Welcome to the Macramolecules

We are sixth hour!

What is a Macromolecule?

Macro- meaning ‘large’Molecule- two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

A macromolecule is a large grouping of atoms that composes living things.

Monomer vs. Polymer

monomer: bonds with other identical molecules to make up a polymer polymer: substance of molecular structure made up of monomers

Lipids!!! Yay!!Basic unit: Triglyceride, made from glycerol and fatty acids.Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Food: meat, cheese, butter, peanuts, potato chips, cookies, salad dressings, corn, vegetable oilsFunction: energy storage and cell membrane development.Related to the Human Body: provide energy, control the water in the body, boost the immune system, and move fat through the bloodstream.Fun Facts!!

-Lipids help the human body survive for days w/o food and little water!-Your earwax is a type of Lipids!-Steroids are a type of Lipid!-Lipids are in gum!

Structure of a Lipid!!

Saturated Fats

● Human body needs saturated fats● Single bond● High melting point ● Solid at room temp

Unsaturated Fats

● Human body needs unsaturated fats● Two or more bonds● Low melting point● Liquid at room temp

CarbohydratesBasic Unit: Sugar (monosaccharides and disaccharides)Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

CH2OH

Carbohydrates● includes sugars that are naturally in fruits,

vegetables, milk, and dairy products● provides energy for the brain and nervous

system using the enzyme amylase

Carbohydrates● There are three types of Carbs:1) Starch2) Sugar3) Fiber● All of them are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and

Oxygen. They are organized in single units. ● Sugar contains only two units, which makes it a simple

carbohydrate. Starches and fibers contain many units, so it is a complex carbohydrate.

● carbohydrates make up about 3% of a person's mass

● people eat small amount of carbs to lose weight

● starch is the most commonly consumed carbohydrate

Fun Facts About Carbohydrates

What atoms are they made of?

● 5-carbon sugar, which is either ribose or deoxyribose and it is made up of only C, H, and O atoms.

● A phosphate group● A nitrogen base, which is a ringed group of atoms with

nitrogen in the ring

What is the Basic Unit? The basic repeating unit for a nucleic acid is known as a nucleotide. A nucleotide consists of three distinct

chemical groups, 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-rich base: cytosine (C), guanine (G),

adenine (A), thymine (T) in DNA or uracil (U) instead of T (in RNA) and phosphate.

Fun Facts

● 60 words per minute for8 hours a day =50 YEARS to type the human genome

● Humans have appx. 1-4% Neanderthal DNA (Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals mated at one point)

● Strawberries yield more DNA than any other fruits and are octoploids, they have eight copies of each DNA chromosome

Structure● DNA:- Double Helix Structure- Two nucleotide strands consisting of a phosphate

group and a sugar- Four nucleobases: Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine,

Guanine

● RNA:- Single stranded- Composed of a phosphate group and sugar- Four nucleobases: Adenine, Cytosine,Guanine,

and URACIL

Nucleic Acids in Foods

But WHAT foods?!*Fish*Fruits *Greens and Legumes (asparagus)(legumes: a plant grown in a crop. Like beans.)

Nucleic Acid Functions

Nucleic acids are important because they make up genetic

information in living things. There are two types of nucleic

acid: DNA and RNA.

Important functions include:

● DNA passes down genetic information from parent to

offspring

● RNA is important for making new proteins

Nucleic Acid and the Human Body

The most common form of nucleic acids in the

human body is in DNA and RNA. These acids are

both needed to generate and maintain cell life. The

information for cell reproduction and energy

production is also contained in these acids.

Nitrogenous Bases

DNA:GuanineCytosineAdenineThymine

When DNA is changed to RNA through transcription the Nitrogen Base Thymine is replaced by Uracil. which makes the RNA pair Uracil with Adenine, instead of Adenine with Thymine.

RNA & DNA

● DNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid- Contains genetic info used in development and function of

all living organisms- Blueprint of biological guidelines that stores and

transmits genetic info- Double Helix Structure

● RNA: Ribonucleic Acid- Transfers code for proteins from nucleus to

ribosome- Adenine links to uracil, cytosine links to guanine

Proteins

What is the Basic Unit of proteins? Amino acids. Many amino acids come together to build a protein. They can make 4 different structures.

What is it made up of? Amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids. (ex. alanine,serine,proline) Some proteins are made of just a few and some are made of several thousands.

(amino acid- a simple organic compound containing both a

carboxyl and an amino group)

★ Protein builds your muscles, immune system, and organs★ immune system- protects the body from foreign substances★ Also builds the tissue in your body!★ Your body is 75 percent protein(when water taken out)★ 10,000 different proteins are needed for humans to survive★ Protein keeps you full and sustains your energy

PROTEIN- How does it relate to the human body? Let me tell you….

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PROTEINS GOT THESE COOL THINGS CALLED ENZYMES★ All the work in a cell is done by enzymes★ They help a cell grow and reproduce★ Enzymes are proteins made from amino acid★ An enzyme’s purpose is to allow the cell to quickly

carry out chemical reactions★ They are formed by stringing together hundreds of

amino acids in a specific and unique order, which then bend into a special shape which allows it to carry out chemical reactions

★ An enzyme acts as a catalyst for certain chemical reactions and speeds it up significantly

Protein serves as enzymatic catalysts, are used as transport molecules and storage molecules. In other words, proteins are used for structural support, bodily movement and defense against germs.

Protein is also used as an energy source.Protein builds muscle.

We’re all just out here tryin’ to function : The Function of Protein

Fun faCts about proteins!!❏ The protein contained in eggs is considered to be the

highest quality of protein out of all foods. ❏ Proteins grow, maintain, and replace the tissues in

our bodies. So, our muscles, organs, and immune systems are made of proteins.

❏ Protein is essential for life, it is crucial to all cells in the body.

❏ the word “proteins” comes from the greek word Proteios which means “primary” or “holding first place.”

Structure

Primary structure: the linear arrangement of amino acids in a protein and the location of covalent linkages such as disulfide bonds between amino acids.

Secondary structure: areas of folding or coiling within a protein; examples include alpha helices and pleated sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonding.

PROTEINS: Structure Cont. ★ Tertiary: contains a single polypeptide chain

(the “backbone”) with 1+ protein secondary structures. The interaction of side chains in a particular protein is what classifies its tertiary structure.

★ Quaternary: 3D structure of a multi-subunit protein and how they fit together. The Quaternary structure is stabilized by the same non-covalent interactions as tertiary structure.

Foods Protein is found in

● The foods that protein is found in are beans, poultry, nuts, seafood, eggs, seeds and those delicious piles of meat we call steak.YUMMM!!!!

● Proteins are large compounds made by combining smaller amino acids.

● Protein is used for muscle diets and have 4 calories per gram of (meat) protein.

● There are 20 amino acids used to build proteins.