Week 3: Class 1

ESL Level 6 Week 3: Class 1

• LLC, Bldg 6 Room 264 1:10pm - 2:10pm PDTIn the LLC, students can sign up for a FREE Rosetta Stone Advantage account and work on speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Recommended for Level 2 to Level 6

• 9/11 Tonight: Data Entry

• Class website: http://eslmountsac.weebly.com/

• 9/12 Bookstore open tomorrow until 7 pm

• 9/13 Wednesday: Modal test

• Make up CASAS test: schedule with me this week

• Writing Center tour Sept 18 7:00 - 7:30 p.m. Meeting in Room 15-55

• Unit 5 Modals of Certainty

Modal sentences

• Write 3 sentences

– Using past tense verbs

– using modals about your weekend

• Underline each part that shows PAST tense

• Ex. This weekend, I got two flat tires while I drove home from Santa Cruz. I should have checked before I left. I had to buy two new tires.

• Advice about past situations: Should have checked: should + past participle

• Strong neccesity: Had to buy: had to + base form (not past participle)

Unit 5 Modals Degrees of Certainty

Unit 5 Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty

• Learning Outcomes

• Make statements about varying degrees of certainty

• Indentify an author’s attitude in an article about cultural differences

• Identify main ideas and supporting details in an academic discussion

• Discuss possible explanations for various situations

Think. Write. Share

• Write down answers to these questions:

– When People say “Columbus discovered America”, what do they mean?

– What theories have you heard about who might have discovered the Americas?

• Discuss your answers with your table.

Read the article: Who Really Discovered America? Do exercises A & B Discuss: With your group, make a list of the phrases in blue

Modals of Certainty

https://learningenglish.vo

anews.com/a/everyday-grammar-may-might-

must-modals-certainty/2887387.html/

Modals of Certainty

1. In your groups, create 5 sentences about what happened, what is happening, or what will happen next in the image

2. The sentences can be past, present or future, but write sentences with different degrees of certainty

3. Write sentences onto post-its

4. Place your post-its on the appropriate sheet for the degree of necessity category

Example: He has got to move out of the way

North by Northwest

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIY7BQkbIT8

Modals Of Certainty

• Modals are auxiliary verbs

– Auxiliary-helping another verb by expressing a obligations, advice, expectations, and suggestions.

• Modal and Modal-like to express degrees of certainty

– The story might be true.

• When we are 100% sure, we don’t use modals. Ex. The story is true

More certain: About 90% ex. Must, has to be, have got to, can’t

Less certain: About 50% ex. Might, may, could, may not

Strong Certainty: Present

• Must The letter must mean something

• Have to The letter has to be the clue to the mystery

• Have got to She’s got to be hiding it somewhere

• Can’t It can’t be in this house

• Couldn’t It couldn’t be our only evidence

• Must not She must not be hiding the letter

– In questions, use could/might + base form

– We don’t use mustn’t with certainty: use must not (She must not want us to leave).

Less Certain: Present

• May

• Might

• Could

• May not

• Might not

– In questions, use could/might + base form

– We usually don’t contract might not and never contract may not

Strong Certainty: Past

• Must have

• Had to have

• Have got to

• Must not have

• Questions use can have/could have ex. Could that have been the answer?

• Can’t have

• Couldn’t have

– In past tense these suggest 100% impossible ex. That couldn’t have happened.

Less Certain: Past

• May have

• Might have

• Could have

• May have not

• Might have not

• Questions use might have/could have ex. Could they have found it?

• Could have + past participle has 2 meanings

– Missed opportunity ex. He could have gone with her, but he didn’t.

– Possible (degree of certainty) ex. He could have gone with her, I am not sure.

Strong Certainty: Future

• Should

• Ought to

Working together ought to solve the problem

Cleaning it should help it work better.

Less Certain: Future

• May

• Might

• Could

• May not/never

• Might not/never

• We may never know the truth

clips

• Future: Braveheart 1.18

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gr_OpFxCx-A