the United States pay $10 million for the “little” piece of land known as for the “little” piece of land known as the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 when the the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 when the huge expanse of the Louisiana Purchase huge expanse of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Cession only cost $15 and the Mexican Cession only cost $15 million each?million each?

• Gadsden’s goalGadsden’s goal

• What Happened?What Happened?

• A southern railroad route was A southern railroad route was needed to access California needed to access California gold discovered in 1849 (the gold discovered in 1849 (the year after the Mexican Cession year after the Mexican Cession was concluded). was concluded).

• Mexico had a Mexico had a sellers marketsellers market for that piece of desert. It for that piece of desert. It provided a natural pass provided a natural pass through the Rocky Mountain through the Rocky Mountain Range.Range.

• In 1852 Gadsden agreed to In 1852 Gadsden agreed to pay Santa Anna $10 million for pay Santa Anna $10 million for a strip of territory south of the a strip of territory south of the Gila River and lying in what is Gila River and lying in what is now southwestern New now southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona. Mexico and southern Arizona.

• **A RR was NEVER built!**A RR was NEVER built!

Seward’s IceboxSeward’s Icebox

• The term "Seward's folly" The term "Seward's folly" refers to the United refers to the United States' Secretary of State States' Secretary of State William Seward's decision William Seward's decision to purchase the Alaskan to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia in territory from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 Million.1867 for $7.2 Million.

• At the time, Seward's At the time, Seward's decision to buy the land decision to buy the land was regarded as a terrible was regarded as a terrible one by many critics in the one by many critics in the United States — hence, United States — hence, the term "folly." the term "folly."

• Critic’s change their Critic’s change their tune in the 1890’s tune in the 1890’s when large quantities when large quantities of GOLD were found of GOLD were found in Alaska and later in Alaska and later huge oil reserves! huge oil reserves!

• In 1893, a small group of sugar and In 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, aided by pineapple-growing businessmen, aided by the American minister to Hawaii and the American minister to Hawaii and backed by heavily armed U.S. soldiers backed by heavily armed U.S. soldiers and marines, and marines, deposed {kicked out}deposed {kicked out} Hawaii's queen. Hawaii's queen.

• they imprisoned the queen and seized they imprisoned the queen and seized 1.75 million acres of crown land and 1.75 million acres of crown land and conspired to annex the islands to the conspired to annex the islands to the United States.United States.

• On January 17, 1893, the conspirators On January 17, 1893, the conspirators announced the overthrow of the queen's announced the overthrow of the queen's government. government.

• To avoid bloodshed, Queen Lydia To avoid bloodshed, Queen Lydia Kamakaeha Liliuokalani gave up her rule Kamakaeha Liliuokalani gave up her rule and asked the U.S. government "to undo and asked the U.S. government "to undo the actions of its representatives." The the actions of its representatives." The U.S. government refused to help her U.S. government refused to help her regain her throne.regain her throne.

• When she died in 1917, Hawaii was an When she died in 1917, Hawaii was an American territory. In 1959, Hawaii American territory. In 1959, Hawaii became the 50th statebecame the 50th state

Manifest Destiny Acrostic PoemManifest Destiny Acrostic Poem– oving quickly oving quickly – across the plainsacross the plains

The Growth of the United States• After the American Revolution the United States was

extended to the Mississippi River by the Treaty of Paris (1783). In fact, many soldiers were paid for fighting in the Revolution with land in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.

• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 gave guidelines for expansion of the United States and the admission of new states to the Union.

• In 1803, Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory from a Napoleonic French government desperate for cash to finance European wars. The U. S. was effectively doubled in size

• By 1820, much of the eastern land from the Atlantic to the Mississippi was divided into farms, much of the soil was less fertile because of over-farming, and because of a depression, many people were losing their land.

Growth of the United States Cont..

• Texas became attractive when Stephen Austin negotiated a land price of 12 ½ cents an acre for land from the Spanish/Mexican government. Thousands of Americans moved to Texas in the 1820’s and 1830’s.

• By the 1840’s the United States needed to grow again. Manifest Destiny became the rallying cry for further expansion

• By 1848 we accomplished Manifest Destiny.

Gadsen purchase

• Why did the United States pay $10 million for the “little” piece of land known as the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 when the huge expanse of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Cession only cost $15 million each?

• Answer: A southern railroad route was needed to access California gold discovered in 1849 (the year after the Mexican Cession was concluded). Mexico had a sellers market for that piece of desert because it provided a natural pass trough the Rocky Mountain Range.

What do you think would cause thousands of Americans and immigrants (in the 19th century) to leave their

homes and travel like this, without having seen what is at the end of the journey?

The Journey West

The Oregon Trail, and other westward migrations

• The reasons for traveling to Oregon and California were very similar – economic opportunity (land and gold).

• Utah was settled for religious freedom

• All three areas were settled by Americans seeking new opportunities, volunteering for the journey west.

Oregon Trail

Mormon Trail (in green)

Trail of Tears

• Not all Americans moved willingly, especially the Native Americans.

• American farmers wanted the land held by the Cherokee Indians in Georgia. Andrew Jackson passed a law (illegally) forcing them to give up their land in Georgia and eventually forcing all Natives off of the Atlantic coast.

• 16,000 Cherokees made the journey by foot from Georgia to Oklahoma. The death total for this journey was 4,000. (1 in 4 Natives died – compared to 1 in 10 on the Oregon Trail).

Map of the Trail of Tears

Immigration from Western Europe

• In October 1845 a serious blight began among the Irish potatoes, ruining about three-quarters of the country's crop.

• This was a disaster as over four million people in Ireland depended on the potato as their chief food.

• The blight returned in 1846 and over the next year an estimated 350,000 people died of starvation and an outbreak of typhus that ravaged a weaken population

• The Irish Famine stimulated a desire to emigrate. • By the end of 1854 nearly two million people - about a

quarter of the population - had emigrated to the United States in ten years.

• At this time they mainly lived in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Illinois, Ohio and New Jersey. The Irish Emigrant Society tried to persuade immigrants to move to the interior but the vast majority were poverty-stricken and had no money for transport or to buy land. They therefore tended to settle close to the port where they disembarked

Irish immigration and the Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889

• Thousands of Irish laborers worked on building the railroads in the United States.

• Some were able to save enough money to buy land and establish themselves as farmers along the routes they had helped to develop.

• On March 2, 1889 Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Bill, proclaiming that unassigned lands were part of the public domain.

• This was the first step toward the famous Oklahoma Land Rush. A rail line ran through the state and it was determined that pioneers could race for land.