b.banneker by devante' dotson

8/7/2019 b.banneker by DeVante' Dotson

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Family history and early life

Although it is difficult to verify details of Benjamin Banneker's family history, it appearsthat he was a grandson of aEuropean American named Molly Welsh. The story goes thatMolly met a slave named Banneka when she purchased him to help establish a farm

located near the future site ofEllicott's Mills, west ofBaltimore, Maryland. This part ofMaryland was out of the mainstream of the colonial South, and as result had a moretolerant attitude toward African Americans than did colonial areas in which slavery wasmore prevalent.[1]

Perhaps a member of the Dogon tribe (reputed to have a historical knowledge ofastronomy), Banneka may have cleared Molly's land, solved irrigation problems, andimplemented a crop rotation for her. Soon thereafter, Molly freed and married Banneka,who may have shared his knowledge of astronomy with her.[2]

Benjamin's mother, Mary, was the daughter of Molly and Banneka. Although born after

Banneka's death, Benjamin may have acquired some of his grandfather's knowledge viaMolly, who appears to have taught him how to read, farm, and interpret the sky asBanneka had taught her. Little is known about Benjamin's father Robert, a first-generation slave who had fled his owner.[2]

As a young teenager, Banneker met and befriended Peter Heinrichs, a Quakerfarmer whoestablished a school near Banneker's family's farm. Heinrichs shared his personal librarywith Banneker and provided Banneker's only classroom instruction.[2] (During Banneker'slifetime, Quakers were leaders in theantislavery movement and advocates ofracialequality in accordance with theirTestimony of Equalitybelief.)

Once he was old enough to help on his parents' farm, Benjamin's formal education ended.He spent most of the rest of his life at the farm.

Clockmaking

Apparently using as a model a pocket watch that he had borrowed from a merchant ortraveler, Banneker carved wooden replicas of each piece and used the parts to make aclock that struck hourly. He completed the clock in 1753, at the age of 21. The clockcontinued to work until his death.[3]

Neighbors, work, and study

After his father died in 1759, Banneker lived with his mother and sisters. Then in 1771, awhite Quaker family, the Ellicotts, moved into the area and built mills along the PatapscoRiver. Banneker supplied their workers with food, and studied the mills. In 1788 hebegan his more formal study of astronomy as an adult, using books and equipment thatGeorge Ellicott lent to him. The following year, he sent George Ellicott his work on thesolar eclipse. In February 1791, Major Andrew Ellicott, a member of the same family,
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hired Banneker to assist in asurvey of the boundaries of the 100-square-mile (260 km2)federal district (initially, theTerritory of Columbia; later, theDistrict of Columbia) thatMaryland and Virginia would cede to the federal government of the United States for thenation's capital in accordance with the federalResidence Act of 1790 and laterlegislation." [4][5]

Banneker's activities on the survey team resembled those used in celestial navigationduring his lifetime. His duties consisted primarily of making astronomical observations atJones Point in Alexandria, Virginia, to ascertain the location of the starting point for thesurvey and of maintaining a clock that he used when relating points on the surface of theEarth to the positions ofstarsat specific times.[6] Because of illness and the difficulties inhelping to survey the area at the age of 59, Banneker left the boundary survey in April1791 and returned to his home at Ellicott's Mills to work on an ephemeris. AndrewEllicott continued the survey with his brothers Benjamin and Joseph Ellicott and otherassistants through 1791 and 1792.[7][8]

Banneker's almanacs and journals

Title page of an edition of Banneker's 1792 almanac

At Ellicott's Mills, Banneker made astronomical calculations that predictedsolarandlunareclipses for inclusion in his ephemeris. He placed the ephemeris and its subsequentrevisions in a six-year series of almanacs, which were published for the years 1792through 1797 in Baltimore and Philadelphia.[9] He also kept a series of journals thatcontained his notebooks for astronomical observations, his diary, and his mathematicalcalculations.[10]
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The title page of Banneker's 1792 "Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and VirginiaAlmanack and Ephemeris" stated that the publication contained:

"the Motions of the Sun and Moon, the True Places and Aspects of the Planets, the Risingand Setting of the Sun, Place and Age of the Moon, &c.The Lunations, Conjunctions,

Eclipses, Judgment of the Weather, Festivals, and other remarkable Days; Days forholding the Supreme and Circuit Courts of the United States, as also the useful Courts inPennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Alsoseveral useful Tables, andvaluable Receipts.Various Selections from the CommonplaceBook of theKentuckyPhilosopher, anAmerican Sage; with interesting and entertaining Essays, in Prose andVersethe whole comprising a greater, more pleasing, and useful Variety than any Workof theKindandPrice inNorth America".[11]

The 1792 almanac included the times for the rising and setting of the sun and moon.Weather forecasts and dates for yearly feasts were also included. Readers also saw a tidetable for the Chesapeake Bay and home treatments for illnesses. In his 1793 almanac,

Banneker included letters sent between Thomas Jefferson and himself.

[9]

The cover of his1795 almanac had a woodcut portrait of him as he may have appeared as a young man.[9]

The almanacs' editors prefaced the publications with adulatory references to Bannekerand his race, such as this excerpt from a 1796 edition:

"Not you ye proud, impute to these the blameIf Afric's sons to genius are unknown,For Banneker has prov'd they may acquire a name,

As bright, as lasting, as your own."[9]

Supported by Andrew, George and Elias Ellicott and heavily promoted by the Society forthe Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery of Maryland and of Pennsylvania, the earlyeditions of the almanacs achieved commercial success.[12]After these editions werepublished, William Wilberforce and other prominent abolitionists praised Banneker andhis works in Great Britain'sHouse of Commons.[12]

Views on peace, education, and the relationship of

government and religion

Banneker's 1793 almanac contained a copy of "A Plan of Peace-office for the United

States" thatBenjamin Rush had apparently authored.

[13][14][15]

The Plan proposed theappointment of a "Secretary of Peace" and described the Secretary's powers. The Planstated:

"I. Let a Secretary of Peace be appointed to preside in this office; ....; let him be agenuine republican and a sincere Christian ...."
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"II. Let a power be given to the Secretary to establish and maintain free schools in everycity, village and township in the United States; ... Let the youth of our country be

instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and in the doctrines of a religion of some

kind; the Christian religion should be preferred to all others; for it belongs to this

religion exclusively to teach us not only to cultivate peace with all men, but to forgive

nay more, to love our very enemies. ...."

"III. Let every family be furnished at public expense, by the Secretary of this office, withan American edition of the Bible. ...."

"IV. Let the following sentence be inscribed in letters of gold over the door of every homein the United States: The Son of Man Came into the World, Not To Destroy Men's Lives,

But To Save Them."

"V. ...."[16]

This edition of Bannker's almanac was published two years after the ratification in 1791of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states:

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting thefree exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of

the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress ofgrievances."[17]

Views on slavery and racial equality

Banneker expressed his views on slavery and racial equality in a letter to Thomas

Jefferson and in other documents that he placed within his 1793 almanac. The almanaccontained copies of his correspondence with Jefferson, poetry by the African Americanpoetess Phyllis Wheatley and by the English anti-slavery poetWilliam Cowper, and anti-slavery speeches and essays from England and America. [9]

Letter to Thomas Jefferson on racism

On August 19, 1791, after departing the federal capital area, Banneker wrote a letter toThomas Jefferson, who in 1776 had authored theUnited States Declaration ofIndependence and in 1791 was serving as the United States Secretary of State.[18][19]

Quoting language in the Declaration, the letter expressed a plea for justice for African

Americans. To further support this plea, Banneker included within the letter ahandwritten manuscript of an almanac for 1792 containing his ephemeris with hisastronomical calculations.

In the letter, Banneker accused Jefferson of criminally using fraud and violence tooppress his slaves by stating:
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"Sir, how pitiable is it to reflect, that although you were so fully convinced of thebenevolence of the Father of Mankind, and of his equal and impartial distribution of

these rights and privileges, which he hath conferred upon them, that you should at the

same time counteract his mercies, in detaining by fraud and violence so numerous a part

of my brethren, under groaning captivity and cruel oppression, that you should at the

same time be found guilty of that most criminal act, which you professedly detested inothers, with respect to yourselves."[20]

Banneker's letter did not offer any evidence to support this allegation. His message endedwith the statement:

"And now, Sir, I shall conclude, and subscribe myself, with the most profound respect,Your most obedient humble servant,

BENJAMIN BANNEKER."[21]

An English abolitionist,Thomas Day, had earlier written in a 1776 letter:

"If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature, it is an American patriot, signingresolutions of independency with the one hand, and with the other brandishing a whip

over his affrighted slaves."[22]

While Banneker's letter expressed similar sentiments, his missive went further whencharging Jefferson with criminality and fraud when dealing with slaves.

Thomas Jefferson's reply to Banneker

Without directly responding to Banneker's accusation, Jefferson replied to Banneker's

letter on August 30, 1791, in a series ofnuancedstatements that expressed his interest inthe advancement of the equality of America's black population. Jefferson's reply stated inpart:

"No body wishes more than I do, to see such proofs as you exhibit, that nature has givento our black brethren talents equal to those of the other colors of men; and that the

appearance of the want of them, is owing merely to the degraded condition of their

existence, both in Africa and America. I have taken the liberty of sending yourAlmanac to Monsieur de Condozett, Secretary of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and

Member of the Philanthropic Society, because I considered it as a document, to which

your whole color had a right for their justification, against the doubts which have been

entertained of them."[23][24]

It appears that the French Academy of Sciences itself did not receive the almanac.[25]

Thomas Jefferson's opinion of Banneker and his letter

In 1809, three years after Banneker's death, Jefferson wrote:
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"The whole do not amount, in point of evidence, to what we know ourselves of Banneker.We know he hadspherical trigonometryenough to make almanacs, but not without the

suspicion of aid from Ellicot, who was his neighbor and friend, and never missed an

opportunity of puffing him. I have a long letter from Banneker, which shows him to have

had a mind of very common stature indeed."[26]

Later life, death and burial

Banneker never married. Because of declining sales, his last almanac was published in1797. After selling much of his farm to the Ellicotts and others, he died in his log cabinnine years later on October 9, 1806, exactly one month before his 75th birthday. Hischronic alcoholism, which worsened as he aged, may have contributed to his death. [27] Acommemorative obeliskthat the Maryland Bicentennial Commission and the StateCommission on Afro American History and Culture erected in 1977 stands near hisunmarked grave in an Oella, Maryland, churchyard.[28]

Mythology of Benjamin Banneker

A substantial mythology exaggerating Banneker's accomplishments has developed duringthe two centuries that have elapsed since he lived.[29][30] Several such urban legendsdescribe Banneker's alleged activities in the Washington area around the time that heparticipated in the federal district boundary survey. Others involve his clock and hisalmanacs. All lack support by historical evidence. Some are contradicted by suchevidence.

Plan of the City of Washington

While Andrew Ellicott and his team were conducting the federal district boundarysurvey, Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant was preparing a plan for the federal capital city(the City of Washington), which would be located in a relatively small area bounded bythe Potomac River, the Anacostia River(known at the time as the "Eastern Branch"), thebase of the fall line andRock Creekat the center of the much larger 100-square-mile(260 km2) federal district. In late February 1792, PresidentGeorge Washington dismissedL'Enfant, who had failed to have his plan published and who was experiencing frequentconflicts with the three Commissioners that Washington had appointed to supervise theplanning and survey of the federal district and city.[31]

According to a Banneker legend, L'Enfant took his plans with him after his dismissal,leaving no copies behind. As the story is told, Banneker spent two days reconstructing thebulk of the city's plan from his presumablyphotographic memory. According to the story,the plans that Banneker purportedly drew from memory provided the basis for the laterconstruction of the federal capital city. Titles of works relating this fable have toutedBanneker as "The Man Who Saved Washington"and "An Early American Hero".[32][33]
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In one version of the tale, Banneker and Andrew Ellicott both surveyed the area of, andconfigured the final layout for, the placement of major governmental buildings,boulevards and avenues while reconstructing L'Enfant's plan. According to this version,Banneker either "made astronomical calculations and implementations"that establishedpoints of significance in the capital city, including those of the16th Street Meridian, the

White House, the Capitol and the Treasury Building, or "helped in selecting the sites" ofthose features.[34]

A contemporary reprint of Andrew Ellicott's 1792 "Plan of the City of Washington in theTerritory of Columbia"

However, the legend cannot be correct. Banneker left the federal capital area and returnedto Ellicott's Mills in April 1791. At that time, L'Enfant was still developing his plan forthe federal city and had not yet been dismissed from his job. [35][36] L'Enfant presented hisplan to President Washington in August 1791, four months after Banneker had left. [36][37]

Further, there never was any need to reconstruct L'Enfant's plan. After largely completingthe district boundary survey, Andrew Ellicott began a survey of the federal city inaccordance with L'Enfant's plan. During a contentious period in February 1792, Ellicottinformed the Commissioners that L'Enfant had refused to give him an original plan thatL'Enfant possessed at the time. However, Washington and others, including Ellicott, hadin their possession at least one original and copy of various versions of the plan thatL'Enfant had also prepared. Andrew Ellicott, with the aid of his brother, BenjaminEllicott, then revised L'Enfant's plan, despite L'Enfant's protests. Shortly thereafter,Washington dismissed L'Enfant. After L'Enfant departed, Andrew Ellicott continued thecity survey in accordance with revisions to the plan that he and his brother had made. [38][39][40]

There is no historical evidence that shows that Banneker was involved in any of this. Theletter that Andrew Ellicott addressed to the Commissioners in February 1792 describinghis revision of L'Enfant's plan did not mention Banneker's name.[39] Thomas Jefferson did
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not describe any connection between Banneker and the plan for the federal city whenrelating his knowledge of Banneker's works in his 1809 letter.[26]

The U.S. Library of Congress presently owns a copy of a plan for the federal city thatbears the adopted name of the plan's author, "Peter Charles L'Enfant".[41] The U.S.

National Archives holds a copy of "Ellicott's engraved Plan superimposed on the Plan ofL'Enfant showing the changes made in the engraved Plan under the direction ofPresident Washington".[42] As an original version of L'Enfant's plan still exists, PresidentWashington and Ellicott clearly had at least one such version available for their use whenL'Enfant departed.

Appointment to planning commission for Washington, D.C.

In 1918, Henry E. Baker, an assistant examiner in theUnited States Patent Office, wroteof Banneker in the "Journal of Negro History": "It is on record that it was on thesuggestion of his friend, Major Andrew Ellicott, ...., that Thomas Jefferson nominated

Banneker and Washington appointed him a member of the commission ..." whose dutieswere to "define the boundary line and lay out the streets of the Federal Territory, latercalled the District of Columbia".[43] However, Baker did not identify the record on whichhe based this statement. Baker additionally stated that Andrew Ellicott and L'Enfant werealso members of this commission.

Historical evidence contradicts Baker's statements. In 1791, President Washingtonappointed Thomas Johnson, Daniel Carrolland David Stuart to be the commissioners thatwould supervise the planning, survey, design and acquisition of property in the area thatwould become Washington, D.C., in accordance with the authority that the Residence Acthad granted to the President.[44][45]The Residence Act did not authorize the the President

to appoint any more than three commissioners.[5]

As Banneker, Andrew Ellicott, andL'Enfant performed their tasks during the time that Johnson, Carroll and Stuart wereserving as commissioners, President Washington could not have legally appointed eitherBanneker, Ellicott or L'Enfant to serve as members of the "commission" that Bakerdescribed.

Other legends and embellishmments
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Benjamin Banneker cartoon byCharles Alston, 1943, claiming that Banneker had been a

"city planner", "was placed on the commission which surveyed and laid out the city ofWashington, D.C.", and had "constructed the first clock made in America".

In 1943, an African American artist, Charles Alston, who was at the time an employee ofthe United States Office of War Information, designed acartoon that embellished thestatements that Baker had made. Like Baker, Alston incorrectly claimed that Banneker"was placed on the commission which surveyed and laid out the city of Washington,D.C." Alston extended this claim by also stating that Banneker had been a "city planner".His cartoon further stated that Banneker had "constructed the first clock made inAmerica".[46]

In 1976, the singer-songwriterStevie Wondercelebrated Banneker's mythologicalachievements in his song "Black Man", from the album "Songs in the Key of Life". Astanza in the song states:

"Who was the man who helped design the nation's capitol, made the first clock to givetime in America and wrote the first almanac? Benjamin Banneker - a black man."[47]

The question's answer is incorrect. Banneker did not help design either theU.S. Capitolor the nation's capital city. The first known clockmaker of record in America was ThomasNash, an early settler ofNew Havenin 1638.[48]A known American clock was made in1680.[49] "Pierce's (Peirse's) Almanac of 1639 calculated forNew England and printed by

Stephen Day" preceded Banneker's birth by nearly a century.

[50]

In 2000, historians John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., wrote in the eighthedition of the book, "From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans", whosefirst edition had been published in 1947, that the "most distinguished honor thatBanneker received was his appointment to serve with the commission to define the

boundary lines and lay out the streets of the District of Columbia." The writers, whoreferenced Baker's 1918 article, stated that Banneker's friend, George Ellicott, was a
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member of the commission and that Thomas Jefferson had submitted Banneker's name toPresident Washington.[51]However, neither Banneker nor George Ellicott receivedappointments to serve on any such commission. George Ellicott did not participate in thesurvey of the District's boundaries or in the layout of the District's streets. Further, thereis no historical evidence that shows that President Washington participated in the process

that resulted in Banneker's appointment as an assistant to Andrew Ellicott on the Districtboundary survey team.[4]

In 2002, Molefi Kete Asante included Benjamin Banneker on his biographical list of"100 Greatest African Americans".[52] However, a reviewer of this publication stated:"More serious perhaps is the lack of more critical information on the peoples whosebiographies are presented." [53]

In 2005, actorJames Averynarrated a DVD entitled "A History of Black Achievement inAmerica". A quiz based on a section of the DVD entitled "Emergence of the Black Hero"asked:

"Benjamin Banneker was a member of the planning commission for ____________ .a. New York Cityb. Philadelphia

c. Washington, D.C.

d. Atlanta"[54]

However, no historical evidence shows that Banneker was a member of the planningcommission for any of these four cities.

Historical markers

Several historical markers in Maryland and Washington, D.C., contain informationrelating to Benjamin Banneker that is unsupported by historical evidence or iscontradicted by such evidence:

A commemorative historical markerthat the Maryland Historical Society erected on thepresent grounds of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park inBaltimore County, Maryland,states that Banneker "published the first Maryland almanac" in 1792.[55] In reality,Banneker modeled the format of his almanac after a series of almanacs ("The UnitedStates Almanack") that Andrew Ellicott had authored from 1781 to 1785. Ellicott hadlived in Maryland and served in theMaryland General Assemblyduring those years.[56][57]

Ellicott's almanacs were published in Baltimore, Maryland.[58]

Further, Banneker did not"publish" his 1792 almanac. Although he authored this work, others printed, distributedand sold it.[11]

A historical marker that theNational Park Serviceerected in Benjamin Banneker Park inWashington, D.C., states in an unreferenced paragraph: "Banneker became intrigued by apocket watch he had seen as a young man. ... The remarkable clock he constructed from

memory kept time and struck the hours for the next fifty years."[59] However, Banneker
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constructed the clock at the age of 21, when he was still a young man.[60] No historicalevidence shows that he constructed the clock from memory. Further, it is open toquestion as to whether the clock was actually "remarkable". Wooden clocks wereapparently constructed in America in 1715, and were in commercial production there by1745, eight years before Banneker completed his own clock.[48]

In 2008, when theNewseum opened to the public on Pennsylvania Avenue inWashington, D.C., visitors looking over the Avenue could read a historical marker thatstated:

Benjamin Banneker assisted Chief Surveyor Andrew Ellicott in laying out the Avenuebased on Pierre LEnfants Plan. President George Washington appointed Ellicott and

Banneker to survey the boundaries of the new city.[61]

Little or none of this appears to be correct. Banneker had no involvement with the layingout of Pennsylvania Avenue or with LEnfants Plan.[36] Andrew Ellicott surveyed the

boundaries of the federal district (not the boundaries of the new city) at the suggestionof Thomas Jefferson.[45]Ellicott (not Washington) appointed Banneker to assist in theboundary survey.[4]

Commemorative U.S. quarter dollar coin nomination

In 2008, the District of Columbia governmentconsidered selecting an image of Bannekerto represent the District on the side of a 2009 commemorative United States quarterdollar coin. The narrative supporting this selection alleged that Banneker was "among thefirst ever African-American presidential appointees" and that Banneker was "a founderof Washington, D.C."[62] After the District chose to commemorate another person on the

coin, the District's mayor, Adrian M. Fenty, sent a letter to the Director of the UnitedStates Mint, Edmund C. Moy, that claimed that Banneker was "a scientific genius whoplayed an integral role in the physical design of the nation's capital."[63]However, nopresident ever appointed Banneker to any position. Further, Banneker played no role atall in the design, development or founding of the nation's capital beyond his two-monthparticipation in the two-year survey of the federal district's boundaries. Additionally, theMayor's opinion of Banneker's intellect appears to have exceeded the one that ThomasJefferson had expressed nearly two centuries earlier.[26]

Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum,

Baltimore County, MarylandAparkcommemorating Benjamin Banneker is located at the former site of Banneker'sfarm and residence inCatonsville, Baltimore County, Maryland, between Ellicott Cityand the City of Baltimore.[64]The Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parksmanages the park, which was dedicated on June 9, 1998. The park encompasses138 acres (0.56 km2) and contains extensive nature trails. The primary focus of the park isamuseum highlighting Banneker's contributions. The museum contains a visitors center
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that features a collection of Banneker's works, a community gallery, a gift shop and apatio garden.[65]

A historical marker that the Maryland Historical Society erected stands on the grounds ofthe park. The marker replaced the last of three earlier markers that vandals had previously

destroyed.[66]

Benjamin Banneker Park and Memorial, Washington,

D.C.

A small urban parkmemorializing Benjamin Banneker is located at a prominent overlookat the south end ofL'Enfant Promenade insouthwest Washington, D.C., a half mile (800m) south of the Smithsonian Institution's "Castle" on theNational Mall.[67]The NationalPark Service administers the park and has erected a historical marker there. TheGovernment of the District of Columbia owns the park's site, which is inside of a traffic

circle (Benjamin Banneker Circle). The park, which was constructed in 1970, is now stopnumber 8 on Washington's Southwest Heritage Trail.[68] In 2004, the D.C. PreservationLeague listed the park as one of the most endangered places in the District of Columbia.[69]

The Washington Interdependence Council is planning to construct a monumentalmemorial to Banneker at or near the site of the park.[70] On November 8, 2006, theCouncil held a charrette to select the artist that would design the memorial. [71]

Benjamin Banneker postage stamp

On February 15, 1980, the United States Postal Serviceissued a 15 cent stamp thatillustrated a portrait of Banneker. An image of Banneker standing behind a shorttelescope mounted on a tripod is superimposed upon the portrait.[72][73][74] The deviceshown in the stamp resembles Andrew Ellicott's transit and equal altitude instrument,which is presently in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution'sNational Museum ofAmerican Historyin Washington, D.C.[75][76] The stamp is part of the Postal Service'sBlack Heritage stamp series.[77]

Notes

1. ^ Toscano2. ^ abc Corrigan3. ^ Bedini 1999, p.424. ^ abc Bedini 1999, p. 1135. ^ abText of Residence Actin ""American Memory" in official website of the U.S.

Library of Congress Accessed April 15, 2009.6. ^ Bedini 1999, pp. 118-121
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Enfant_Plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest,_Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest,_Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.#Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker_Circlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charrettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Corrigan_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Corrigan_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Corrigan_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Corrigan_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p113_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p113_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p113_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p113_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-residence_act_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-residence_act_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-residence_act_4-1http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=253http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=253http://memory.loc.gov/http://memory.loc.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Enfant_Plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest,_Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.#Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker_Circlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charrettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Corrigan_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Corrigan_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Corrigan_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p113_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p113_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p113_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-residence_act_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-residence_act_4-1http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=253http://memory.loc.gov/http://memory.loc.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-5


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7. ^ Boundary markers of the Nation's Capital: a proposal for their preservation &protection : a National Capital Planning Commission Bicentennial report.National Capital Planning Commission, Washington, DC, 1976; for sale by theSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

8. ^ Bedini 1999, pp. 132-136

9. ^a

b

c

d

e

Benjamin Banneker's Almanac, 1795inofficial website of PublicBroadcasting Service (PBS). Accessed December 19, 2008.10. ^ Fasanelli, Florence; Jagger, Graham; Lumpkin, Bea,Benjamin Banneker's

Trigonometry PuzzleandMahony, John F.,Benjamin Banneker's InscribedEquilateral TriangleinConvergenceinMath DL, The Mathematical SciencesDigital LibraryinMAA Online: official website of The Mathematical Associationof America" Accessed August 11, 2008.

11. ^ abTitle page of Banneker's 1792 almanac"inofficial website of U.S. Library ofCongress Accessed February 5, 2009. (Note: Obsolete alphabetization in theoriginal title page was translated in this quotation to alphabetization that was incommon use in 2009.)

12. ^

a

b

Bedini 1999, pp. 185-19013. ^ Phillips, p. 11614. ^ Benjamin Banneker's biography15. ^ Bedini 1999, p.19016. ^ Phillips, p. 11717. ^ Amendment 1 of the United States Constitutioninofficial website of the U.S.

National Archives Accessed April 15, 2009.18. ^ COPY OF A LETTER FROM BENJAMIN BANNEKER, &c. Maryland,

Baltimore County, August 19, 1791, in "Copy of a letter from Benjamin Bannekerto the secretary of state, with his answer. Printed and sold by Daniel Lawrence,

no. 33. North Fourth-Street, near Race. Philadelphia M.DCC.XCII. (1792)" inofficial website of University of Virginia Library Accessed February 2, 2009.

19. ^ Bedini 1999, p. 16320. ^ Image of page 8inCOPY OF A LETTER FROM BENJAMIN BANNEKER, &c.

Maryland, Baltimore County, August 19, 1791, in "Copy of a letter fromBenjamin Banneker to the secretary of state, with his answer. Printed and sold by

Daniel Lawrence, no. 33. North Fourth-Street, near Race. Philadelphia

M.DCC.XCII. (1792)" inofficial website of University of Virginia LibraryAccessed February 2, 2009.

21. ^ Image of page 10inCOPY OF A LETTER FROM BENJAMIN BANNEKER,&c. Maryland, Baltimore County, August 19, 1791, in "Copy of a letter fromBenjamin Banneker to the secretary of state, with his answer. Printed and sold byDaniel Lawrence, no. 33. North Fourth-Street, near Race. Philadelphia

M.DCC.XCII. (1792)" inofficial website of University of Virginia LibraryAccessed February 23, 2009.

22. ^ Armitage, David, The Declaration Of Independence: A Global History.Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2007, p. 77. ISBN 978-0-674-02282-9.

23. ^ To Mr. BENJAMIN BANNEKER. Philadelphia, August 30, 1791, in "Copy of aletter from Benjamin Banneker to the secretary of state, with his answer. Printed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Planning_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Planning_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-4http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h68.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h68.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/http://www.pbs.org/http://www.pbs.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-9http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=212&bodyId=81http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=212&bodyId=81http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=212&bodyId=81http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=212&bodyId=81http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=212&bodyId=81http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/http://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://www.maa.org/http://www.maa.org/http://www.maa.org/http://www.maa.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1792_almanac_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1792_almanac_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1792_almanac_10-1http://lcweb2.loc.gov/rbc/rbcmisc/ody/ody0214/0214001v.jpghttp://www.loc.gov/index.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_pp185-199_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_pp185-199_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_pp185-199_11-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-12http://books.google.com/books?id=LSkkCeq5R1AC&pg=PA114&dq=Columbia+Historical+Society+1917+Banneker#PPA116,M1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-13http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ba-Be/Banneker-Benjamin.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-15http://books.google.com/books?id=LSkkCeq5R1AC&pg=PA114&dq=Columbia+Historical+Society+1917+Banneker#PPA117,M1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-16http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/http://www.archives.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-17http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-19http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/banlett8.jpghttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-20http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/banlet10.jpghttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674022829http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674022829http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-22http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Planning_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1795_Almanac_8-4http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h68.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/http://www.pbs.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-9http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=212&bodyId=81http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=212&bodyId=81http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/http://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://www.maa.org/http://www.maa.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1792_almanac_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-1792_almanac_10-1http://lcweb2.loc.gov/rbc/rbcmisc/ody/ody0214/0214001v.jpghttp://www.loc.gov/index.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_pp185-199_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_pp185-199_11-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-12http://books.google.com/books?id=LSkkCeq5R1AC&pg=PA114&dq=Columbia+Historical+Society+1917+Banneker#PPA116,M1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-13http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ba-Be/Banneker-Benjamin.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-15http://books.google.com/books?id=LSkkCeq5R1AC&pg=PA114&dq=Columbia+Historical+Society+1917+Banneker#PPA117,M1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-16http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/http://www.archives.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-17http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-19http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/banlett8.jpghttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-20http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/banlet10.jpghttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674022829http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674022829http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-22http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.html


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and sold by Daniel Lawrence, no. 33. North Fourth-Street, near Race.Philadelphia M.DCC.XCII. (1792)" inofficial website of University of VirginiaLibrary Accessed February 2, 2009.

24. ^ "Jefferson's response to Banneker" in "Banneker's letter to and from Jefferson"inMathematicians of the African Diaspora, by Dr. Scott W. Williamsinofficial

website of the Mathematics Department of the College of Arts and Sciences of theUniversity at Buffalo of the State University of New YorkAccessed January 12,2009.

25. ^ Bedini 1999, pp. 163, 16826. ^ abcExcerpt from 1809 letter from Thomas Jefferson to Joel BarlowinBob

Arnebeck's Web Pages. Accessed January 12, 2009.27. ^ Bedini 1999, pp. 253-25428. ^ Benjamin Banneker markerinofficial website of hmdb.org: The Historical

Marker Database. Accessed August 27, 2008. Coordinates of Benjamim Banneker

obelisk: 391630N 764644W / 39.2749641N 76.778807W29. ^ Murdock

30. ^ Fasanelli, F.C., "Benjamin Banneker's Life and Mathematics: Web of Truth?Legends as Facts; Man vs. Legend", a talk given on January 8, 2004, at theMAA/AMS meeting in Phoenix, AZ, inlist of referencesforMahony, John F.,Benjamin Banneker's Inscribed Equilateral TriangleinConvergenceinMath DL,The Mathematical Sciences Digital LibraryinMAA Online: official website ofThe Mathematical Association of America" Accessed February 18, 2009.

31. ^ Plan of the City of WashingtoninWashington Map Society official website.Accessed May 2, 2008; Bowling

32. ^ Claude Lewis,Benjamin Banneker: the man who saved Washington, New York,McGraw-Hill, 1970. (author, title, publisher and date from website of U.S.Library of Congress)

33. ^An Early American Heroinwebsite of SuccessMaker Enterprise by PearsonEducation, Inc. Accessed January 9, 2009.34. ^ The ninth and tenth paragraphs of the "His Story" pageinofficial website of the

Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin BannekerMemorial (Accessed August 6, 2008), the fourth paragraph in the webpageentitled "Benjamin Banneker"inofficial website of Benjamin BannekerAcademic High School, 800 Euclid Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20001(Accessed August 21, 2008), the fourth paragraph in the section entitled"BENJAMIN BANNEKER (1731-1806)" in"Benjamin Banneker" pagein"ChickenBones: A Journal for Literary & Artistic African-American Themes"website (Accessed August 6, 2008), the third paragraph in the webpage entitled

Benjamin Banneker: A Brief Biography by K. Newbold inofficial website of theJames Madison Center, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia(Accessed October 23, 2008), the first paragraph in the webpage entitled"Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806)"inofficial website of the Brookhaven NationalLaboratory (Accessed August 8, 2008), the fifth and sixth paragraphs in thewebpage entitled "Benjamin Bannekerinwebsite of "The Black Inventor OnlineMuseum" by Adscape International, LLC (Accessed February 2, 2009),An EarlyAmerican Hero: Benjamin Bannekerinwebsite of SuccessMaker Enterprise by
http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-23http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/banneker-benjamin.html#bannekerletterhttp://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/banneker-benjamin.html#bannekerletterhttp://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/banneker-benjamin.html#bannekerletterhttp://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/specialhttp://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/specialhttp://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/specialhttp://www.math.buffalo.edu/http://www.math.buffalo.edu/http://www.math.buffalo.edu/http://www.math.buffalo.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Jefferson_letter_25-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Jefferson_letter_25-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Jefferson_letter_25-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Jefferson_letter_25-2http://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/ellicott.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeckhttp://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeckhttp://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-27http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5859http://www.hmdb.org/http://www.hmdb.org/http://www.hmdb.org/http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Benjamin_Banneker&params=39.2749641_N_-76.778807_E_type:landmark&title=Benjamin+Banneker+obeliskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-29http://mathdl.maa.org/mathDL/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=876http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/http://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://www.maa.org/http://www.maa.org/http://www.maa.org/http://www.maa.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-30http://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/wmslogo.htmhttp://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/washmap.htmhttp://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/washmap.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-31http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://www.loc.gov/http://www.loc.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-32http://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.htmlhttp://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.htmlhttp://www.successmaker.com/http://www.successmaker.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-33http://www.bannekermemorial.org/history.htmhttp://www.bannekermemorial.org/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/http://www.benjaminbanneker.org/about_bbahs/benjamin_banneker.htmhttp://www.benjaminbanneker.org/http://www.benjaminbanneker.org/http://www.benjaminbanneker.org/http://www.nathanielturner.com/benbanneker2.htmhttp://www.nathanielturner.com/benbanneker2.htmhttp://www.nathanielturner.com/http://www.nathanielturner.com/http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/era/african/free/banneker/bio.htmhttp://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/home.htmhttp://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/home.htmhttp://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/home.htmhttp://www.bnl.gov/bera/activities/globe/banneker.htmhttp://www.bnl.gov/http://www.bnl.gov/http://www.bnl.gov/http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/benjaminbanneker.htmlhttp://www.blackinventor.com/pages/benjaminbanneker.htmlhttp://www.blackinventor.com/http://www.blackinventor.com/http://www.blackinventor.com/http://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.html#readinghttp://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.html#readinghttp://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.html#readinghttp://www.successmaker.com/http://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://etext.virginia.edu/readex/24073.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/etext/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-23http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/banneker-benjamin.html#bannekerletterhttp://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/specialhttp://www.math.buffalo.edu/http://www.math.buffalo.edu/http://www.math.buffalo.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Jefferson_letter_25-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Jefferson_letter_25-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Jefferson_letter_25-2http://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/ellicott.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeckhttp://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-27http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5859http://www.hmdb.org/http://www.hmdb.org/http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Benjamin_Banneker&params=39.2749641_N_-76.778807_E_type:landmark&title=Benjamin+Banneker+obeliskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-29http://mathdl.maa.org/mathDL/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=876http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=569&bodyId=872http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/http://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://mathdl.maa.org/mathDLhttp://www.maa.org/http://www.maa.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-30http://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/wmslogo.htmhttp://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/washmap.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-31http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://www.loc.gov/http://www.loc.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-32http://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.htmlhttp://www.successmaker.com/http://www.successmaker.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-33http://www.bannekermemorial.org/history.htmhttp://www.bannekermemorial.org/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/http://www.benjaminbanneker.org/about_bbahs/benjamin_banneker.htmhttp://www.benjaminbanneker.org/http://www.benjaminbanneker.org/http://www.benjaminbanneker.org/http://www.nathanielturner.com/benbanneker2.htmhttp://www.nathanielturner.com/http://www.nathanielturner.com/http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/era/african/free/banneker/bio.htmhttp://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/home.htmhttp://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/home.htmhttp://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/home.htmhttp://www.bnl.gov/bera/activities/globe/banneker.htmhttp://www.bnl.gov/http://www.bnl.gov/http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/benjaminbanneker.htmlhttp://www.blackinventor.com/http://www.blackinventor.com/http://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.html#readinghttp://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.html#readinghttp://www.successmaker.com/


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Pearson Education, Inc. (Accessed January 9, 2009) and thebook by ClaudeLewis entitledBenjamin Banneker: the man who saved Washington, New York,McGraw-Hill, 1970, relate part or all of this urban legend.

35. ^ Arnebeck36. ^ abc Bedini 1999, p. 136

37. ^ Stewart, John (1899). "Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington,D.C".Records of the Columbia Historical Society2: p. 52.38. ^ Bowling39. ^ abEllicott's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city, in

which no reference is made to BannekerinBob Arnebeck's Web Pages. AccessedJanuary 9, 2009.

40. ^ Elizabeth S. Kite, "L'Enfant and Washington 1791-1792". New York, ArnoPress & The New York Times: 1970, (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1929, from "L'Enfant and Washington"inwebsite of Grand Lodge of British Columbiaand Yukon, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons (Freemasons) Retrieved January11, 2009.

41. ^ Library of Congress' copy of L'Enfant's Planinofficial website of the U.S.Library of Congress. Accessed August 6, 2008. The Library's web pagedescribing the plan states: "Selected by Washington to prepare a ground plan forthe new city, L'Enfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9, 1791, and submitted

his report and plan to the president about August 26, 1791. It is believed that thisplan is the one that is preserved in the Library of Congress. After showing

L'Enfant's manuscript to Congress, the president retained custody of the original

drawing until December 1796, when he transferred it to the City Commissionersof Washington, D.C. One hundred and twenty-two years later, onNovember 11,

1918, the map was presented to the Library of Congress for safekeeping."A copyof an oval in L'Enfant's plan that identifies the plan's author as "Peter CharlesL'Enfant" is inscribed several yards west of an inlay of the plan in Freedom Plazaon Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, in downtown Washington, D.C. The coordinates

of the inscription are: 385345N 770153W / 38.895845N 77.031286W42. ^In "Scope & Contents" page of "Archival Description" for National Archives

holding of "Miscellaneous Oversize Prints, Drawings and Posters of ProjectsAssociated with the Commission of Fine Arts, compiled 1893 - 1950", ARCIdentifier 518229/Local Identifier 66-M; Series from Record Group 66: Recordsof the Commission of Fine Arts, 1893 - 1981. Record of holding available fromthe Archival Research Catalog (ARC) of the National Archives and RecordsAdministration under the ARC Identifier 518229. Accessed February 3, 2009.

43. ^ "It is on record that it was on the suggestion of his friend, Major Andrew

Ellicott, ...., that Thomas Jefferson nominated Banneker and Washingtonappointed him a member of the commission ..."inBaker, Henry E., "BenjaminBanneker, the Negro Mathematician and Astronomer", The Jounal of NegroHistory, Vol. III, No. 2, April 1918, pp. 111, 112, inGoogle Books

44. ^ Hazelton, George C., Jr., The National Capitol: its architecture, art, andhistory, J.F. Taylor & Company, New York, 1914, pp. 2,3, inGoogle BooksAccessed April 21, 2009.
http://www.successmaker.com/http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://lccn.loc.gov/79092101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p136_35-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p136_35-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p136_35-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Bedini_p136_35-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-stewart-p52_36-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_38-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_38-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_38-1http://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/ellicott.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/ellicott.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/ellicott.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeckhttp://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-39http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.htmlhttp://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.htmlhttp://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.htmlhttp://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.htmlhttp://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.htmlhttp://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-40http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri001.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/http://www.loc.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenuehttp://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Benjamin_Banneker&params=38.895845_N_-77.031286_E_type:landmark&title=Inscription+of+name+of+%22Peter+Charles+L%27Enfant%22+in+inlay+of+L%27Enfant%27s+plan+in+Freedom+Plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-41http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/index.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/research/arc/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_ref-42http://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%22James+McHenry%22+and+Banneker&source=bl&ots=1NUn8UReSY&sig=gwkXxeUYNRP7V8VsHGMNXHrnC1s&hl=en&ei=pCDlSdKdOKaQmAe9jPHzAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA112,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%22James+McHenry%22+and+Banneker&source=bl&ots=1NUn8UReSY&sig=gwkXxeUYNRP7V8VsHGMNXHrnC1s&hl=en&ei=pCDlSdKdOKaQmAe9jPHzAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA112,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%22James+McHenry%22+and+Banneker&source=bl&ots=1NUn8UReSY&sig=gwkXxeUYNRP7V8VsHGMNXHrnC1s&hl=en&ei=pCDlSdKdOKaQmAe9jPHzAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA112,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%22James+McHenry%22+and+Banneker&source=bl&ots=1NUn8UReSY&sig=gwkXxeUYNRP7V8VsHGMNXHrnC1s&hl=en&ei=pCDlSdKdOKaQmAe9jPHzAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA112,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%22James+McHenry%22+and+Banneker&source=bl&ots=1NUn8UReSY&sig=gwkXxeUYNRP7V8VsHGMNXHrnC1s&hl=en&ei=pCDlSdKdOKaQmAe9jPHzAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA99,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%22James+McHenry%22+and+Banneker&source=bl&ots=1NUn8UReSY&sig=gwkXxeUYNRP7V8VsHGMNXHrnC1s&hl=en&ei=pCDlSdKdOKaQmAe9jPHzAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA99,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%22James+McHenry%22+and+Banneker&source=bl&ots=1NUn8UReSY&sig=gwkXxeUYNRP7V8VsHGMNXHrnC1s&hl=en&ei=pCDlSdKdOKaQmAe9jPHzAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA99,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%22James+McHenry%22+and+Banneker&source=bl&ots=1NUn8UReSY&sig=gwkXxeUYNRP7V8VsHGMNXHrnC1s&hl=en&ei=pCDlSdKdOKaQmAe9jPHzAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA99,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZX