Allan Ralph Andrews, born September 13th 1939, Long Beach California, St. Mary’s Hospital, 4:03 AM, father Ralph B. Andrews, mother, Jean Thompson Andrews, now remarried as Jean Colaluca.

In an attempt to trace the ancestors of my mother, Jean Thompson Andrews, born Jean Thompson, of Hugh Monroe Thompson, father, and Mary Lingenfelter Thompson, mother, I discovered links to the Pyle family tree through the parents of Mary Lingenfelter Thompson, born Mary Lingenfelter to Henrietta Kennedy Lingenfelter and Benjamin Harrison Lingenfelter. Both Henrietta and Benjamin came from Missouri and there were a number of links to their ancestors in Missouri records. Henrietta was born Henrietta Kennedy to Judge Samuel T. and Lucretia (Smith) Kennedy. The Missouri Genealogy Trails website has an extensive biography section for Andrew County Missouri and the discussion of Henry Newton Kennedy gives the link to his father Samuel T. According to this link, Samuel was born on a farm in Fayette County, Indiana, September 29th 1830 to a farmer named John Kennedy, born in North Carolina of a mother with the maiden name of Charity McMichael,

also from North Carolina. Further links indicate that John Kennedy was born as John Bennett Kennedy 26 July 1782 in Orange, NC and died 31 August 1863, buried in the Cain Cemetery in Nodaway, Missouri. His wife, Charity was born 9 May 1790 in Guilford, North Carolina. John’s father is given as James Kennedy (died 1808 in Guilford) and his wife is given the maiden name of Elizabeth Bailelet, born 1752 in North Carolina. Charity McMichael was the daughter of Archibald McMichael, who died in Guilford 23rd of September 1818. Her mother’s name was also Charity. The James Kennedy link appears to connect to a Hugh Kennedy, born 1725, died 1814 and Catherine Hughes. This takes the Kennedy linage out of North Carolina and into Pennsylvania, where James Kennedy appears to have been born. Apparently Hugh Kennedy was born 1725 in Ireland and died in Mifflin, in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Hugh married a Catherine Hughes in 1746 in Pennsylvania, a daughter of Martin Hughes, born sometime in 1725 in Maryland and died in Butler County, Pennsylvania. Hugh Kennedy appears to be the son of Jane Gray and William Kennedy. William Kennedy was born in Charlesont Ireland in 1690 and christened 17 September 1692 in Dublin, Ireland. He married Jane Gray

on 3 November 1721 in Dublin. William ended up with land at the fork of the Youghiogheny and Monongehela rivers and lived there from 1773 till his death in 1793. Williams father, given as William T. Kennedy, was born in Scotland sometime around 1670 and apparently served with William of Orange in the “Siege of Derry and Ennis Killen 1689 Battle of the Boyne.” Notes available in various genealogical references seem to indicate that he married a woman named Ann and had a large family that included the William Kennedy that came to America.

One reference available on the web, “Bill Roy’s Genealogy Page” gives the following information on Hugh Kennedy, son of William and grandson of William T.. It claims that he came to America when he was only 17 and was disowned by his Presbyterian father for becoming a Methodist. This would explain the difficulty of tracing this line and the tendency for the children to wander, since religious affiliation was an important element of settlement at this time. Apparently Hugh served as a private for the colonial army of Pennsylvania in the Revolution in 1777 and 1778. It also states that

Jane Gray, mother of Hugh, died 9 September 1781, in Pittsburgh, PA.

But, Henrietta’s mother was Lucretia Webster Smith. How do you go about tracing that line? Fortunately Barbara Leimback did a very good job of researching the Ezekial W. Smith line and posted it April 2005. According to this source Lucretia Webster Smith was the daughter of John Payton Smith, born 5 December 1799 and Elizabeth Crittendon (1800 -1839). Lucretia Webster was born 1833 and died 1920. Apparently Ezekial W. Smith, Sr. was born in Tennessee 28 November 1806, son of Vincent Smith (1778 – 1857) and Anna Dolin (1775). Now there is a Bedford Tennessee Deed Book, page 334 12/11/1826 in which William Crittendon lists his heirs and one is Elizabeth Crittendon, wife of John P. Smith. Apparently William Crittendon changed the spelling of his name when he moved from Anson (Montgomery County) North Carolina where he was born in 1765. His father is given as William C. Crittenden of Essex County, Virginia and his mother as Sarah Lee. William C. Crittenden of Essex County is given as the son of Henry Crittenden and

Frances F. Upshaw, born in Gloucester County Virginia and died 9 November 1716 in Essex County Virginia, Henry is listed as the son of Richard Crittenden and Ann Forrest. Sarah Lee married William C. Crittenden in Virginia in1761, apparently, and died November 9th in 1766 in Montgomery, North Carolina. Among the Children of Henry Crittenden is a son born about 1708 (also named Henry) who was the father of John Lee Crittenden, who was the father in turn of John Jordon Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, Attorney General of the US, and Governor of Kentucky, another son Robert Crittenden, served as secretary and governor of Arkansas when it was a territory. This connection is probably the source of the family story that the governor of Missouri, Thomas Crittenden, was a cousin, since he was a nephew of John Jordon Crittenden, a very distant cousin of Elizabeth Crittenden Smith mother of Lucretia Webster. John Lee Crittenden, father of John Jordon, appears to have married Judith Harris, daughter of Obedience Turpin, daughter of Thomas Turpin and Mary Jefferson (sister of Peter Jefferson and aunt of Thomas Jefferson, President of US and Gov. of Virginia).

The Sarah Lee connection is also difficult to trace. Robert Lee gave a will that is in book I, page 14, Anson County North Carolina in which he gives items to his wife Sarah Lee and his daughter Sarah Crittenden, the date is 1766. This may be the Sarah Lee that married William C. Crittenden, the son of Henry Crittenden and Francis F. Upshaw and was the mother of William C. Crittenden, born 1765 in Anson County and father of Elizabeth Crittenden, wife of John P. Smith, mother of Lucretia Webster Smith. Apparently Robert Lee was the son of James Lee who died in 1732 (his will dated 14 January 1731 in Bertie Precinct, NC, proved in Edgecombe Precint, NC, November Court, 1732). Apparently he married a Sarah (Moore?), perhaps born in 1702 in Nansemond County Virginia, He was, apparently the son of John Lee of Liecaster England, born around 1670, and migrated to Nansemond County, where John is found in a 4/20/1694 land patent that gives him the right to transport 20 persons from England. John had 960 acres on the upper part of Nansemond County, East side of

Somerton Creek, beginning on a small island on the East Side of the Creek to the Northeast side of Cyprus Swamp.

These early roots in Virginia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania are difficult to trace, particularly when the mother’s line is what you are after. John Bennett Kennedy, appears to have married a Charity McMichael sometime in 1806 in Guilford North Carolina. She appears to have been born 9 May 1790 in Guilford. The family appears to have moved to Fayette County Indiana in 1825 and then moved to Rush County Indiana in 1834, finally moving to Nodaway County. Charity McMichael appears to have been the daughter of Archibald McMichael, who died in Guilford 23 September 1818. His wife was named Charity but there seems to be no record of her maiden name.

If the McMichael link is hard to trace, so is the Kennedy. Elizabeth Bailelet seems to have been born in North Carolina and to have married James Kennedy in 1772. The Family Tree Maker listings from Ancetery.Com list

the following children: Samuel Kennedy, born 22 of October 1775 in Orange County and died 30 April 1840 in Posey, Rush, Indiana. Mary Kennedy, born 29 December 1772, John Bennett, born 26th of July 1780, Jane, born 9 September 1788, Elizabeth, born 1 of July 1785, Nancy, born 6 September 1782, and Esther, born 16 March 1796. John Bennett married Charity McMichael, born in Guilford, NC, 9 May 1790 (1788) in Guilford. They had the following children in Guilford: Margaret, 30 March 1807, Zabiah, 8 Feb. 1809, Nancy, 3 June 1811, James, 26 June 1812, William S., born 18 Feb. 1813, Elizabeth Ann, 2 Feb. 1815, Archibald McMichael, 15 August 1818, Charity, born 7 March 1826, Sarah Jane, born 10 October 1823, and Samuel Thomas, born 29 September 1830 in Fayette County, Indiana.

Apparently Samuel Kennedy got a deed in 1808 from the heirs of James. These appear to have been Jesse Lynch and his wife Mary Kennedy, Joseph Ross and his wife Sarah Kennedy, John Kennedy, Betsy Kennedy, Jenney Kennedy, Nancy Kennedy, and Esther Kennedy, this land was now in Alamance County.

Joseph Ross appears to have died September 4th 1836 in Fayette County, Indiana. Sarah (Kennedy) Ross renounces her rights to administer the estate in favor of her son Samuel K. Ross. He seems to have had an interest in a store at Alquina, Indiana. Sarah appears to have taken a gray mare, a colt, a bureau, a cupboard, a clock, a black and white cow, a red pied cow, a trundle bed and bedding as her hundred dollar share of the estate, she also got a third part of the remainder which included 20 geese, a breakfast table, 12 sheep, a stew kettle, 8 acres of corn, a side saddle, a tea kettle, and other things of this type. This Sarah Kennedy was born to James Kennedy and Elizabeth Bailelet in Orange, North Carolina 24 September 1780, and thus is an older sister of my ancestor John Bennett Kennedy and an aunt of my Great Grandmother Henrietta’s father Samuel. There is speculation on the Donny Hamilton webside that Sarah Ross has some problems that make her unfit as a guardian for her children. It is indicated that Joseph D. Ross owned and “platted” much of Alquina between 1822 and 1825.

John Kennedy’s wife Charity was born in Guilford Co. NC. 9 May 1790 to Charity and Archibald McMichael. Archibald died 23 September 1818 in Guilford. His son Thomas (older brother of Charity, wife of John Kennedy) was born in Guilford in 1778 and died 30 November 1858 in Rush Co. Indiana. He married Nancy Ann Moody, born 28 January 1801 in Guilford, and died 5 August 1848 in Rush County (buried in Stanley Cemetery, Posey, Indiana. William (another older brother of Charity) was born 1787 and died 14 September 1848 in Guilford. Thomas and Nancy Ann Moody had a child named Charity McMichael who married Jesse Kelam in Guilford 28 January 1830, the marriage announced in the Greensboro NC “Patriot.” William McMichael marred Rhoda E. Pegram, died 3 January 1852. Both William and Rhoda are buried in the Methodist Church Cemetery at 6142 Lake Brandt Road. William McMichael died leaving five tracts of land including 45 acres of Haw River tract land that had belonged to his father Archibald. When Archibald’s wife Charity (senior, several generations of daughters were all named Charity) died in Guilford in 1829, she left her bible

to William and all of her beds and household furniture to her oldest daughter Margaret McMurrey (born 1781).

Jesse Lynch married Mary Kennedy 9 January 1792 in Orange, North Carolina. Jesse was born in 1752 and died in 1825. He was the son of Thomas Lynch and Hannah Schroeder. Thomas Lynch was born 1725 and died March 15, 1781 in Hillsoboro NC. He was the son of Jonah Jonach Lynch. Hannah Schroder was the daughter of Johah Ulrich Schroeder. Jesse Lynch’s father-in-law, James Kennedy, sold him 264 acres on Jordan Creek and Jesse was a witness for the quit claim deed that gave Samuel Kennedy land that had been James Kennedy land in Alamance County, following the death of James Kennedy (1808?). Mary Kennedy was the oldest of the daughters of James and Elizabeth, born 28 December in Orange, North Carolina.

Archibald McMichael Kennedy was a son of John Bennett Kennedy and Charity McMichael, an older brother of Samuel Kennedy. He was born in Guilford, North

Carolina 15 August 1818 and died in Rush County, Indiana, 3 June 1897. He married Henrietta Langston, 10 October 1820 in Union, Indiana. Between 1870 and 1918 (postings in the web indicate this), Archibald and his sons Emmett and Charles built over 58 covered bridges. Apparently Archibald took up the trade of carpenter in Rush County and moved on to Wabash in 1853, where he started building bridges as a source of extra money. In 1870 he built a two span covered bridge in Rush County that stood for more than one hundred years. In 1871, so it is claimed, he and his son built a 150 foot span in Butler County, Ohio over Seven Mile Creek. In 1883, Archibald was elected to the Indiana State Senate.

At a certain point keeping track of these relations becomes confusing. The Stanley Cemetery in Rush County, Indiana contains a number of Kennedy and McMichael graves, including Samuel Kennedy (died April 30th 1840, brother of John Bennett Kennedy) and Nancy McMichael Kennedy, (died Dec. 11th 1862, sister of John Bennett Kennedy’s wife Charity McMichael Kennedy) and Nancy Ann Moody McMichael (died September 5th 1838,

wife of Charity’s brother Thomas McMichael). Apparently the cemetery is the site of a church where John McMichael lived in a nearby house and served as the church janitor. John was the son of Thomas McMichael and Nancy Ann Moody McMichael and he and his wife Mahala Britton McMichael are buried in the Stanley Cemetery, here, along with many relatives.

The 1850 census has John Bennett Kennedy and his wife Charity and his son Samuel and his wife living in the same area as Ambrose Cain. John Bennett Kennedy had a daughter, Sarah Jane Kennedy, born 10 Oct 1823, who married Charles Leo Cain and had a number of children. Her daughter Margaret Victoria (age 2 months, 6 days) is buried in the Cain Cemetery in Nodaway County along with Sara Jane (age 6 months, 24 days). George M. and George W., also sons of Sarah Jane and Charles Cain are buried here. Jesse Cain and Martha, parents of Ambrose Cain are buried here along with his sister Mourncy Cain. There is obviously a relationship between the Cains and the Kennedy family at this point, but it is not clear what that is or what is going on. The memorial data on

Mariam Lowe Cain indicate that she was the wife of Jesse Cain and the mother of Mourncy, Nathaniel, Belthelmite, Griffith, Charles L. (1818 -1894), Lassel, Jesse, Shunamite, Mary, Bently, and John Cain. If she is the mother of Charles Leo as well as Ambrose and Charles Leo is the husband of Sarah Jane, daughter of John Bennett and Charity Kennedy, sister of Samuel Thomas, it explains their presence together in the same area and the use of both Cain and Kennedy of this cemetery. Some of the Cains would be son-law, daughter-in-law, grandchildren, etc. of Grandfather and Grandmother John and Charity Kennedy.

A history of Northwest Missouri published in 1915 and presented on a website for Andrew County, Missouri, has a section devoted to Henry Newton Kennedy, a son of Samuel T. and Lucretia Webster (Smith) Kennedy born November 25th 1855 in Nodaway County. According to this account, Samuel was fourteen when he arrived in Platte County, Missouri. According to the account, the area was mainly inhabited by Indians at the time. When he moved to a farm near Maryville in Nodaway County in

1850, there were no families between him and the town and only four families and a single store in the town itself.

Samuel apparently was a Methodist, Mason, and an Odd Fellow Lodge member. Apparently, Samuel was district deputy grand master for the Masons in 1873 and 1874.

He was elected chairman of the County Court in 1873.

His son was a successful farmer, according to this account, but a tornado took away all the buildings and trees July 13, 1883. In 1901, Henry Newton Kennedy moved to Andrew County on 320 acres, which at the time of the article, were graced by “a handsome set of buildings.” These included the “most up-to-date machinery and equipment.” His wife is described as a graduate of “Stanberry State Normal School” and as a local school teacher in Andrew and Nodaway counties.

This description of the situation of Samuel and his son Henry (Father and Brother of my Great Grandmother Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter) illustrates the fate of my Great Grandmother’s branch of my lineage.

Originally from Ireland, Scotland, and England via the Guilford area of North Carolina, arriving in the 1730s and 1740s, they found that the land nearest the larger rivers had already been claimed. Political positions and good schools were reserved for established families. If they could read and write in the old country, after a generation in the backcountry, their children had largely lost the ability to sign their own name. It was inevitable that they would quickly move on to new land in Indiana and Missouri, as soon as it opened up to settlement. Slowly they obtained training and schooling for their children and the land and equipment necessary for success in farming and local crafts, eventually achieving political and social positions of importance.

By the time my mother’s generation appeared, as far as the family members that raised me were concerned, teaching was a generally accepted occupation for women. Both my mother and her sister, Jean and Miriam Thompson, had teaching credentials, my Uncle, Victor Thompson, had a degree in microbiology from the University of California, Berkeley, and an MD from USC.

Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter’s son John Lingenfelter was an MD gynecologist that is said to have never lost a single mother in sixty years of practice at the Poly Clinic in Seattle, Washington.

My generation has carried this to the absurd. I am a certified public account, a certified clinical hypnotherapist, I have been a marriage family and child counselor intern for the State of California, a licensed substance abuse counselor and associate counselor for the State of Arizona, I have State of California Teaching Credentials in School Psychology, Social Science, Life Science, Physical Science, Agriculture, and Business, a Masters in Botany from the University of California, Los Angeles, a Ph.D. from Pacific Western, and I have received Teaching Fellowships in History at the University of Houston, Philosophy at the State University of New York at Albany, Biology at California State University, Los Angeles. I started teaching graduate students at UCLA at the age of twenty two and by the age of twenty four was Curator of the Herbarium of Medicinal Plants for the Department of Pharmacology of the School of Medicine.

I have recently retired at 68 as School Psychologist and Director of Special Education for the McFarland Unified Schools in McFarland, California.

The need to achieve all these titles seems to be a natural outcome of the influence of my mother and grandmother on my early development. The family’s experience in the Missouri of 1870, 1880, etc, convinced some family members that education was the solution to family social and economic problems. The result was that both of my Grandmother Mary (Lingenfelter) Thompson’s parents were college graduates and she saw to it that all her children were college graduates as well.

Another pattern that is interesting is the reaction of the family to the end of farming. By the end of the 19th century, family members were leaving the farm and moving to the city. The move to Seattle by Henrietta and Benjamin Harrison Lingenfelter was a major affair. Both Hugh Monroe and Mary (Lingenfelter) Thompson were graduates of Seattle High School, which seems to have been a good school at that time. But, Benjamin and Henrietta spend a lot of ministerial assignments in other

places, Tacoma, Helena, Montana, finally ending up in Torrance, California when it was still a small city. Hugh and Mary ended up apple ranching in the town of Selah outside of Yakima, where my mother Jean Thompson was born. They finally moved to Torrance and then Long Beach.

Both my parents, Jean (Thompson) Andrews and Ralph Andrews, were graduates of Long Beach Polytechnic High School and Long Beach City College. Long Beach was a major beach resort and naval base, a major port city. But, my parents could not seem to make up their mind if they wanted to stay there after I was born. The whole family, Hugh, Mary, my parents, my mother’s sister Miriam and her husband moved to West Los Angeles, around 1942, at the beginning of World War II.

Once the war was over my parents moved to a house in the orange groves outside of Ontario, California when it had a population of only 22,000. My aunt Miriam (Thompson) Gilbert moved with her husband Frank to

Encino in San Fernando Valley and my grandmother and grandfather, Hugh and Mary bought a hilltop in the valley in Granada Hills. They never actually moved there, but thought of raising chickens, per “The Egg and I” by Betty McDonald, a very popular book and movie of that period. So suddenly city was out and rural was good. This would be a constant theme in my family. Relatives were forever moving away from, or back to the city, away from, or back to the country. It has also been a constant theme in my life.

Just as my mother finally decided to settle down in North Torrance, a house a way from a dairy farm, I started moving and could not seem to stop. Long Beach State College, University of California Los Angeles, a teaching position in Western Michigan at Muskegon County Community College, a position in Johnstown New York at Fulton Montgomery Community College that saw me living on Caroga Lake in the Adirondack Mountains. Hunters taking aim at the rental housing I was living in and sharing my bathroom with large rats sent me back to

the city and to Miami, Florida to teach community college at Miami-Dade South Campus in 1968.

But, like my relatives, I could not make up my mind and the next year saw me back up at Johnstown, but this time buying my own house in town. That was when I married a college chemistry professor from Manhattan Island in New York, with hopes of actually living in the city. We compromised on downtown Schenectady, New York, where we purchased a very old house in the old Stockade Area, the historic part of the city on the Mohawk River. But that wasn’t enough, so the next year we were off too London, England. I was doing research at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and my wife and I were teaching science in the Kent County Council schools, till the religious discrimination, then in practice against non-Christian children, became so extreme that my wife and I left England in protest.

So that found us living in a trailer park in a swampy area north of Jacksonville, Florida till I got a job teaching college in tidewater Virginia, where we lived in an old farmhouse not far where my ancestors, the Crittenden’s

had lived two hundred years before. But, we could not make up our minds just where to stay, a few years later we were living in a the Park Wilshire Hotel on Wilshire Blvd, and then we were in Houston, Texas, and then Pasadena, California, then Richmond, Virginia, Portland, Oregon, and then back to Houston, and then back to Portland, and then we moved to Costa Mesa, in Orange County, and then Seattle, while I moved back to Houston, Texas, to play auditor for the Department of Defense. It was as if all the social and geographic and rural vs. urban indecision of my family had curled up in a giant ball and sprung right in my face.

The solution was a series of 12 step programs for various types of dependence and codependence that had built up as I attempted to escape the pressure of the continually tightening string. At first I could not slow down, soon I was back in Seattle, then in San Jose. In San Jose, I began training in hypnosis, and took a Masters degree in Marriage, Family, and Child Counseling, became a teacher, and then trained as a School Psychologist. Soon I was back in Long Beach where I had

been born, and I stayed in the general Southern California area for the next few years till I took a job in rural Kern County as a School Psychologist, and I have been living in Kern County ever since. I retired from School Psychology in 2008 and spent ten weeks doing School Psychology in rural Ohio in 2010. Otherwise I have been working as a graduate student in the Humanities, emphasis Art, at local colleges, particularly California State University, Bakersfield. Still working out the rural against urban dilemma and still trying to unwind the springs within.

Still dealing with how I had become something so complex and so tightly wound that I belonged everywhere and nowhere and I was spinning so rapidly at that point that I first entered 12 step programs, it seemed nothing could stop me. And yet, I was the natural product, as you can see above, of the forces that had created me, moving ever more rapidly, becoming overeducated, absorbing and processing more and more information.

In 12 step they tell you easy does it, keep it simple, first things first, if it works do not fix it, time takes time, its wanting what you have not having what you want that counts, its an attitude of gratitude, of surrender, of acceptance, that you did not cause, you cannot control, you cannot cure the addictive problems of others, but you need to focus on your own problems. Which is what I have tried to do. But, it is not easy. Gradually, my family has turned from farming and building bridges to teaching, being a doctor, my mother left teaching to become a Speech Pathologist, now I have become a School Psychologist. My Great Grandparents were preachers, brothers, fathers of preachers, I became a hypnotist, one step further toward mind control of others.

One of the things that becomes apparent in doing research on these groups of ancestors is the pattern that existed associated with occupations and religious institutions. Generally, Quakers associated with Quakers, Methodists with Methodists, Baptists with Baptists, and were buried in association with particular churches.

Samuel T. Kennedy is described as being Baptist. His son Henry is described as having no affiliation at all. Henrietta and Benjamin Harrison Lingenfelter were Disciples of Christ, Benjamin was a Disciples of Christ Minister, originally his male lineage came from Quaker ancestors. The Thompsons had been Methodists, Fredrick Thompson, older brother of Hugh Monroe, was a Methodist minister.

Generally, Jews and Christians, Catholics and Protestants, Methodists and Baptists and Presbyterians and Quakers, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Mennonites, even Dutch Reformed, within the Protestant community, kept apart. The Guilford area of North Carolina seems to have been largely Presbyterian, Quaker, Reformed, Baptist, and Methodist. The McMichael and Kennedy family appears to have been either Methodist or nothing much at all. They did not appear to fit in with the established families that had large numbers of slaves. Nor, initially, were they artisans that brought the kinds of skills that would work in cities. Where they were involved in cities, it was more for things like politics, judgeships, running a store,

selling land. They did not tend to be the mill operators, road builders, when they did get involved in building bridges in Indiana, it seems to have represented a new skill. They seem to have been more involved with horses, rather than boats, carts, or railway operations. So their big entrance into the urban world was when their men folk became preachers, lawyers, judges, doctors, when their women became teachers. And nothing seems to have changed much in that area from that day to this.

My position as a School Psychologist is sort of a compromise between my mother’s work as a School Teacher and a Speech Pathologist, my Uncle’s work as a Doctor, and my Great Uncles work as a preacher in a home for unwed mothers (My Great Uncle Fredrick Thompson of Tacoma, Washington). It is a further development and compromise of a process that had been working itself through the family history for some time. I am just another piece of tubing in the system it seems.

My other careers fit in the pattern also. I taught native plants for ornamental uses at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona in 1966. I taught Botany at Miami Dade Junior College South Campus in Miami, Florida, in 1968. When I was working as a teaching assistant and research assistant for the Department of Botany at the University of California, Los Angeles, it was still part of the School of Agriculture. This is not inconsistent with the farming background of my family and Grandfather Hugh Thompson’s work as a State Agricultural Inspector when he wasn’t apple farming or working for the local post office in Selah, Washington.

My Grandfather’s twin brother was a dentist. He had a large garden on property developed by my Great Grandfather Thompson in Des Moines, Washington. He and his friends and family had a good deal of knowledge of various varieties of fruits and berries. It is not surprising that my work for the Botany Garden and Herbarium at UCLA, caused the Department of Agriculture to offer me the position of curator of the herbarium of the National Arboretum in Washington in

1964, for at that time, Dr. Mathias, the woman I was working under in my doctoral studies, was considered one of the world’s leading taxonomic botanists, and the kinds of things I was studying were a natural development of the interests of my farming relatives and ancestors in the living things of the land and garden. Teaching about them was a natural development of the new interest of members of my family in State Normal Schools and teaching institutions. The University of California, Los Angeles, where my mother obtained her degree in education, her sister obtained her degree in nutrition, I obtained my MA in botany, had originally been a state normal school for Los Angeles.

The woman I was studying under, Dr. Mildred Mathias, had obtained her PhD in taxonomic botany in Missouri, at Washington University in Saint Louis, and she herself represented one of the many Missouri families that had relocated to Southern California. So everything was following its natural course. But, the problem for me was there were too many natural courses and too many

streams of energy were coming together in too many places and too many ways at once.

Part of this is caused by the effect of Southern California, on the Pacific Coast, San Pedro, San Diego, Long Beach, international ports, they attracted many different religions and cultures. My father and mother, Ralph B. Andrews, Jean (Thompson) Andrews, her parents Hugh Monroe Thompson and Mary (Lingenfelter) Thompson were attracted to the writings and the religious services of Ernest Holmes and the Institute of Religious Science and Science of Mind Magazine, now called “Centers for Spiritual Living.” Holmes described what he taught as a fusion of liberal transcendental “new thought” Christianity with Hinduism, Buddhism, Platonism, liberal Jewish thought, Daoism, Islam, etc.. God became a pantheistic infinite cosmic mind that was inclusive of all things, a Hindu Brahman, Buddhist Buddhamind, Platonist Hen One, boundless love and truth. It was German Romanticism, Berkeley, Fitche, Hegel, Kant, Alfred North Whitehead, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Jung, William James, Norman Vincent Peale, all wrapped up in

shiny paper. I took to it like a duck to water and I still am stuck in the same pond, head full of philosophy and science, my metaphysics not that much different than what I learned from listening to Ernest Holmes lecture every Sunday from his Theatre podium in Beverly Hills. It is not surprising that I taught Comparative Religion at several colleges, including an upper division class in South Asian Philosophy at the State University of New York at Albany in 1969-1970 as a teaching fellow, or that I have spent a good deal of time in the Thai Buddhist Temple in Bakersfield and the Tibetan Buddhist Group in McFarland, California. It is my cup of Buddhist tea.

I believe my Grandmother and Grandfather Thompson, both fans of Gandhi would have been in sympathy, I know Hugh Thompson would have been because we read Self Realization Fellowship books together, including “Autobiography of a Yogi.” He used to take me to the Religious Science Church in Hermosa Beach, which held its services in the barroom of the old Hermosa Biltmore Hotel.

Hugh Monroe Thompson was the son of the operator of a livery business in Seattle, Washington. According to my Grandfather, his father had practically a monopoly on livery services in Seattle and refused to convert to the age of the automobile because he thought automobiles were a fad. At some point the Thompsons had moved to Oregon and it was here that Hugh’s sister Mary would meet, and later marry, Alfred Clinton Gilbert. This marriage was significant because it would bring together two people, now the stuff of legends, Alfred and Mary Gilbert, that are the star characters in what is becoming an important seasonal American dramatic production, the play, and television movie, “The Man Who Saved Christmas.”

Alfred had an MD from Yale and was a Olympic gold medal winner in pole vault. He created one of the largest most successful toy manufacturing operations in the United States centered on a factory complex in New Haven that made electric trains (American Flyer), chemistry sets (Gilbert brand), fans, food mixers, mechanical building kits (Erector Sets), magic sets,

microscope sets, etc.. For a while his toy company was a legend at Christmas time, I and my Father Ralph B. Andrews visited the Gilberts for a week and toured the factory and grounds of the square mile of Gilbert estates in suburban New Haven in the summer of 1952, when I was 12. My aunt Miriam (Thompson) Gilbert married Frank Gilbert, a son of Harold Gilbert of Portland, Oregon. Harold was a brother of Alfred, which made Frank his nephew. Frank had studied engineering at Yale.

When I was two years old, in 1942, my Father went to work as a Bank Examiner for the Treasury Department and was sent to the Utah area. My Mother went to work in the Reiber aircraft plant (later Lear Jet). Frank Gilbert was an electronic engineer on the staff of the plant and my Grandfather Hugh was working as their purchasing agent. A job he kept until I was fourteen in 1954. The plant was on Pico Blvd. between Santa Monica and West Los Angeles and we moved to the Pico Blvd. area in West Los Angeles to be close to the aircraft facility. Reiber seems to have been making parts for electronic equipment in aircraft, but I am not sure, I was only two

years old. As a result my Mother and Father were living next door to my Grandmother and Grandfather Thompson and only a few blocks away from my Aunt and Uncle, Frank and Miriam Gilbert, and only a few miles away from my Grandmother’s sister Lois (Lingenfelter) Engle. My Uncle Victor Thompson had a room in the house, though he actually spent most of his time with the Air Force in India. My Great Grandparents, Benjamin Harrison Lingenfelter and Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter were actually living in the same house with my Grandparents. When Henrietta died, I was given her sick room as my own room.

At an early age I was exposed to technology, science, business, accounting, federal auditing. It is not surprising that I have California teaching credentials in agriculture, business, social science, life science, physical science, and school psychology, that I am a Certified Public Accountant and retired federal auditor (my father was a Public Accountant, and when he retired from his accounting business at the age of 84, Vice President of the Southern California Chapter of the California Society

of Public Accountants). All are influences that can be traced to experiences described above, and things that were happening to my family as a result of happenings in the world at large.

World War II brought the Federal Government and the Military to Southern California in a major way, as noted above. My mother’s favorite Aunt, Marty (Lingenfelter) Farman, (another daughter of Henrietta and Benjamin Harrison and sister of Lois and Mary) married a graduate of California Institute of Technology that would pioneer the application of new ideas in communication and meteorology to the Air Force, later becoming a decorated Brig. General of the Air Force on General McArthur’s Staff in the occupation of Japan.

Lois taught English in Torrance High School, later moving to the Los Angeles District and Brendo Junior High School, when she worked as a Counselor. She married John Engel, a brilliant mathematician and carpenter, who became the head of set estimating for the 20th Century

Fox movie lot. Lois and John Engel’s son John would major in Physics at UCLA and their daughter Jane would go to the University of California at Santa Barbara, later obtaining a doctorate in English and teaching at the University of Florida.

I remember watching Frank Gilbert in his West Los Angeles workshop in the back of his garage. He was making a telescope and a television set from a radar set sometime around 1945. I was five and thought this was were it all was at, this was the aim of human existence, to make to invent, to create new and better machines. When Alfred, Frank’s uncle produced his Atomic Energy set for children, I was one of the first to get one.

There I was about seven years old, with a Gilbert Cloud Chamber, Geiger Counter, radioactive Alpha, Beta, and Gamma ray sources and books explaining how they worked. The problem was that all this mental stimulus was too much and when I went to enter public school, I tested with an IQ over 180 and they refused to admit me

because they did not have the facilities. My mother educated me at home, and then in 1946, when I turned 7 they allowed me in the public schools, but insisted I start in the third grade. I can understand the problem, I was checking books out from the adult section of the public library at that point, and reading a Paleontology text and Charles Dicken’s Pickwick Papers.

As a School Psychologist, I believe we can make too much over high intelligence in children. My muscle coordination was no better than that of any other child my age and my interests were similar to other children. I had some great ideas, but putting them on paper was a terrible problem for me, and for any other child my age, sharpening pencils and getting pens and scissors to work is not easy for small hands. My class work from this period looks acceptable, but was no better than any other child attempting to do a good job for the teacher.

The real problem was the super stimulus of the times applied to an environment and a genetic system that had

just emerged from the wilds of colonial North Carolina and the breaking of the great plains to the plow. Everything creaked and groaned and shattered. But, we had just won a war and we were the military, moral, spiritual, and economic leaders of the Free World and nothing was supposed to be wrong. I remember when I first realized that there was something truly wrong. My Father, a Bank Vice President, a recognized social and business leader, was obviously not all there. He had started the breakdown process that would years later cause his hospitalization for paranoid schizophrenia, the system that existed at the time, was putting too much pressure on him, and on my family. We had become a weak point in the social web and we were unaware of it at the time, my brother, then about two years old would be the sacrifice to fix that disabled family system, when later he would commit suicide at the age of 38. I sincerely believe that the key to what was happening is given by Gregory Bateson in his book “Steps to an Ecology of Mind (Ballantine Books, 1972).” This book discusses systems and their problems and breaking points. We really are looking at overloaded systems and how the collapse.

But, at the time the collapse was hidden. In 1946 and 1947, my parents were living in Ontario and they were all over the society page, officers in the service clubs, Lions, etc., the business men’s club, support groups for the local YMCA, etc.. In the 1950 period, my Father had a large entry in Who’s Who in Commerce and Industry, and appointment to honorary positions in Mexico, etc..

Other relatives were doing well, with the husband of my Grandfather Thompson’s sister Mary in Who’s Who for his work as a toy company industrialist and a member of the Olympic and Yale University athletic support groups, my Grandmother Thompson’s sister Marty with a husband who was a Brig. General variously at NATO and the Pentagon. Dr. John Lingenfelter, Mary and Marty’s brother, was at the peak of his career as a successful gynecologist at the Poly Clinic in Seattle. Everyone seemed to be moving to better places. My Father and Mother were constructing a new home in a better section of Ontario. My Aunt and Uncle, Miriam and Frank Gilbert, were moving to a large new home in the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains in Encino. Even

my Grandparents where considering building on a hilltop in Granada Hills.

The boom began with new automobiles. We looked at new models of Hudson and Packard, Studebaker and Ford. There was the Kaiser and the Fraiser, and later the Henry J. Everyone needed new stoves and refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, toasters, radios, washing machines. Slowly televisions became more popular, they were originally American made and broke down constantly. The number of television stations multiplied and programs moved from local to national as the capacity to transmit signals progressed.

When General Eisenhower published his book, “Crusade in Europe,” it was a must read. I was devoted to its maps as if it was a bible, and traced them on to a huge map of the World that I owned that showed the major battles of the War. Indications that things might not be what we hoped came in slowly. We were upset to discover the damage generated by the atom bombs dropped in Japan.

When Gandhi was assassinated, it seemed to dominate the Movietone News, that we watched in the Theaters, before we could see the latest feature released from the animators at Disney Studios. The Berlin blockade and the rise of the Soviet block came as a terrible shock. An then the radio announcement that North Korean armies had crossed the frontiers and were invading South Korea, overwhelming the American units that attempted to resist them. We were shocked. I followed battles as children follow the achievements of local football teams.

We were solidly Republican. Hugh and Mary Thompson had been Democrat, but our house supported Dewey when he ran against Truman. But, it was not the kind of Republican you are familiar with today. We were Earl Warren Republicans and backed Warren totally when Eisenhower became President and appointed him to the Supreme Court. We were Lincoln Republicans. In 1952, before the Supreme Court decisions supporting desegregation, my Father took me through the South. He asked me if I understood why blacks had to sit in the back of the bus and the theater, he showed me the

effects of segregation and explained the discriminatory results of the Jim Crow Laws. He climaxed this by drinking from the colored drinking fountain in the State Capitol in Little Rock, exclaiming “Its only water Son,” as he did so. It became obvious that my Father supported Black Rights, Republican or not.

We were a pro-abortion rights Republican family long before it became fashionable to be so. We were not Bible thumping Christian Republicans, but strongly pro Evolution and pro freedom of speech. My third grade teacher was an outspoken Communist and Marxist and taught about the Russian Revolution in a positive way in my third grade class. My parents never had a critical word to say about this. For them, the progressive Governor Warren Republicanism of that time, had nothing to do with denying people their personal opinions, even at the Elementary School level. It was a very different world I grew up in, and in so many way more progressive and enlightened than the world of today. Yes, there have been some victories, but all seem

to have been at the expense of even more disastrous retreats.

It is understandable. America was put on a spot and too much was expected of it. There is only so much you can do with people that have emerged from the backwoods of North Carolina and Indiana in only a few generations, people with children that had forgotten how to sign their own names. Never in the history of the planet had their been a land with so much diversity, so much prosperity, so much hope, and so much failure. Miss Jones, my Communist Third Grade Teacher insisted on our singing America the Beautiful rather than the Star Spangled Banner, for our national anthem. She considered the Star Spangled Banner too imperialistic.

At the time it made sense. For the first time the country felt like it was “beautiful,” not just in one place, or region, but from “sea to shining sea,” one nation in ways that we had never felt before. We were welcoming Jews from the death camps and Europe and Japanese recently

released from the camps in which they had been detained during the War in the Western United States. For a while, my family banked at the Bank of Tokyo and we went to Japanese doctors and dentists and used Japanese lawyers. It was a strange new world.

But the changes came in waves as they had been coming from the time of the revolution. First the interior was opened up to settlement (during the lives of John and Charity Kennedy) and roads and canals opened up the backcountry (the day and age of Samuel T and Lucretia Webster Smith Kennedy). Then the steamboat and the railroad brought cheaper transport. My Great Grandparents (Henrietta and Benjamin Harrison Lingenfelter) lived in the later part of the age when the railroad was opening up the West, and my Grandparents (Hugh and Mary Thompson) in the age of electricity, telephones, and automobiles. My Parents times (Jean and Ralph Andrews) were dominated by the movies, airplanes, buses, street cars, and radio, the electrification of rural areas, the triumph of indoor plumbing. My age (Allan and Steve Andrews) was the age of television, of

nuclear power, of transistors and travel to the Moon. Each of these periods has seen radical changes, but the changes are building and multiply at an ever increasing rate of speed. The problem is that we have become too accustomed to this craziness. For five thousand years, prior to the industrial revolution, culture and society changed at a far slower rate.

One of the hardest things to deal with in my life has been the clash of the cultures. The old world of Judge Samuel T. Kennedy was dominated by an ancient bible based world view that was rooted in the Roman Empire and the learning of the Jews and Greeks. The world of my Uncles was dominated by a new age ruled by Science. But, my Grandmother and her sisters were interested in Art, Music, Literature and a culture dominated by classical values. Religion was influence by the transcendentalist and the philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson. These three pillars, the Bible going back to ancient Jerusalem, the Arts to the Renaissance and Florence Italy, Science fresh out of the local Land Grant colleges, were attacked

by new ideas out of war ravaged Europe, the Existentialism of Sartre and Camus, etc..

Initially, I ignored both the Bible culture and the Existential challenge, it was the integration of Science and Humanities that interested me, and that was the general tone of the instruction that was available both in school and college at the time. It was only later, in the 1970s that the war between the traditional world of ancient scripture and the modern world of Post-War philosophy and art would be matters of concern.

Even so the intersection of Science and Humanities, forgetting some of the more difficult baggage, proved to be far more difficult that it seemed. I published a very flawed volume titled “Love” in 1974 that was the fruit of my feeble attempts to locate some acceptable common ground. But, I was not the only one in my family with these problems. My Grandmothers youngest sister, Ruth (Lingenfelter) Jurich wrote poetry and was a newspaper journalist in Seattle, Washington in the period just before

and after World War II. Her writing attempted to probe the humorous aspect of the clash of different cultural forces. A pioneer in the Woman’s Rights movement and an Opera singer in the Seattle Opera, much of what she wrote and did has been forgotten, in part because of prejudice against her outspoken point of view. I visited the Jurich residence in 1948 when I was 8 years old, and again in 1952, 1954, 1956, etc. Ruth ended up having considerable influence on my development, including my interest in Poetry and Philosophy. She was a graduate of the University of Washington and continued the tradition that was developing in the family of educating women in the Arts.

This is so different from what happened in earlier periods. Ruth’s grandmother Lucretia Webster, lost her mother when she was relatively young. Lucretia’s mother’s mother and father are mentioned frequently in the dealings of William Crittenden of North Carolina. It was the tradition of the family that Grandmother Elizabeth was a first cousin of Governor Thomas Crittenden of Missouri. A careful look at the records, as

discussed above, seems to show that her father was a first cousin of a John Crittenden, who married a granddaughter of Mary Jefferson, the sister of Peter Jefferson, Father of Thomas Jefferson. It appears that Thomas Jefferson had correspondence with the uncles of John Crittenden’s wife and lived in her grandfather’s house when he was Governor of Virginia. John Crittenden’s sons were territorial governor of Arkansas (Robert Crittenden) and the Governor of Kentucky, Senator for Kentucky, Attorney General of the United States, John Gordon Crittenden, another son was the father of Governor Crittenden of Missouri. William Crittenden had a father named William who was the brother of John Gordon Crittenden’s grandfather Henry Crittenden (thus making Lucretia’s great grandfather William the great uncle of John Gordon, the Kentucky Governor). Finally, her great great grandfather, Henry was the great grandfather of Gov. John Gordon and the great great grandfather of Gov. Thomas Crittenden of Missouri. But, Lucretia would also be aware of how unimportant women were considered to be in this whole system. When it came to politics, women could be ignored because they lacked the right to vote. Lucretia’s

maternal grandmother was considered to be so unimportant that no one bothered to record her name.

Now comes a subject I have visited several times before and will attempt to get right again. The difficulty I am having with this subject is a difficulty that people had with the subject and the time. Let us try again. There is an Anson County North Carolina will, dated 6 March 1808, in which a Thomas Presley leaves 125 acres of land to his wife Sarah Presley and makes his “true and trusty friend William Crittenden” one of his executors. Elizabeth Crittenden was born 1 June 1800 in Montgomery, North Carolina and died 18 Aug. 1839 in Platte Co. Mo. She would have been 7 years old at the time the will was written. In the Deed Bk. BB pg 334, 12/11/1826 Bedford Co, TN Deed list William Crittendon heirs as: John, wife of John Wagster, wife of Lorenzo D. Whitmorth, Shelby B. Crittenden, Mary wife of Robert Thogmorton, and Elizabeth wife of John P. Smith, William and Joel Crittenden. In a 2/8/1827—2 deeds where William Crittenden gives daughters Mary Throgmorton and Elizabeth Smith, slaves for their lifetime (per

rootsweb.ancestry.com). Rootsweb gives William C. Crittenden as the son of Sarah Lee, daughter of Robert Lee. It gives his birth as 1765 in Anson (Montgomery Co.) North Carolina. That would make him around 35 at the birth of Elizabeth and 43 at the time of the 1808 will and around 71 at the time of the deeds described above. Other sources list him as the son of William C. Crittenden born 1716 and died 1790, this William the son of Henry Crittenden, born 1675 and died 19 Nov 1766 and Frances F. Upshaw, born 1680 and died 15 Dec. 1741. According to this source (wikitree.com), William’s mother Sara Lee was born in 1735 and died 9 Nov. 1766. William, husband of Sara Lee, had a brother named Henry who was the father of a Major John Crittenden born 24 Aug 1742 and died 19 Nov 1800. He was married twice, first to Anne Obedience Turpin, daughter of Tomas Turpin, and Mary Jefferson (President Thomas Jefferson’s aunt). This marriage produced Henry Crittenden, father of Governor Thomas Crittenden of Missouri, and then to the 13 year old Judith Harris whose relationship to Ann Obedience is not clear (daughter, niece?), this marriage to a 13 yearold girl produced Governor John Jordan Crittenden Governor of Kentucky, Senator from

Kentucky, Attorney General of the United States, and Robert Crittenden, territorial secretary and governor of the territory of Arkansas. William husband of Sara Lee would have been the uncle of Major John Crittenden and the great uncle of Henry and Robert and John Jordan, which would make John Crittenden a cousin of William father of Elizabeth, and a second cousin of Elizabeth. Now this may or may not revise what I have said previously, and do not be surprised if I revise it all again. Truth is no one knows for sure and I am not certain they even knew for sure at the time. But, this has a certain importance. Thomas Jefferson was Governor of Virginia and President of the United States. He lived in the Turpin house when he was Governor. John Jordan was a very important figure in the nation, several times Attorney General of the US. Jefferson corresponded at times with the brothers of Obedience Turpin, wife of John Crittenden cousin of Elizabeth, nephew of her father. It explains why this cousin issue was so important for the children of Elizabeth and why it would be important for Lucretia when the son of Henry son of John by the mother of his second wife should show up as governor of

her state (Missouri) at a point where her husband was in politics.

The Lee issue is another problem. There were two prominent Lee families that may, or may not, have been related. William married into one, Robert Lee of North Carolina, and the grand children of William’s brother Henry became connected with another when John Jordon Crittenden married a distant relative of Robert. E. Lee, the confederate general. This is brought up on page 4 of the Wikipedia discussion of the Lee family in discussing how many Lees were generals in the civil war. They mention George B. Crittenden, who was a general for the CS, and Thomas Leonidas Crittenden, a general for the US, and the article says that their mother Sarah O. Lee was a great great great granddaughter of the original Richard Lee, founder of the Lee clan of Virginia and Maryland. Of course it does not mention that they are also great great grandchildren of Henry Crittenden, the great grandfather of Elizabeth Crittenden.

What becomes clear here is some strange ways of using women, like the thirteen year old granddaughter of Jefferson’s aunt that married Maj. Crittenden. His son John Jordan does not seem to treat women much better, going through a number of wives in addition to Sarah Lee. You have many problems here. What happened to the Sarah Lee that was married to William when he died? There is some indication that she may have married Thomas Presley mentioned in the Thomas Presley will is Elizabeth Crittenden’s grandmother. But the mother’s name does not appear here, or does not seem to. William has a number of children, Jane in 1787, John in 1790, William F. in 1793, Mary B. in 1794, Elizabeth in 1800, Sarah in 1804, Joel in 1805, Shelby B. in 1811. This would mean that the mother was alive and living with William when the Presley Will was written in 1808.

Apparently this Presley family is the ancestor of a number of people including Senator Helms of North Carolina and President Carter, the older branch of the family traces down to Elvis Presley. One family tree indicates that a woman named Culpepper was the

mother of the older Presleys and the Sarah Lee that is William’s mother is currently Thomas Presley’s wife at the time of the 1808 will and is the mother of the four girls born after 1770. Perhaps date of death for William sr. is incorrect and is not 1790. If this is the case, than Thomas Presley may be the stepfather that raised William jr. There is a deed from 1761 to William Crittenden witnessed by Robert Lee, father of Sarah Lee. There are others from 1767, 1765, 1764, 1762, 1761, 1758, etc. It is possible that he died before 1770.

Allan Ralph Andrews, Bakersfield, CA May 5th 2012

Apparently the family was forever fighting the Civil War. It is known that Crittenden’s were on both sides, as shown above. There appears to have been a need for the family to suppress its Southern ties once the South lost and slavery was over. Even though her Father willed her a slave, Elizabeth named her daughter Lucretia Webster after a Northern Senator, making it obvious which side she was taking on these issues. John Gordon

Crittenden, while a Senator from Kentucky, and Elizabeth’s distant cousin, was working for some compromise. These issues show up again and again in the stories of their day and it is difficult for our generation to understand how significant they were at the time.

One major reference I use for understanding these times is “Sixty Years in Southern California, 1853 -1913,” by Harris Newmark, 4th Ed, edited by Maurice H. and Marco R. Newmark, published by Zeitlin and Ver Burgge, in 1970. These are the reminiscences of a practicing Hebrew, born in Loebau, West Prussia, 5th of July, 1834. Harris Newmark’s brother, J. P. Newmark had arrived in San Francisco May 6th 1851 and wrote a letter asking Harris to join him in California. Harris arrived in San Francisco 16 October 1853. He writes about great quantities of sand that was blown into the city and required constant efforts to remove. He reports there were no sidewalks and there were many saloons and gambling houses. There was no stage connection to Los Angeles at the time, so Newmark was force to take the

steamer Goliah south. There were no wharves and passengers got off in small boats according to Newmark (p. 22). Newmark was taken from San Pedro to Los Angeles in a very primitive stage over terrible roads. Newmark describes thousands of ground squirrels watching as he passed ranch houses with strings of beef hanging over fences to dry. Los Angeles was approached then on a narrow road bordered by vineyards and willow trees. He notes that the population of Los Angeles of the time consisted of 3700 mission Indians and 4000 non-Indians (p. 25) at that many of these had gotten drunk in the wine harvest. Newmark boarded at the Bella Union Hotel and worked as a clerk for his brother.

In 1853, Governor John Gordon Crittenden, great grandson of Henry Crittenden, son of John Crittenden and Judith Harris, who was the granddaughter of Mary Jefferson, the Judith Harris who married John at the age of thirteen, son John Gordon Crittenden was finishing out a term as Attorney General of the United States, having been appointed by President Millard Fillmore in 1850, he had received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Harvard in

1851, and served as acting Secretary of State during the illness of Daniel Webster, issuing a warning to Britain and France not to interfere in the question of Cuban Independence, now, finishing up his term as Attorney General, he had married his third wife, February 27, 1853 and was elected Senator from Kentucky to replace Henry Clay upon his death.

Lucretia Webster Smith, daughter of John Payton Smith and Elizabeth Crittenden (great granddaughter of the same Henry Crittenden discussed above), had married Samuel Thomas Kennedy on the 14th of July 1850. They had moved to Nodaway County, Missouri on a farm near Maryville at time when it had only four families and a store, as discussed above. Seven of the children of James and Elizabeth Kennedy of Orange County North Carolina were still alive at this point including Mary Kennedy, Sarah Kennedy, John Bennett Kennedy, Elizabeth Kennedy, Jane Kennedy, Nancy Kennedy, and Esther Kennedy. It would be ten years before their tombstones would start to appear in the Cain Cemetery in Nodaway County. Hiram Smith, brother of John Payton Smith and

uncle of Lucretia died on the way back to California in September of 1852. Her other uncle Ezekiel had died of cholera 28 May 1849. William McMichael, brother of Charity McMichael had died in Guilford 14 Sept 1848 and his wife Rhoda had died 3 Jan. 1852 and was buried near William in Guilford. Elizabeth Crittenden, Lucretia’s mother had died August 18th 1839 and her father, John Payton Smith had died August 23rd 1841 when she was 8. She had brothers and sisters living in Missouri, William Vinson Smith, born August 25th 1819, Jane Catherine Smith, born January 17 1828, Mary Ann Smith, born 1823, it is not clear who she lived with before she married Samuel Kennedy.

Back in North Carolina, the textile industry was booming. Mills were being set up on the Haw River and Great Alamance Creek, where James and Elizabeth Kennedy had owned land. Edwin Holt built the Alamance Cotton Factory which was manufacturing cotton fabrics on power looms by 1837.

But, I am focusing at this point on Jean (Thompson) Andrews, and her mother Mary (Lingenfelter) Thompson, and her mother Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter, and her mother Lucretia Webster (Smith) Kennedy because I am concerned about my maternal inheritance and its crash landing into Southern California and Los Angeles in the years preceding and subsequent to my birth. To look at this crash landing, I need to look at the force (my maternal inheritance) and the immovable object (Los Angeles County and Southern California in 1939).

Strange as it may seen, outside of all sorts of windy speeches made by distant Crittenden cousins in an attempt to save the Union, I know very little about the force and it appears I will have to go elsewhere to understand it, places like “The Evolution of Man and Society.” by C. D. Darlington, for example. At least Newmark gives me some local detail on the Los Angeles end of the crash landing of my family (but more details on that later).

Harris Newmark is eating at a restaurant operated by a French man named La Rue. The restaurant had a dirt floor with tables covered by dirty tablecloths. According to Newmark, killings were frequent in Los Angeles at the time (p. 31), perhaps twenty or thirty a month. He remembers much alcohol of all kinds and much music, mainly harp and guitar. Newmark’s brother was dealing in dry goods and clothing. There were no sidewalks or graded streets and mud and dust could pile up to several feet in depth (p. 34). Trash was disposed of in the street. Light came from candles and candles in lanterns.

Now what is interesting here is how similar situations are in California and elsewhere. At this point in the development of America there are still large numbers of Indians. Emigrants are arriving from everywhere without any real control over entrance to the country. Things are changing constantly as new technology and new skills enter the area.

A history of Nodaway County notes that it has a rich soil that is good for growing corn, winter wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, hemp, flax, millet, sorghum and blue grass. Cattle and hogs are listed as important. A Thomas Adams built a cabin in a grove of Burr Oak in 1840 and lived there till 1849. In the same year a John Mozingo and his two sons build a cabin and set up a farm. John Trosper built a cabin that was 14 ft by 14 ft and a chimney made of notched poles, mortar, and mud, he planted apple and cherry trees, leaving for Kansas in 1860. The Lanham brothers came in 1841 and William Saunders in 1846. John Jackson came in 1843 and was treasurer of the County form 1845 to 1849.

The history says that the settlers went to Liberty, Clay County to obtain anything of importance, like flour. It took about eight days to go there with an ox team, with two or three yokes to a wagon. Neighbors might go together and sleep in the wagon and kill game to eat on the way. In 1841 there was only one corn cracker in Andrew County, another mill was built in Andrew County in 1842 and another in 1843. A fourth mill, on the

Nodaway River was built by Erastus Downling and A. Terhune. It took two years to build and the irons for it had to be brought in from St. Louis. Downling was a blacksmith and forged the iron needed for the mill. In 1851, Terhune sold out to Downling and bought out the mill of Hiram Lee. Lee had put a log about eighty feet long across a stream and then had added brush and rock to make a dam. The mill wheel was a wooden tub wheel and the mill was able to grind 15 bushels of corn a day, but it was all washed away by a flood in the spring of 1852. Terhune put up a frame structure to operate a grist and a saw mill. In the fall of 1852, ice came down the Nodaway and caused the river to rise and wash out an eight foot channel around the end of the dam. Terhune fixed the problem and sold out to Rankin Russell in 1853.

Similar primitive conditions existed in Los Angeles at this time. Newmark notes that water was carried in a huge ditch from the Los Angeles River and that the adobe brick house were roofed with tar from the La Brea tar pits.

As mentioned above, roads were terrible and there were no stage connections with San Francisco.

In Guilford County North Carolina, the Fayetteville and Western Plank Road, brought the world longest road of its kind into Guilford County. It was 129 miles long and stretched from Bethania to Fayetteville. The railroad would not arrive till 1856.

Most of the Kennedys and McMichaels seem to have been back in Rush County Indiana. The grave of Mahala McMichael, wife of John McMichael had been placed in what would become the Stanley Cemetery upon her death August 20th 1847. Joseph D. Ross had married Sarah Kennedy, daughter of James P. Kennedy and Elizabeth, sister of John Bennett Kennedy, aunt of Samuel T. Kennedy.

The 1850 US Census for Jennings Township, Fayette County, Indiana, site of the city of Alquina gives the following per ancestry,com: Henry J. Ross, age 31, farmer, born NC, Arvarilla Ross, age 35, born KY, Greenberry Ross, age 8, born IN, John Madison Ross, Age 5, born IN, Martin K. Ross, Age 1, born IN, Sarah Ross,

Age 62, born NC, Jane Kennedy, age 50, born NC. The next house has: William D. Ross, age 28 Farmer, NC, Adaline, Age 25, IN, William M., Age 8, b. IN, James A., Age 6, b. IN, Elizabeth, Age 4, born IN, Malinda, Age 2, b., IN.

The Hartsell family was living nearby just over the border from the Jennings township in 1850. Their descendents have a website which gives information on the living conditions in Indiana in 1850. Families were living in two and three room cabins with no schools nearby. Instead of a sink there is a bowl on a table. You bathe once a week. There would be no railroad through this area till 1856. The first railroad came to Chicago in 1851. As the railroad came south, stations were set up with water tanks and windmills every 10 miles, according to this website.

As stated above, Samuel T. Kennedy had moved from Indiana to Missouri and was now living in Maryville, having just married Lucretia Webster Smith. Living nearby was Ambrose Cain.

My favorite history of England, is the “Victorian Age, 1815 -1914” by R. J. Evans, Edward Arnold, 1950. It was my college text when I took “British History in the Victorian Age” at Long Beach State College (Now California State University) in 1959. According to this text, the old Duke of Wellington died September 14th 1852. The general election of 1847 had given strength to the Whig party. Peel, one of the great leaders of the British Parliament had died as a result of a fall from a horse in 1850. A Great Exhibition had been held in 1851. This was the source of the “Crystal Palace,” a great building in London, England made of plate glass (invented in 1848) and wrought iron. It was a tremendous success, filled with 14,000 exhibitors showing off British industry and commerce, but it does not seem to have solved the government’s popularity problem. Arguments between the Queen and the Prince Consort and growing differences between Russell and Palmerston (both major leaders in the Parliament of their day) had resulted in the resignation of the government and the formation of government by Derby, on invitation of the Queen. A general election held in July of 1852 resulted in a Parliament with no clear leadership.

Another favorite text of mine is Carlton J. H. Hayes, “A Political and Social History of Modern Europe, Volume II, revised edition, 1815-1924,” Macmillan, 1931. This text discusses how Prince Louis Napoleon came up with a document calling for the dissolution of the French Assembly. Things were even worse in Ireland, according to Hayes. Ireland’s wool industry had been ruined by British legislation and its Catholic population impoverished by land owning Protestants from England. The diet of these poor was mainly potatoes and terrible famines resulting from diseases of potato plants had caused one out of five to die in 1739 and for many to come to America in the famine of 1846, reducing the Irish population from eight million in 1845 to six and a half in 1851 (see op. cit. p.321). Samuel Kennedy’s ancestors, Hugh Kennedy, and possibly the McMichaels as well, appear to have arrived in America, in the year just after the 1739 famine. Now another famine was driving more Irish to the United States. When the Irish landlords did not receive their rents from their starving peasant tenants, they evicted them. The tenants

revolted in 1848 and formed a Tenant-Right League in 1850. But there was no immediate improvement in their condition. This was the period in which Guiseppe Garibaldi was fighting in support of Italian independence from foreign domination. In 1849 he had supported Mazzini’s “Roman Republic.” When that failed, he came to New York and made enough money as a candle-maker and “trading skipper” to return to Italy in 1854 and buy the island of Caprera (op. cit. p. 166). The United States was obviously a land of fortune for some in this period.

The general liberal tone of the foreign policy of France and England, at least in comparison with Russia, Germany, and Austria, had been supported by a friendship between Aberdeen, who ran the British Foreign Office from 1841 -1846, and his French counter-part, Guizot (see Evans, p. 127). Great Britain absorbed New Zealand in 1840 resulting in a dispute over Tahiti, which the French took in 1843. By 1845, Aberdeen and Guizot were able to agree on an end to the slave trade in Africa. But, Palmerston took Aberdeen’s place in 1846. Aberdeen was responsible for the Ashburton Tready of

1842 and the Orgeon Tready of 1846, which established the current boundary of Canada and the United States. Palmerston supported the Swiss and encourage the establishment of the current Swiss union. 1848 saw a series of revolutionary changes in Europe and Palmerston supported an independent Italy the removal of Austrian influence. Palmerston received the support of Parliament in his activities in spite of the distrust of the Queen. He ignored her complaints and, thus, he helped set up the tradition of modern British foreign policy coming totally from the Prime Minister and his Foreign Secretary. This process had been in play for some time, but Palmerston gave it new strength. When Derby became Prime Minister, he made Lord Malmesbury Foreign Secretary, he was a friend of Louis Napoleon, now Emperor of France. The Derby-Disraeli ministry fell in 1852 and a coalition government was formed. Aberdeen became Prime Minister. Louis Napoleon had demanded French rights over holy places in Palestine. This disturbed the Russian Czar. In July, 1853 a Russian army invaded Moldavia and Wallachia, in reply a fleet was sent to the Dardanelles to defend Turkish Constantinople. The Sultan of Turkey declared

war on Russia and attacked the Russians. On November 30th, Turkish ships were attacked by Russia and destroyed. British and French ships were sent into the Black Sea and by March, 1854, there were declarations of war and the Crimean War had begun. On September 14th

1854, 50 thousand French and British troops had invaded Russian territory and defeated Russians some 15 miles north of Sevastopol on the Black Sea.

The United States was not involved in this war at all. It was far away from North America and, except for Canada, which was still a British Colony, had nothing to do with North Americans.

As to the Kennedy family, several generations removed from connections to the British Isles, it was all about survival in the harsh conditions of the newly cultivated West. A notation on ancestry.com states that George E. Hamilton, son of James Hamilton and Mary Eyestone, was born 24 May 1827 in Connersville, Fayette IN and

married Susan Malinda Ross on 26 Nov. 1848 in Fayette, IN, daughter of Joseph D. Ross and Sarah Kennedy Ross.

Jennings Township of Fayette County Indiana listed the following in 1850: George Hamilton, Age 23, born in Indiana, Susan Hamilton, Age 24, born in Indiana, Thomas T. G. Hamilton, Age 1, born in Indiana, and the next house, Mary Hamilton, Age 42, born in Ohio, David Hamilton, Age 17, born in Indiana.

At this point in time there was a major problem with outbreaks of cholera and resulting panic. There was an outbreak in this period, 1849-1851 with losses of 4,557 in St. Louis, Cincinnati lost 5,969, taking away 5 to 10% of the population (Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 2008 119: 143 -153, Walter J. Daly, Md). Some small towns appear to have been depopulated as a result and the populace seeking appeasement of an angry God. Sanitation was bad and cesspools were allowed to seep into water sources. Boston Indiana had 120 people in 1849 and there were 53 deaths in five weeks. The town was abandon. In Aurora, Indiana, there were 14 deaths on June 14th 1849.

Efforts were made to make the air pure by setting fires on street corners and firing a canon every 25 minutes. 1600 of the towns 2000 residents fled as a result of 51 deaths in the next three weeks. In Madison, Indiana there were 163 deaths. Advice was given to avoid fruits and vegetables, night air, and damp places. Cholera his Greene County, Indiana in 1851 and killed all of its doctors. It is not clear what effect this had on movements of the Kennedy family and their relatives, but scares like this may have driven them to places distant from the crowded cities that were full of sewage generated disease. There is a grave in the cemetery in Rush County, Indiana for a John J. Kennedy, died September 16th 1849, age 9 months and 10 days, (son of T. and D. Kennedy). It is not impossible that he died in the cholera epidemics of 1849. There are graves in this cemetery of relatives of Kennedy and McMichael family members that had moved on to Northwestern Missouri.

The railroad between Madison and Indianapolis stopped running in because of cholera, at this time it was the only railroad in Indiana. People travelled by river, but that

was a major source of the problem. A posting on the web about plague ships (old-merseytimes,co,uk quotes the Liverpool Mercury for Saturday, July 5th 1913 on this subject) states that in November of 1853 there were 28 ships taking emigrants from America to Europe with cholera on all of them resulting in 1,141 deaths. There were 100 deaths on the Constellation which left Liverpool with 922 persons, 62 on the Tapscott, 89 on the Union. Napoleon, Indiana was a transportation hub with a number of stage routes, 35 of its 250 people died of cholera in 1849. Perhaps, Fayette, and Rush counties in Indiana were too full of the fear of this disease and that was what sent the Kennedy and McMichael families to the fresh water and air of the yet relatively unspoiled and unsettled land of Platte, Andrew, and Nodaway Counties in Northern Missouri. There are Rush County graves for Mary E. McMichael, born April 25, 1840 died September 15, 1846 (age 6) and James Kennedy, son of Samuel and Nancy Kennedy, died November 28th 1840 or 1846, age 31, William C. Kennedy, son of Samuel and Nancy Kennedy, died September 4th 1843, age 27, Samuel Kennedy, died April 30th 1840, age 64.

Alfred Lord Tennyson was writing his “In Memorium A. H. H.” in 1849, published in 1850:

XXI

I sing to him that rests below,

And, since the grasses round me wave,

I take the grasses of the grave,

And make them pipes whereon to blow.

The traveler hears me now and then,

And sometimes harshly he will speak:

“This fellow would make weakness weak,

And melt the waxen hearts of men.”

Another answers, “let him be,

He loves to make parade of pain,

That with his piping he may gain,

The praise that comes to constancy.”

A third is wroth: “Is this an hour

For private sorrow’s barren song,

When more and more the people throng

The chairs and thrones of civil power?”

“A time to sicken and to swoon,

When Science reaches forth her arms

To feel from world to world, and charms

Her secret from the latest moon?”

Behold, ye speak an idle thing:

Ye never knew the sacred dust:

I do but sing because I must,

And pipe but as the linnets sing:

And one is glad; her note is gay,

For now her little ones have ranged;

And one is sad: her note is changed,

Because her brood is stolen away.

This was the mood of the times. It was the most quoted poem of its day. People were more important to each other when there was no radio, cell phone, television, computer, telephone, or other device to keep them company. Sadness and fear, the desire to escape, who knows what drove them to move on after loosing children like this. We can only guess.

The settled places, the good land belonged to the Quakers and the Pilgrims, the members of the Episcopal and Presbyterian, Unitarian, and Congregational Churches. These families seem to be mainly Methodist, Church of Christ, Disciples of Christ, even Mormon, but rarely any of the denominations associated with wealth and power. Rather than coming from the prosperous

portions of the British Isles, they were largely rural Scott, Irish, Welsh, members of the Celtic fringe areas. They kept to the fringe areas once they arrived and filled up the empty land that no one claimed except the Indians, and later, the steamboats and railroads. But, often, it was their good luck to find themselves near a railroad line, or a river running West, and be the first to claim access to this new source of communication and power.

Rivers and railroads, steamboats and stage lines, new roads and even telegraph lines, would change their lives in ways that could not be foreseen. As these fringe groups of farmers found each other and began to intermarry it became difficult to know who was related to who.

When Samuel Kennedy got his quick claim deed from the heirs of James Kennedy in 1808, the other heirs were Jesse Lynch and Mary Kennedy, John Kennedy (husband of Charity McMichael, Jane Kennedy, Betsy Kennedy, Nancy Kennedy, Esther Kennedy, Joseph Ross and Sarah Kennedy. Joseph Ross was involved in promoting the Alquina area of Jennings Township in Fayette County,

Indiana. The children of Joseph and Sarah Ross were in the Alquina area at the time of his death in 1836, along with Jane Kennedy. These children would be grandchildren of John Bennett and Charity McMichael Kennedy. Susan Malinda Ross was a daughter of Joseph D. Ross born 7 April 1825 in Alquina and she married George E. Hamilton on 26 Nov. 1848 in Fayette County Indiana. They had a son Thomas Jefferson Greenberry Hamilton and were family #63 in the 1850 census of Jennings Township of Fayette County. Family #22 was Henry J. Ross (31), Avarilla Ross (35), Greenberry Ross (8), John Madison Ross (1), Martin Ross (1), Sarah Ross (62), and Jane Kennedy (50), Family #23 was William D. Ross (28), Adaline Ross (25), William M. Ross (8), James A. Ross (6), Elizabeth Ross (4), and Malinda Ross (2).

All of the children of John Bennett Kennedy and Charity McMichael Kennedy were born in North Carolina except for Samuel Thomas, my grandmother’s grandfather, who was born in Fayette County, Indiana 29 September 1830. There is no way to know exactly what was happening, but soon my ancestors started moving to Posey

Township in Rush County, the County next to Fayette County, and not far from Indianapolis, the state capitol. It is at this point the family begins to be associated with the Cain and Allender Family. Eliza Ann Kennedy (born 2 Feb 1815) married Jacob C. Allender who was born 15 July 1814 in Fleming, Kentucky. They were married 18 Oct 1835. She died 9 March 1836. There is a will of Nathan Parrish of Rush County, Indiana, dated 26 Feb. 1842 with Thomas McMicheal and George Moore as witnesses. On the 16th of November 1846, Charity (Carrie) Kennedy (born 7 August 1819, daughter of Samuel Kennedy and Nancy McMichael) married Jacob Six (born 1 March 1819 in Fleming County, Kentucky). They had a number of children, John W. Six, born 21 Feb. 1849 died 29 March 1849, buried in the Stanley Cemetery in Posey Township. On the 12th of September 1850, Mary Ann Six (born 2 Jan 1828) married Nathaniel Kennedy (born 1825 in Washington, Tennessee, son of Samuel Kennedy and Nancy McMichael.

As discussed above, my branch of the Kennedy family will move to Northern Missouri and end up in Maryville in

1850, living near Ambrose Cain from Rush County, Indiana. Samuel Thomas, son of John Bennett Kennedy and Charity McMichael, had just married Lucretia Webster Smith, daughter of Elizabeth Crittenden Smith. Later, Samuel and Lucretia will have a daughter, Henrietta, who will marry Benjamin Harrison Lingenfelter and they and their daughter Mary will move to Seattle, Washington, where Mary will graduate from Seattle High and be wed to another Seattle High graduate, Hugh Monroe Thompson. Their daughter Jean Thompson, being my mother, marrying Ralph Andrews in Los Angeles County, and giving birth to me in Long Beach, California.

On its way West, the family left a series of graves, McMichael graves in a Methodist Cemetery in Guilford, North Carolina, McMichael, Kennedy, etc., graves in the Stanford Cemetery in Rush, County, Indiana, the Kennedy and Cain Graves in the Cain Cemetery in Nodaway, County, Missouri.

Standard US history textbooks like Henretta, Brody, Ware, and Johnson, “America’s History,” (Bedford/Saint Martin, 2000, V. I, pp 334 -335) describe the period between 1830 and 1854 as a time of exceptional growth in personal income. Carpenters began to build houses with a frames of wooden studs joined by crosspieces at top and bottom (balloon frames). The four room frame house began to replace the two room cabin. Sheeting and fabric was sold in local stores, a product of the mills multiplying in places like the Haw River in North Carolina. Stoves, ovens, broilers, grates became available using the same iron technology that generates the boilers for locomotives and the rails for railroads. These items were delivered on the railroads that began to penetrate Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, all the way to St. Louis and beyond in the period from 1850 to 1860. Up to 1852, the canals carried twice as much tonnage as the railroads, but railroads were the major carriers of freight by 1859. But there was no communication with California and the far West at this point, except by overland trail or by ship around the Horn.

Newmark (See Above) describes the Los Angeles of 1853 as being more like a village. Shops were made of adobe and signs were painted on unbleached cloth nailed to the outside of the stores. Painted wooden signs did not appear till 1865. Merchants would close their stores when they felt like it, or spend hours playing cards. The first saw mill and lumber yard did not appear in town until 1861 (op. cit. pp. 80-81). There was little iron available. The blacksmith in town bought old wagon parts from outside of town to use in making utensils and horseshoes. Most people used the old carretas with solid wooden wheels. The blacksmith attempted to introduce Eastern style wagons, but had little luck at first. Carriages were very scarce. Don Abel Sterns had the only private carriage in Los Angeles, at the time. People used horses and carretas for all their travel.

Newmark describes the carreta as a massive platform on wheels sawed from logs. It squeaked and could be heard from far away. Oxen pulled them with ropes attached to their horns. Usually, up to fifty howling dogs would follow the squeaking carts. Long leather ropes were

used to hold on to horse because there were no hitching posts. Newmark says that General Fremont’s wife had one of the finest carriages in California that had been made in the East and shipped around the Horn.

A Mormon colony in San Bernardino was supply Los Angeles with butter, and eggs, but it took three days to arrive, the butter melting and the eggs stale.

In 1853, according to Newmark, there was only one newspaper in Los Angeles, the Los Angeles Star. It published in both Spanish and English. When it was founded in 1851, Los Angeles had no telegraph lines. Post from San Francisco might take 50 days or more. The admission of California into the Union in 1850 was not known on the Pacific Coast till six weeks later, the news of the deaths of Clay and Webster in 1852 did not reach the Coast for a month (op. cit. p. 93). This was progress, according to Newmark, because the news of the death of President Harrison took three and a half months to make it West. The Los Angeles Post Office contained a soap

box where citizens would help themselves to mail. Many of the wealthier citizens lived at the Plaza, which was usually filled with thrown away rubbish. The Church of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels, dated from 1822, had no pews and required participants to knell on the floor or stand during worship. Newmark says the bell rung at six in the morning and eight at night marked the limits of the day. The Corpus Christi festival required the cleaning of the Plaza and the major families, Del Valles, Olveras, Lugos, Picos put up altars in front of their homes covered with silks and satin and expensive jewels. A procession would move to each altar with children dressed in white carrying flowers. On Christmas eve, there were plays presented by young people and the eating of “bunelos,” which Newmark describes as “native donuts.” Newmark states that the first “Jewish Cemetery” was established in Los Angeles in 1854 (op. cit. p. 104). In 1855, the city built its first public school building.

Newmark points out that there was much more home treatment in 1853 (op. cit., page 110). Castor oil, ipecac, black drought, and calomel were used frequently.

Surgery was done at home and there were few instruments available.

West to the ocean, from the few streets that made up the city of Los Angeles, according to Newmark, was a great undeveloped field with swamps full of tules. South and east of the city, there were large vineyards. All of the land, to the city limits, belonged to the city, the land had been surveyed, but no streets were cut, according to Newmark. The houses that existed were made of adobe bricks formed of mud and straw and dried for months in the sun. The walls were several feet thick, but required protection of roofs and verandas, or they washed away in the rain. There were patios but no basements and the floors were often of dirt. Doors were wide and windows were deep. Wooden shutters were used instead of curtains. There were wide verandas, but no chimneys or fireplaces. There were few gardens because of the cost of water. Roofs were flat and covered with tar from the tar pits at the springs on the Hancock Ranch (today’s La Brea Tar Pits) or imported from places to the North. Enormous kettles were put up in the streets to melt the

pitch and fires we lit under them. The molten tar was carried up in buckets and poured on the roofs. Newmark believed the first brickyard went up around 1855, but recalls a brick kiln built in 1853 and at least one brick building at that time (op. cit. p. 115). He recalls a second brick kiln made for a new jail, that replaced an old adobe jail that had no cells and kept the prisoners fastened to logs outside.

Irrigation and water came from the zanjas, or open ditches. There were seven of eight of them in operation in 1853. They connected with the zanja madre, the mother ditch that ran through the north side of the city. The source of the zanja madre was the Los Angeles River from a point well north of the city. Carriers charged 50 cents a bucket for water from the river. Animals of all kinds used the river, including pigs, so it was not clean. The river had no bridge over it and all the young children bathed their to amuse themselves. The city council passed a resolution against washing clothes in the zanjas but the women of the city continued to wash this way. Water went into five gallon “ollas” that were porous and kept the contains cool from evaporation. The ollas were

hung off the ground and gourd dipper were often used to dip water from within.

Small pox epidemics arrived every year. The natives were afraid of vaccination and sanitation. A smallpox wagon called the “Black Maria” was in the streets during the epidemics.

In 1854, an Aunt and Uncle arrived from New York City, and they began to give Harris Newmark instruction in English. Joseph Newmark would organize the Los Angeles Hebrew Benevolent Society, which, among other things cared for the Los Angeles Jewish Cemetery.

The money in circulation in Los Angeles came from France, Spain, Mexco, etc. and it was exchanged based on size, thus a Mexican quarter, worth only 14 cents was accepted in exchange for an American quarter (op. cit., p. 129). Privately stamped coins appear to have been common, issued by assaying companies. Stealing and gambling, drinking, and bad language were common in the city of Newmark’s day. The merchant would keep

some worthless jewelry within easy reach to protect his more valuable items.

Although the Los Angeles County of Newmark’s time is very different from the Los Angles that Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter would bring up her family in when she resided in Torrance in the 1920s, there are some similar points. Los Angeles County was still expanding, and much of the expansion was from places outside the state, just as was the case in Harris Newmark’s day. Also, the advance of medicine and technology was changing life as rapidly, perhaps more rapidly than in Newwark’s time. Family was still very important, but it gradually grew less important as new opportunities opened up at work, at school, in government, etc., that had nothing to do with local kin.

There was another process that was at work, and was even further along for Henrietta than it had been for Newmark. The woman’s rights movement had begun among the abolitionists (see America’s History, cited

above, p. 392). Angelina and Sarah Grimke had left a South Carolina plantation to lecture against slavery in the North. In 1837, clergy members asked the sisters to cease lecturing to mixed audiences, since it was the duty of women to obey men. The Grimke sisters began to maintain the need to free women from “domestic slavery.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a convention in Seneca Falls in 1848. More conventions followed in the 1850s. Susan B. Anthony joined the movement for women’s rights in 1851. Henrietta (kennedy) Lingenfelter was a college graduate, two of her daughters, Lois and Ruth, were also college graduates. Both female children of her oldest daughter, Mary, graduated from college as well. That Harris Newmark was learning English from his aunt, is symbolic of the new role that women would play as leaders in the field of education.

The 1850s represented a transition from steamboat to railroad as the major means of transportation in North America. Places like Los Angeles and Nodaway County Missouri were still dependent upon steamboats rather

than railroads. As the railroads reached these areas, there would be a major change in their character. Cabins and adobe brick structures, like those described above, would begin to be replaced by brick and balloon frame structures. Already, vaccination was beginning to bring smallpox under control, further progress against disease would have to wait for the improvement of microscope techniques and development in microbiology, the subject Henrietta’s grandson Victor Thompson (son of Mary (Lingenfelter) Thompson) would obtain his B.A. degree in at the University of California, Berkeley and the subject that I would teach for the State University of New York at Fulton Montgomery Community College, after obtaining a Master’s degree at the University of California, Los Angeles (Botany, 1963) and doing doctoral work in the life sciences. I remember being vaccinated for smallpox as a boy, by my great uncle John Lingenfelter MD, Henrietta’s only son, the other four children were daughters.

The fear of disease, of cholera epidemics, drove people to religion, the Mormon Church, the Church of Christ, the

Disciples of Christ, the Methodist Church in the case of the Kennedy Family. With the spread of abolitionism and women’s rights came the spread of the transcendental philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson. I have in my hand a book of Emerson’s Essays that belonged to Benjamin Harrison Lingfelter, husband of Henrietta, when he studied at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa. On page 148, Emerson says “I look for the new Teacher that shall follow so far those shining laws that he shall see them come full circle; shall see their rounding complete grace; shall see the world to be the mirror of the soul; shall see the identity of the law of gravitation with the purity of the heart; and shall show that the Ought, that Duty, is one thing with Science, with Beauty, and with Joy.”

In the first part of the 20th Century, Ernest Holmes organized the Institute of Religious Science to promote these ideas of Emerson. This institute was located near the springs on the Hancock Ranch in Los Angeles, that Harris Newmark wrote about many years before. Ernest Holmes was influence by one of the few religious

movements started by a woman, the Christian Science movement begun by Mary Baker Eddy of Boston, started in 1866. Ernest Holmes ideas would attract both of my parents and my mothers parents, including three of Henrietta Lingenfelter’s daughters: Mary (my grandmother), Lois (Lingenfelter) Engel, and Ruth (Lingenfelter) Jurich.

Rather than following their children into Religious Science, Benjamin and Henrietta remained true to the Disciples of Christ church, the more liberal denomination of the Church of Christ movement, but not nearly as liberal as the ideas of Holmes, which embraced the theism and pantheism and agnosticism of Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Moslem, and Chinese philosophy and theology. Holmes was not particular about the details as long as it was positive and constructive in its tone. In his book, “What Religious Science Teaches,” he embraces Emerson, Buddha, Plato, Socrates, Swedenborg, Whitman, Jesus, The Hermetic Teaching, Talmud, Koran, Zend-Avesta, Buddhist and Hindu Sacred Writings, New and Old Testaments, Gnostic Writings, Book of Dao,

Upanishads, Pistis Sophia, Apocrypha, The Book of the Dead, Bhagavad-Gita, Veda, Mahabharata, and others, as sources of doctrine and authority. This was the sort of thing my parents and grandparents were reading and studying in the early years of my life. Many of the ministers in the organization were women and women continue to be very active in the organization to this day.

In my own philosophy, I have tended to follow the path set out by Holmes and Emerson, fusing philosophy and science and looking to Chinese and Hindu sources for my religion, looking to Socrates and Plato as often as I look to Christianity. It is a long way from the Christianity of Methodism and Mormonism. That there are members of the LDS Church among the family is to be expected. The path the Mormons followed from New York to Utah passes right through areas where family members settled, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, etc..

Newmark’s business seems to have brought him in contact with Mormon organizations and since he seems

to have dealt with most of his commercial contacts in a respectful friendly way, the results appear to have been positive. Every month new people appear in Los Angeles, with which Newmark establishes social and business relationships, they bring new technology, commercial, legal, educational connections.

Cooking in Los Angeles in 1853 was largely Mexican, according to Newmark: tamales, enchiladas, frijoles, tortillas, pan de huevos, panocha, with the Indians contributing pinole. Dancing centered on the fandango, jota, and cachucha. Food in Missouri and Indiana was largely what was available, corn and wheat flour, chicken and eggs of all kinds, pork and beef in various forms.

When Joseph D. Ross, husband of Sarah Kennedy, died 4 Sept 1836, the extensive probate records, remember that Joseph D. Ross was largely responsible for the development of Alquina, Indiana, in Jennings Township of Fayette, County, these records list agricultural property including: 60 head of geese, cows and steers, 12

and 13 head of sheep, a field of corn, a sugar tub, a lot of wheat, a lot of rye, a coffee mill, 10 head of hogs, a tea kettle. Looking at this I remember my grandmother, living, when I was two, in the same house with her mother, her mother Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter dying in the room that became my bedroom, and I remember lamb cops and pork chops. I remember corn in various forms, including hominy. I remember wheat bread and rye bread and lots of milk and butter. My main comment on the above is that they must have eaten a lot more goose in Sarah Kennedy Ross’s kitchen. I do not recall eating a goose or a goose egg, although we raised them in my backyard when I was 13 and living in Compton (just North of Long Beach in Los Angeles County). In the period of time we are discussing, 1853, many family members were living in the vicinity of the Stanley Cemetery in Posey Township of Rush County, near Arlington.

An account printed in the extensive family tree for the descendants of George Allender mentions an item from Rush County that probably took place about the time

that Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter was setting up house for the first time in Torrance, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. Remember that Thomas McMichael and George W. Moore were witness to the will of David Parish, father of Nathan Parish and husband of Selitha Allender, parents of Henry W. Parish and George Washington Parish and that Jacob Six had married Charity Kennedy, daughter of Samuel Kennedy and Nancy McMichael, and they were the parents of Nancy J. Six, Thomas J. Six, William M. Six, Samuel K. Six, John W. Six (the later buried in the Stanley Cemetery referred to above. Remember also that Mary Ann Six married Nathaniel Kennedy, son of John S. Kennedy and grandson of Samuel Kennedy. Jacob C. Allender married Eliza Ann Kennedy, the daughter of John Kennedy and Charity McMichael (grandparents of Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter.

Donna Tauber, apparently the source for the extensive Allender family file I am using here has a story place under a section for Evalena Drennen, with a lineage going back to Elisabeth Six and Mary Allender, cousins

and in-laws of cousins, relatives of cousins resting in the Stanley Cemetery mentioned above. According to the story quoted, “Aunt Zola lived in Arlington and she would come and bring her son Jim Eddie and Oscie would be there from Indianapolis, Aunt Thelma from Connersville and my Gandma and Grandpa Maggie and Homer Enis.” The story goes on to tell how, “Grandma lived in a cute little white house in Arlington, coming from Rushville just past the cemetery and the cannery we would turn the first street left go about one block and we would be there.” She describes how, “We always went around to the back door and everyone would be in the kitchen eating pie.”

I remember by grandmother Mary, Henrietta’s oldest daughter making pies in 1943, 1944, 1945, in her house in West Los Angeles. The War, World War II was the focus of everyone’s attention, my uncle Victor Thompson was with the Air Force in India. Henrietta’s daughter Marty was married to Ivan Farman, an Air Force General, my mother and her father (Hugh Thompson, along with his son in law, Frank Gilbert) were working for Rieber

Aircraft just down Pico Blvd. Rationing was on and when we went to the local Safeway, or the Atlantic and Pacific, it was difficult to get all the items grandmother needed, but I remember lots of pies. Grandmother mentioned her mother’s advice when she made them. She constantly complained about the crust not being right. Rhubarb Pie, mentioned in the Allender story above, was a major item that she baked and I loved it. I would love to watch and help by licking spoons and eating shortning.

What strikes me about this is what changes and doesn’t change. On the surface nothing could be more different from Indiana than this West Los Angeles house with its white washed stucco walls, Spanish Tiles and patio, and tile roof. But underneath the stucco was a balloon frame, not the adobe brick of the Los Angeles of Harris Newmark’s 1853. There was asphalt on the roof, but in association with real tiles, much too expensive for all but the rich in the time of Newmark’s arrival. There was no sign of any Mexican food in this middle class neighborhood, bread and milk were delivered daily by delivery truck and the streets were clean and swept by

street sweeping trucks. Something unimaginable in the time of Sarah Ross, Samuel Kennedy, or Harris Newmark in 1853. Life had been transformed by telephone and radio, television was on its way, as mentioned above, at this time my uncle Frank Gilbert, husband of Miriam Gilbert daughter of Hugh and Mary Thompson, was busy in his garage a few blocks away, converting an old radar set to a three inch television. Still, what we ate, had not changed that much, at least in grandmother’s kitchen, from what had been cooked and served a hundred years before, or was been cooked at that very time by other relatives back in Missouri and Indiana, from where the family came.

Now even this would change, as all things do. I remember coming to visit my parents in Torrance sometime in the 1980s. My mother had divorced my father in 1953 and married Paul Colaluca, originally from Philadelphia, PA. They took me out to eat at their favorite restaurant in Redondo Beach, Pancho and Wongs, a restaurant, since closed, that served both Mexican and Chinese cuisine. The Southern California area is the source of many currently popular restaurant

and fast food chains, including those that specialize in food of this kind.

You can see the beginnings of the process that generated this in Harris Newmark’s story of his life in California. Los Angeles is constantly receiving new settlers from all over North America and the larger world. They come, mainly, by ship at this point, some from the gold fields. Newmark notes (op. cit. p. 143) that Bishop and Beale, received an enormous amount of Kern County land in 1854, Newmark estimates that it was around two or three hundred thousand acres, for work they did in surveying the Butterfield Stage route. Newmark believes that Bishop sold out to operate a streetcar line in San Jose. Bakersfield, according to Newmark, was part of this ranch, getting its name from Colonel Baker. Newmark claims that Baker sold out to Beale and bought the San Vicente Ranch, that took in the whole Santa Monica area. It consisted of 30,000 acres on which Baker raised sheep. Newmark relates that the “Soldier’s Home” is on part of this land (op. cit., p. 143).

It is interesting to me that my current home in Oildale, Kern County, is in the suburbs of Bakersfield and may be on land that belonged to Baker’s original ranch. Where my grandmother lived in West Los Angeles was close to the Soldier’s Home, which is now associated with a military cemetery and Veteran’s Administration Hospital. It seems odd that my grandmother’s house may have been on land that was part of, or adjacent to, Baker’s Santa Monica ranch. It is strange to think that my life has been a journey from one part of Baker’s property to another.

I have been fortunate to have had access to both. The Self Realization fellowship, begun by the author of “Autobiography of a Yoga,” owns some beautiful property north of Santa Monica, that I often passed as a boy and later visited. I have spent many hours collecting sea weed along the coast north of Santa Monica in what must have originally been land belong to Baker, or to his neighbors. Yesterday, I went for a two hour walk in Hart Park alongside the Kern River, gazing at the mountains that frame the Kern River drainage.

Newmark discusses how gold fever affected much of what happened in Southern California. Apparently gold was found at Havilah, in Kern County, and the word spread everywhere, by 1855, according to Newmark (op. cit. pp. 148 -149) the amounts of gold had been greatly exaggerated and rumors were everywhere. Newmark says that the find attracted gamblers and “desperadoes” to the area. As a result there were gunfights and four men were shot dead in the Plaza, and six wounded, on a Sunday night in 1855.

Among those arriving was a W. G. Ross, who purchased the main hotel in Los Angeles (Bella Union), July 22nd 1854, along with a man named Crockett. I have no idea if this Ross is a relative of the Ross family in Indiana, apparently Ross and Crockett were bought out by a Robert S. Hereford on April 7th 1855, and Ross was later killed in San Francisco by a C. P. Duane (op. cit., p. 150).

Los Angeles was served by schooners and side-wheeler steam boats with paddles that “churned the water into a frothing foam.” Sometime in this period a stage line was put in that went south through San Jose and Santa

Barbara to Los Angeles and San Diego. In 1854, a route was surveyed to Salt Lake City and started as a pony express route. Later, this became a wagon route. Bull fighting and cock fighting were still common in Los Angeles at this time. Among those reaching Los Angeles at this time was George Dalton, who came from London, England and established a vineyard and orchard. Newmark mentions an earthquake, July 11th 1855, that left cracks in most buildings in Los Angeles.

This is a world that belonged largely to men. Men were exploring the seas, using the new forms of transportation available and the new lands available to see the world. These opportunities were largely closed to women. Contraception was only slowly beginning to improve. Children were subject to many different diseases.

James Oliver Robertson and Janet C. Robertson have written a book based on the accumulated papers of the Taintor family of Hampton, Connecticut (All Our Yesterdays, HarperCollins, 1993). The Taintors were well

off. They, like the Newmarks, were one of the leading families in their city. The Robertson book, in discussing the Taintor family in the 1840s and 1850s points out that “Caring for sick children was a mother’s absolute duty.” I remember the devotion with which my grandmother and my mother cared for me as a child when I was sick. There were many child killing diseases around, Scarlet Fever is mentioned as a particularly dangerous disease.

According to the Robertson book, families were responsible to caring for the old and dying was something a daughter duty. In the case of the Taintor household that is the subject of the Robertson book, Delia and Henry Taintor took care of Henry’s mother for ten years (see op. cit. p.227). Dr. John Lingenfelter MD, son of Henrietta took care of his mother’s wife in her later years in Seattle. I remember visiting their house in 1948 when she was living in her home. His older sister, my grandmother took care of her mother Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter while she died. I remember visiting her in the room that would later become my bedroom. When John Engel, husband of Lois

(Lingenfelter) Engel was slowly dying from accumulations of minor strokes, his wife, daughter of Henrietta, was working as a guidance counselor and did not have time to look after her husband. It became my younger brother, Stephen Charles Andrews, duty to look after him, when he wasn’t going to High School. Stephen actually lived with his great aunt and uncle during this period.

When Mary (Lingenfelter) Thompson died of thyroid cancer in 1953, her husband Hugh Monroe Thompson, lived with John and Lois (Lingenfelter) Engel, then, in 1954, he moved in with us and had a room in my mothers house for a number of years, till finally moving into his own place (I am trying to recall the date but I cannot remember). Hugh and I became very close, he and I drove together, with me driving most of the way, from Los Angeles to Seattle in 1956 in an old 1947 Plymouth. This was an opportunity for me to visit with a number of members of the family. My uncle Victor Thompson, MD, in Weed, California. My grandfather’s twin brother Victor Thompson in Des Moines and his

older brother Frederick Thompson in Tacoma, my great uncle Dr. John Lingenfelter, MD, in Seattle, his sister Ruth (Lingenfelter) Jurich in Federal Way, and their children. We continued down to Portland, Oregon to visit Mrs. Harold Gilbert, mother of Frank Gilbert, and sister-in-law of Alfred Clinton Gilbert, of Gilbert Toys in New Haven.

I am holding Hugh Thompson’s copy of Ernest Holmes book “The Science of Mind” as I write this. The first address in the book is 2406 West 171st Torrance, California, the house my mother purchased in 1954, and the second address is Hugh Thompson’s retirement location, 13821 Fresh Meadow Lane, in Seal Beach, California.

At the time that we are discussing, this area is nothing but fields and willow swamps grazed upon by cattle. It is a world where little is known about disease and medicine. Primitive microscopes have been developed and vaccination against smallpox has proven so effective that Napoleon ordered all French citizens to be

vaccinated against smallpox. But other diseases, like cholera, still have no effective treatment. Cholera strikes London, England in 1831 and 1832 and again in 1848. In 1849, John Snow, and English obstetrician published a pamphlet that demonstrated that cholera was associated with dirty water. In 1853, cholera killed over 5000 in Hawaii. In 1854, the Italian anatomist Fillipo Pacini found the bacterium that caused cholera, but his discovery was not translated into English. When another cholera break out occurred in London, Dr. Snow was able to trace it to contamination near a public water source on Broad Street.

Transportation was developing in this period and it would spread disease. In 1855, Yellow Fever appeared in Norfolk, Virginia, apparently brought in by a steamship that carried the infected mosquitoes from the West Indies. We have discussed, above, the passage of cholera down the railroad lines. There was extensive railway develop in this period, as discussed above. The Robertson book, mentioned above, relates how Henry Taintor of Hampton, Connecticut, was investing in

railway stock in 1850. He bought shares of the Erie line that was 483 miles long when completed in 1851. This line ran from New York City to Lake Erie. In 1851, according to the Robertsons, the US had 9000 miles of railroad (more than all the rest of the world, op. cit. p. 345).

The railroads had not reached California, and because transportation was so bad to the interior, little was known about much of the interior of the state. According to Newmark, there were no fences separating the great Spanish and Mexican land grant ranchos, the cattle wandered where they wished to, each ranch having branded its cattle with its own distinctive brand. Great rodeos were held. These involved the round up of all the cattle in an area by the vaqueros (cowboys). Major celebrations where held at this time, including bull fights and horse races (Newmark, op. cit. p. 182). The rodeos were presided over by Judges of the Plains. Under the old Mexican law, the Judge of the Plains was the law. Trade was opened up with Salt Lake following an old Spanish trail to Sante Fe. The first shipment

involved fifteen wagons pulled by 150 mules. This wagon train carried thirty tons and left in May and came back in September (op. cit, p. 187). Banning, who was closely associated with Newmark and seems to have been active in all the commercial goings and comings that promoted the Los Angeles harbor area, where he had heavily invested, seems to have been a major sponsor of this new venture. Newmark writes that he brought back some of the first vehicles with spokes in Southern California.

By 1856, Los Angeles was opening its second public school. The owner of the Star, the major Los Angeles paper, did not feel so positive about the future of the city, writing “The flush times of the pueblo, the day of large prices and pocket-books are past.” He wrote that he saw “only bad liquor, rags, and universal dullness, when neither pistol-shots nor dying groans” could help “when earthquakes would hardly turn men in their beds!” The owner sold the paper June, 1856, to Henry Hamilton, who had come from Ireland to California in 1848.

In 1853 there were around 80 vineyards in Los Angeles. William Wolfskill, who came west from Missouri, was a pioneer in lemons, oranges, and grapes, and began the California fruit industry. According to Newmark, the local Indians were still living off of acorn meal, but the 1854 crop was very poor.

Newmark’s entry for 1857 concerns me. At this point, he discusses the destruction done at Fort Tejon by the great quake of 1857, and how the men were forced to live in tents after the destruction of the barracks. But, most telling is his story of the tsunami that nearly swamped the Sea Bird as it entered San Francisco Bay.

My mother lived through the great Long Beach earthquake of the 1930s. The quake was not that strong as quakes go, but Long Beach was built on beach sand and alluvium. Many of the buildings, and all of the school were made of brick and fell down. My mother went to school in tents. The balloon frame house they were living in was thrown off its foundation. It was the

balloon frame that saved many lives. Balloon frames respond to major earthquakes much better than two and three story brick construction. The survivors of this Long Beach quake were in great fear of a tsunami, but one never came.

People coming to California from Ireland and New England looked with contempt on the way of life of the Native Americans. The Gabrielinos, named by Europeans for the San Gabriel mission that they were associated with, had lived a largely nomadic life, gathering acorns in the mountains and foothills in the Summer and retreating to the ocean, even to islands like Catalina to fish and gather shell fish in the Winter. It is probable that they retreated to mountain areas and stores of acorns in the hills, when floods, ocean storms, earthquake generate tsunamis and coastal swamp disease were a problem. In like manner, when poor rains, or heavy snows, or fire, made the mountains undesirable, they took refuge at the sea, even on Catalina Island.

This way of life made no sense to the Europeans. Who, generally, had nothing but contempt for everything about the Native American. Yet, by the time English, French, and German speaking settlers arrived, the Spanish may have absorbed some of this wisdom from their Native American wives. There may be a reason that Los Angeles was located so far from the coast, San Diego was located next to available mesas, San Francisco was located on the bay side of the ocean. The records are so poor, it is difficult to be sure. But, when I was younger, I often gazed and the remains of the original church at San Juan Capistrano, devastated, if I remember correctly, and I am not checking my history on this, by an earthquake thirty years earlier than the 1857 quake we are discussing. For a while, my nephew, Stephen Roy Andrews, son of Stephen Charles Andrews, son of Ralph B. Andrews and Jean (Thompson) Andrews, was living with his mother, Elaine Smith, in Crescent City, and frequent trips to that coastal city reminded me often of the toll that tsunami waves had taken on that city, poorly placed from the stand point of defense against earthquake generated ocean waves. (The frequent use in this text of the term “American Indian, or just “Indian,”

does not reflect the point of view of the author, but is an attempt to show the mind set of the Europeans of the day, to show the world from their point of view, in order to better understand it).

It was one reason why many residence of Western places like Nodaway County Missouri, were so slow in taking the available railroad transportation, once it became available, to go West. At the time of the great San Francisco quake, the belief that California was in danger of falling into the ocean was already common, according to friends of mine who had relatives living there at the time. The following story was told to me (related by Ralph Pease of Van Nuys in 1995, before his death) and is probably true. This relative of my friend was living with his wife in a San Francisco hotel when the quake hit. There was a pitcher of water by the bed. The lights went out and the pitcher of water sailed up in the air and came down on the bed. At this point the uncle of my friend cried out to his wife, “Hang on Sally, we are going under!”

The same Ralph Pease that related the story above, worked for many years for the Sunkist citrus packing organization. According to him, some of the agricultural patterns in the Los Angeles area were due to the fact that the variety of citrus they were planting had a tree life of about 50 years. The trees, he claimed, would bear great quantities of fruit just before they died.

This was a frequent experience of my boyhood. Friends and associates of my Bank Vice President father, would buy an orchard that was producing great amounts of fruit. Then, the orchard, would suddenly start to die. They would sell to a housing developer and what had been agricultural land would convert quickly to mass cheap housing. This was particularly common when I was a boy, just after the end of World War II. Large numbers of trees were planted at the time of the railroad boom, created by the competition of Santa Fe and Southern Pacific railroads for West Coast business. In 1940, 1950, 1960, they had entered their period of decline (trees planted in 1890, 1900, 1910). Towns devoted to citrus were suddenly devoted to housing

development (Ontario, Pomona, Upland in San Bernardino County, Santa Ana, Orange, Anaheim in Orange County, Riverside in Riverside County, San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County).

An important factor in this is my presence in the middle of Orange Groves in Ontario, California in 1945, when my father was Vice President of the First National Bank in Ontario. A second factor was my program of study for my doctorate in Botany at the University of California, Los Angeles, at the point in time when the School of Agriculture was moving to the University of California, Davis. By 1962, at the age of 22, I had already passed the doctoral written exams and was teaching the labs for the graduate level course in Plant Taxonomy (Dr. Mildred Mathias, Director of the Botanic Garden was my major Professor and gave the lectures for the course). I was able to take courses from agricultural professors that had not yet relocated, including a memorable course in tissue culture given by an agricultural professor who was an authority on citrus.

Later, I would become lecturer in native plants for ornamental uses for the Ornamental Horticulture Department of California State Polytechnic University at Pomona, and then Associate Professor of Botany for Miami Dade Junior College, South Campus, in Miami, Florida. There I worked with Dr. Monroe Birdsey, authority on Cycas (Sago Palm), formerly of the University of Miami, Department of Botany. He and I would often travel together to various cites. I remember when he took me to the Citrus Park in Homestead, Florida, which at that time (1968) grew a number of different genera and varieties of citrus.

The University of California, Los Angeles, was doing quite a bit of research work with citrus at the time I was there. I was a research associate for the Botanic Garden and for the Department of Pharmacology at this point. One of my titles at one point, was curator of the herbarium of medicinal plants for the department of pharmacology of the school of medicine. This fancy title was generated for the purposes of one of the fancy grants that helped

pay my small salary. All of that is long forgotten, it faded as soon as the grant money that drove it disappeared.

One of my jobs as the teaching assistant in charge of the labs in plant taxonomy, was to located plants belonging to various families of plants so that specimens could be brought into the plant taxonomy room for students to study and be tested on. The botanic garden at UCLA already had a number of different kinds of citrus relatives as specimens in the garden, one of my jobs was to make sure we could find them and that they were properly labeled.

I have just located by copy of “The Families of Flowering Plants,” Vol. I, by J. Hutchinson, 2nd Edition, Oxford, 1959. This was our guide for the plant taxonomy class and I was paid to convert the class to the Hutchinson system. Later, in 1970, when married to Linda (West) Andrews, I would actually work as a research associate (unpaid) at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, where Hutchinson had been “Keeper of the Museums of Botany.” Hutchinson’s

treatment of the family (p. 354 of the above) gives a number of genera, including Ruta, for which the family is named, most numerous in Africa and Australia. Lemons are Citrus medica, var. limonum. Oranges are Citrus aurantium. Limes are Citrus medica, var. acida, all listed as originating in India. The family is characterized by the glands in the leaves, the source of the citrus smell and flavor. It is obvious that I could go on and on with this.

When I was doing this project, I had a doctoral guidance committee. Two of the members of this committee were Dr. Mathias, mentioned above, and Dr. Harlan Lewis, (student of Carl Eppling, authority on Salvia (Sage)) authority on the genus Clarkia (Farewell to Spring), Dean of Life Sciences at UCLA, at then, President of the Society for the Study of Evolution. I took a graduate class in “Evolution” from Dr. Lewis in 1962. Our textbook was Volume I, “The Evolution of Life,” from the “Evolution After Darwin” series, generated from the University of Chicago Centennial (of Darwin’s Origin of the Species), edited by Sol Tax, and printed by the University of Chicago Press, in 1960. The section on the evolution of

flowering plants was written by Daniel Axelrod, of the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Geology. I was one of Dr. Axelrod’s students. I took Paleobotany from him, and although, I did not agree with his opposition to continental drift, he is a source of a continuing interest in geology and paleobotany. It was Axelrod and Mathias that generated my interest in plant geography, and how it is effected by geological and climatic forces. This all relates to citrus and earthquakes because it is geological forces that created California, shaped what it is and shaped its climate. I have written extensively on this elsewhere.

One of the interests of the botany department at UCLA, particularly the Botany Garden and Herbarium, under the direction of Dr. Mildred Mathias in the 1960s, was the distribution of agricultural productivity, what places, what climates were best for which varieties of plants and why. I was often asked by Dr. Mathias to help her in doing research for various projects involving climate and plant geography.

It was the point of view of Dr. Axelrod that because of patterns of the circulation of water and air the West sides of continents were more alike. This is something I have studied extensively and it works like this. I found that the closest approximation to the climate of Tokyo, Japan that I could find was in Nashville, Tennessee. In general, New England is not climatically New England, it might be more appropriately called “New Korea” and Texas called “New China.” If there is a “ New Portugal” it is in coastal Southern California, and “New Spain” in the interior toward Pasadena. “New Ireland” is in the Pacific Northwest, and Victoria, British Columbia really does have elements of a British climate. This is the true “New England,” if there is one. “New Germany” is probably in Oregon and “New France” in the Napa Valley of California. “New Italy” should be somewhere toward the interior of California, but that becomes “New Turkey” and “New Afghanistan” the further your go toward Utah. At some point in Kern County you begin to get climate approaching the Syrian Desert and the cooler places in Iraq. As you go north into Canada you approach some kind of “New Russia,” as you move through “New Germany” and “New Poland.”

Now you have to understand there are no perfect climatic equivalents. There is nothing quite like the northern coast of California, and that is, probably, one reason why it is the refuge for the last of the redwoods.

But, it is certainly true that if you are looking for a “New Ireland,” you are much more likely to find it around Seattle, and “New Norway” and “New Denmark” as well, then in New England (which has climate more like northern China and Korea than like Europe). This may explain why so many people with an Irish origin eventually found themselves drawn to places like Seattle, and why skin cancer might kill a farming ancestor like my grandmother’s grandfather, Judge Samuel Kennedy, who attempted to survive, with genes for skin adapted to an Irish climate, in geographic conditions on the northern plains of Missouri, that were closer to Manchuria and Mongolia.

It also explains why I have an appointment with a dermatologist in two days to have the stitches taken out

that result from removal of pieces of my skin that would have survived in better condition if my ancestors had remained in Seattle. If these problems affect the dermis of the human skin, the also the epidermis of plants. The oil glands in the Rutaceae may be responsible for the secreting of oils that helped the ancestors of oranges and lemons resist the heat of subtropical summers and the fungal infections that come with tropical humidity. The problem for these plants comes with freezing temperatures. The water in the cells of the fruit expands and it forms ice crystals, and the result ruptures the developing cells and spoils the fruit. Various techniques have been developed to prevent the freezing, wind machines to move away cool air and burning of oil in the so called “smuge pots” there were common in the orange groves of Ontario, California around 1945. We would wake up on a freezing morning to find everything black with the residue of the smudge that had been generated by lighting fires in the night in these oil filled pots to protect the fruit in the Orange groves from being spoiled.

It is a shame that Botany is no longer commonly taught, because if more people were familiar with the science they might understand more about problems we face with generating enough food, saving water, and preventing destruction from global warming. Botany teaches the central role of the sun in everything that happens on the earth. This is where plants get their energy, not from the soil but from the sun.

Citrus requires lots of sunlight and subtropical warmth. It requires water as well and the trees must be irrigated regularly. It is one reason why the groves are located near mountain ranges that can provide the necessary water, and also because the trees like sandy well drained soils. These factors were important elements in my youth when we were living in the middle of the orange groves west of Ontario, California. The day of the week when the irrigation water would flow through the irrigation systems was a major event. The weekly timing of events of live in the groves had to be coordinated to agricultural happenings like smudging and irrigation.

But, Newmark lived in a time before damns and pipes and irrigation systems, water was delivered through the zanjas. According to Newmark, the experiments with citrus had largely failed till a Dr. Halsey started a nursery for oranges and limes in 1854 (see op. cit., p. 211). This was sold to William Wolfskill. Newmark claimed that in 1857, there were not more that a 100 orange tree fruiting in the entire county. When Wolfskill planted thousands of trees, he created the largest orchard of its kind in the country, according to Newmark.

It was this same year that Germans living in San Francisco bought the land near the Santa Ana river that would become the town of Anaheim (Ana for Santa Ana and heim for the German word for home). George Hansen surveyed the land in twenty acre lots. There was a canal to bring water from the Santa Ana river and a natural fence of willow trees.

Newmark says the John Butterfield was the organizer of the American Express Company and began the

Butterfield Stage route which went from San Francisco to Gilroy and to Visalia, to Fort Tejon and to Los Angeles. From there, the route ran to San Bernardino, Temecula, and Yuma, then to El Paso and ended in St. Louis. They began running in 1858 and reached Los Angeles in September. B. W. Pyle, a native of Virginia, arrive in 1858 and set up a jewelry and watch business. Phinneas Banning established his landing north of San Pedro in 1857. He set up the community of Wilmington in 1858.

Newmark notes that Pyle made much money, but invested in speculations that did not work out, apparently resulting in his suicide. I have no idea if this Pyle was related to the Pyle family that was ancestral to Benjamin Harrison Lingenfelter’s great grandfather, Dr. Octavious Pyle, of Northwest Missouri?

Looking at the Wikipedia article on Rutaceae, it gives 160 genera for the family. The oil producing glands are called “pellucid glands.” Pellucid means that they admit light, are translucent. The Wikipedia article on Citrus suggests

and origin in Myanmar (Burma), India, and Yunnan, China. Citrus appears to hybridize easily and cultivated citrus trees may be hybrids of several different species. Commercial trees are created by grafting on to disease resistant rootstocks. This article gives the following species: Citrus aurantifolia, Key Lime (India), Citrus maxima, Pomelo, from Malaya, Citrus media, Citron, from India, Citrus reticulate, Mandarin Orange, from China, Citrus trifoliata, Trifoliate Orange, from Korea, Citrus asustralasica, Finger Lime, from Australia, Citrus australis, Australian Round Lime, Citrus glauca, Australian Desert Lime, and a few others including Citrus indica, Indian Wild Orange, Citrus Latipes, from Assam, Citrus halimii, from Thailand, the various species of Kumquats (Fortunella) from East and Southeast Asia, etc.. Significant hybrids include Grapefruit (Mandarin Orange and Pomelo?), Lemon (Citron and Pomelo?), Sweet Orange (Pomelo and Mandarin Orange?).

A major source of the cultivation of citrus in Florida, according a website promoting Merritt Island, was Douglas Dummit. He moved to the Titusville area from

Tomoka, where he was growing sugarcane and oranges. He planted wild sour oranges that he had obtained from Spanish root stock that were adapted to Florida soil and grafted various sweet orange cuttings on the root stock, perhaps cuttings obtained from colonists at New Smyrna. These plantings survived a bad freeze in 1835 and were transplanted in the Dummitt Grove, now part of Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge(adjacent to the Kennedy Space Center). It is estimated that Douglas was producing as many as 60,000 oranges a year by 1859.

Improvements in agriculture began slowly and then picked up speed. The Orange County Farmer’s Museum has posted a short history of agriculture on its website. It starts with the use of oxen and horses pulling wooden plows. This was the state of much of the agriculture known to the Kennedy and McMichael family in its early history. Cast iron plows began to appear about the time that the Kennedy family was moving to Indiana. The McCormick reaper appeared in 1834 and practical threshing machines and steel plows in 1837. The 1840s were a period of increasing use of factory manufactured

farm equipment. Methods for making superphosphate appeared in 1843, mowing machines in 1844, irrigation in 1847, mixed chemical fertilizers in 1849, self-governing windmills in 1854, two-horse straddle-row cultivators in 1856, mason jars for home canning in 1858.

Thomas Gaunt was born in Straffordshire , England, April 4th 1830 and came to the United State in 1853. In 1854 he worked at the Smith and Franklin Plant Nursery in McDonough County, Illinois. In April,1855, he moved to Andrews County, Missouri and set up a nursery for Smith and Franklin. He moved to Nodaway County in 1857. He set up his own nursery in Nodaway with many kinds of shade and fruit trees (See nwmissouri.edu). This site would be donated for the Marysville District Normal School and its house is the residence for the presidents of Northwest Missouri State University.

Washington, Missouri is located in Eastern Missouri, at the other side of the state from Nodaway County, on the south side of the Missouri River just east of St Louis.

There is a history of the city that is available on line (washingtonmo.com). The section that deals with the pre-civil-war period describes a rather sleepy little place. In the 1839 period, Daniel Hammerstein, the first shoemaker is living in a log cabin. Godfrey Beyreis, is the first carpenter and he built a frame house. Washington is incorporated in 1841. Henry Wellenkamp moved to Washington in 1843 and described it as a town with about thirty voters. Outside of a few frame houses, most were log cabins. The 1840 crank operated ferry had been replaced by a horse ferry in 1843. Wellenkamp was shipping a lot of tobacco leaf in hogsheads of 1000 pounds. Most agricultural production was corn and tobacco. There were a few years of bad corps and bank failures. The worst disaster was a great flood in 1844.

Trees, fences, fence rails, houses, were lifted up by the flood waters and carried down the river. Chickens, geese, hogs, and cows could be seen on the roofs of floating houses. All of it seemed to pass by at a furious rate according to the account of Wellenkamp. The current was too strong for anything to cross. Steamboats

were unable to land. Seven or eight houses floated off their foundations. After the flood came epidemics of cholera and fever. Most people were ill and doctors could do little to help.

According to this history, the German Revolt of 1848 brought many “political refugees” into the area. The Pacific Railroad was under construction and it brought in jobs. There was also a great deal of steam boat traffic on the river in this period. The discovery of gold in California stimulated a movement West. Apparently there were 58 large steam boats on the Missouri in 1848, and seventy “regular packets” by 1858. Steamers arrived from the West with “gold dust” shipments. It was the completion of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad that brought a decline in this trade after 1859 (ibid).

Earlier settlers had taken the land along the rivers, so the Germans settled in the hills and slowly started moving into the bottoms as well through hard work and industry. Some of these new settlers were educated and

prosperous and they began to play an important role in the cultural life of the community. There appears to have been a building boom after 1850. A brickyard started making bricks by the millions and two large hotels were constructed. A city hall was constructed in 1851, which was also used for a school. A Lutheran Church and a Presbyterian Church organized parochial schools.

Construction began on the Pacific Railroad in St. Louis in 1851 and reached Washington in 1855. The railroad replaced a wagon train of three to five wagons that had been hauling goods to and from St. Louis. For a while Washington was the terminus of the Missouri Pacific railroad. Four horse post coaches connected Washington with Jefferson City, where connections were available to Springfield, Van Buren and Fort Smith, Arkansas. When the next section of the railroad was completed, 750 persons boarded a special excursion train of eleven cars, these included railroad and state officials. But, the train plunged through a bridge across the Gasconade river, killing 33 and injuring others.

A ferryboat was sent out and the result the following description of the wreck in the Jefferson Examiner of November 3, 1855: “When we reached the Gasconade bridge we found nothing but the ruins…” The account continues, “Cars piled upon each other; here a top; there part of a side; the trucks of some partly protruding from others upon which they were precipitated in their mission of death.” “The locomotive lay end first, bottom up, near the first pier; a little to the right of it, with the forward part touching the end of the locomotive…was the baggage car, much smashed and partly under water.”

This disaster, and others like it, noted above, does not seem to have stopped the development of the city as a manufacturing center. In 1853 Henry Krog and Anton Jasper began the manufacture of farm implements, including the two horse plows described above. John D. Roehrig began a cigar factory. The John B. Busch Brewing Company opened in 1854, and Christopher H. Kahmann started a pork packing operation in 1857. By 1861, Henry J. Buhr was manufacturing about 15 wagons and carriages a year (Ibid).

Disasters like the train wreck described above, affect me, because my fathers childhood was greatly damaged by a train wreck on the Colorado and Rio Grande Railroad in Green River, Utah, when my grandfather, an Engineer on the Railroad, and a graduate of Ohio State in Columbus, Ohio, drove his wreck train into the back of a wreck and was killed when my father was only four. It is not certain that the frequent sessions of mental illness that affected my fathers life were not partly caused by the trauma of this experience, his mother, Alice (Smith) Andrews seems to have never fully recovered from this event. I need to add that I visited the site of this disaster with my father when I was twelve.

It is events like these that puzzle me. I am driven by an attempt to understand my brother’s suicide (Stephen Charles Andrews, at the age of 38, leaving a 6 month son behind (Stephen Roy Andrews). How much was a result of genetics and how much of environment. There are some indicators. The suicide of Mr. Pyle in Los Angeles, perhaps a very distant cousin. Then there is the issue of Sarah (Kennedy) Ross, the wife of Joseph Ross of Fayette

County, Indiana (see above). She and her daughter Susan Malinda Ross and her grandson, Thomas Jefferson Greenberry Ross, appear to have all suffered from some sort of behavioral and mental problems.

Let us review what we have said above. James Kennedy and Elizabeth Bailelet have the following children in Orange, North Carolina: Samuel Kennedy, b. 22 Oct 1775, Mary, b. 29 Dec. 1772, Sarah, b. 24 Sept. 1780, John Bennett, b. 26 Jul 1782, Elizabeth, b. 01 Jul 1785, Jane, b. 9 Sept 1788, Nancy, b. 06 Sept 1782, and Esther, b. 16 Mar 1796. Sarah, sister of John Bennett and Jane and Samuel, etc, marries Joseph Ross and becomes Sarah Ross. She, is therefore, the aunt of Judge Samuel Kennedy, and the great aunt of my great grandmother Henrietta (Lingenfelter) Kennedy. When Joseph Ross dies in Fayette, County Indiana, dies 4 Sept 1836, the probate records indicate that Sarah may not be totally competent, that, possibly, her sister Jane is looking after her.

Susan Malinda Ross was born 7 April 1825 in Alquina, Fayette, Indiana. She married George E. Hamilton, born 24 May 1827, Connersville, Fayette, Indiana. The marriage date is 26 November 1848 in Fayette, Indiana. They had the following children: Thomas Jefferson Greenberry Hamilton, born 12 July 1849, Delores Cortenes Hamilton, born 12 Oct 1851, Florence Eleanor Hamilton, born 20 May 1853, William Marshall Hamilton, born 29 Nov 1855. Susan (Malinda Ross) Hamilton was admitted to the Central State Hospital in Wabash County Indiana, 12-11-1857 for hereditary melancholia with homicidal aspects induced by exposure to cold. She was not discharged till 6-15-1860. If Sarah Ross is John Bennett Kennedy’s sister, than Susan Hamilton is his niece and Thomas Jefferson Greenberry Hamilton is his great nephew, James Kennedy’s great grandson. Records indicate that Thomas Jefferson Greenberry was a member of the LDS church (Mormon). In his application for a pension, he indicates that his father, George Hamilton died serving in the Civil War and his mother died 25 Nov. 1860. The deaths of both parents left four children under 16 years of age. The claim state that Thomas Jefferson Greenberry Hamilton “formerly drank

more than was good for him but has not been drinking so much as of late years…” Elsewhere the information available on the web from Donny Hamilton indicates that he was a very tall man with a violent temper. He died 22 July 1926 in Kress, Swisher, Texas, of senility.

Just what is happening here is not clear. It is obvious, however, that this is not the most stable part of a family that seems to have difficulty staying for long in any one place, witness graves strung from North Carolina through Indiana and Missouri and now reaching to Texas, many of them in abandon cemeteries uncared for by family members. But, to be fair, this is happening everywhere in the United States with the development of the railroads. Even the Taintors of Hampton, Connecticut, who seem the most stable and conservative of folk, certainly they appear to have kept records of everything and remained in one house and one town for a good bit of time, seem to have drifted off to Englewood, Kansas and Gate, Oklahoma (Robertson, p. 457).

In 1850, Charity and John Bennett Kennedy were living next door to Samuel T. and Lucretia Smith Kennedy, who had just gotten married. Lucretia’s father, once prominent in the politics of nearby Clinton County, was now dead, her mother, a Crittenden, distant cousins of the politically prominent branch of the Crittenden family, who had married into cousins of the Jefferson’s and Lees of Virginia, had died also a while before. A Crittenden had been territorial secretary and temporary governor of the Arkansas territory, a Crittenden would be governor of Missouri, a Crittenden had been Attorney General of the United States more than one time, had been governor of Kentucky, had taken Henry Clay’s seat in the Senate of the United States. Lucretia Webster was named after Clay’s great rival in the Senate, Daniel Webster. All the trouble was happening on the other side of the Missouri, not far away in Kansas. It is a family legend that one of Lucretia’s brothers was the “first white child born in Kansas.” Her father had lived and worked on the Kansas side of the river at one time. While Samuel and Lucretia where raising children on their Nodaway farm, the country was preparing for Civil War.

John Bennett Kennedy had been born 26 Aug 1782 in Orange, North Carolina and Charity (McMichael) Kennedy had been born 9 May 1790 in Guilford, North Carolina. They had a number of children. Their youngest children were Charity, born 7 March 1826 in North Carolina, Sarah Jane, born 10 Oct 1823, Guilford, North Carolina, and Samuel Thomas, born 29 Sept 1830 in Fayette, North Carolina. A middle son, William S., was born 18 Feb 1813 in Guilford, North Carolina. He married Mary Birt on 8 Oct 1835, she appears to have followed him to Nodaway County, because she died 5 May 1858 and is buried at Cain Cemetery along with William (died 12 Oct 1889) and John Bennett (died 31 Aug 1863) and Charity (McMichael) Kennedy.

According to the notes for John Bennett Kennedy on Masters Connections, the family moved to Fayette County Indiana in 1825, moved on to Rush County Indiana in 1834 and then to Missouri in 1843. According to this source, Samuel married Lucretia Webster Smith, 14 July 1850. They had the following children: Mary J., 8 Jun 1851, John W, 20 April 1853, Henry N., 25 Nov 1855,

Austin S., 4 July 1858, Alice, 11 Jan 1861, Dora, 7 Feb 1864, Andy W., 14 Sept 1867, Henrietta, 24 Jan 1870, Arch S., 2 Apr 1873, Belle, 14 Nov 1875.

Charity Kennedy, born 7 Mar 1826, appears to have married an Allen Andrew about 1824 and to have died 11 Sept 1846. Sarah Jane Kennedy, appears to have married Charles Leo Cain, as discussed above, and to have had many children, Napoleon Bonaparte Cain, Mary Ann Cain, George Washington Cain, Thomas Benton Cain, Christopher Columbus Cain, Francis Marion Cain, Solomon Cain, Margaret Victoria Cain, Sarah Jane Cain, Elzona Cain, and Amanda Cain. Christopher Columbus Cain was born 1 October 1851, at the time Samuel and Lucretia were beginning their family. All these Cains were grandchildren of Charity and John Bennett Kennedy and nieces and nephews of Samuel Kennedy, those that survived would be first cousins of Henrietta.

The younger children and grandchildren of Charity and John Bennett Kennedy were moving to Nodaway County

in the 1850s, these included the Cains, and their grandparents. Many of these would be buried in the Cain Cemetery in Nodaway.

On 20 Nov 1858, in Allendale, Worth County, Missouri, Mary Ellen Pyle, daughter of Cyrus Octavius Pyle and Sophronia Moore, married John Lingenfelter, born 10 Mar 1832 in Perry County, Illinois. They would have the following children: Alice, 1860; Lycurgus, 1861; James Valentine, 1863; Benjamin, 1865; Edward A., 1874; Frank D., 1876; George, 1878; Charlie, 1880; John H., 1882; May, 1884. Benjamin would later marry Henrietta Kennedy, mother of my maternal grandmother Mary (Lingenfelter) Thompson.

The Pyle family and the Lingenfelter family overlapped, as did many of the large families of this time. Octavius Pyle was born May 02, 1819, in Jackson County, Illinois, and died November 21, 1897 in Allendale, Worth County, Missouri. He was the son of John Pyle and Mary Wells and married Sophronia Moore, born August 23, 1823

near Knoxville, Tennessee, died February 10, 1906 in Mount Ayr, Iowa. They had the following children, Marcellus, Jan 30th 1841, Perry County, Lycurgus, May 23, 1842, Perry; Octavius Jr. August 29, 1843, Perry; Mary Ellen, November 6, 1844, died May 19th 1932 in Des Moines, Iowa; Sarah Ellen, born August 23, 1846, Perry, died November 2, 1931 in Lansing, Kansas; Synora Pyle, Dec. 30th 1847, Perry; Cyrus, born Oct 22, 1849, Perry; John Jr., August 2, 1851, Perry; Eliza, March 2, 1853, Perry; Lassira Ann, January 27, 1855, Worth County, Missouri, died Oct. 14th 1931, San Diego, California, married Leonard M Scott, November 24, 1872, in Allendale, Worth County; Martha Elizabeth, Dec. 2nd 1856, Worth County; Cortez S., July 16th 1862, Allendale, Worth County; Anna Laura Pyle, April 26, 1864, Worth County; George, July 28, 1866, Worth; Thomas, Sept. 19, 1868, Worth. From this we can see that the Pyles left Perry County Illinois and arrived in Worth County Missouri by 1855.

Benjamin Harrison Lingenfelter was born 18 Dec 1865 in Allendale, Missouri and died 2 April 1951 in Torrance,

California. He married Henrietta Kennedy, who was born 24 Jan 1870 in Maryville, Missouri, and died 17 Dec 1941, in my bedroom (or what would become my bedroom, in what was then my grand parents house and became my parents house) on Parnell Avenue off of Pico Blvd. in West Los Angeles, California. Their children were John Samuel Lingenfelter, Mary Lucretia Lingenfelter (married Hugh Monroe Thompson (my maternal grand father), Martha Lingenfelter (married Brig. Gen. Ivan L. Farman), Lois Lingenfelter (married John O. Engel (Engeldinger), two chidren, John and Jane), and Ruth Lingenfelter (married John A. Jurich).

Octavius (Octavus?) Pyle was the son of John Jack Pyle, born 13 Aug 1782 in Chatham, NC, and died 5 May 1851 in St. Johns, Illinois. He was the son of John Pyle and Sarah Brashear. John Jack Pyle married Mary Polly Wells, born 29 Mar 1792 in Greenfield, SC, and died 22 Jun 1869 in Allendale, Worth, Missouri. Their children were Sarah, 22 Oct 1807, Christian KY; Hiram, 25 Feb 1810, Christian KY; Rufus, 7 Jun 1815, Christian KY; Cortez, 14 Feb 1818, Jackson, Illinois; Octavus, 2 May 1819, DuQuoin, Perry,

Illinois, died 21 Nov 1897; Ulysses, 2 Mar 1823, Jackson, Illinois; Joanna, 1826, Jackson; Hellen, 1828, Perry; Lassira, 1829, Perry; Ustocium, 1832, Perry.

It is amazing how many children were produced in these families and how little is known about many of them today. Wallace K. Ferguson, Professor of History at New York University and Geffrey Bruun, produced a set of books titled “A Survey of European Civilization” (Houghton Mifflin, 1952). Geoffrey Bruun, a visiting professor at Cornell, appears to have written the second volume (Since 1660). The Second Edition (1952) carries a chapter titled “The Role of America.” This chapter contains material that explains some of what is taking place in this period. By the end of World War I, power had shifted toward the United States. The United States had emerged as the world’s richest and most economically creative nation (see op. cit, p. 883). My ancestors were caught up in this process. At first they were unaware of what had happened. Once they did become aware, they began to rewrite their history, leaving the odds and ends that didn’t fit lying in the

basement and attics of house like the Taintor house that the Robertsons bought in Hampton, Connecticut (see above). Many critical records for the Andrews (and some critical Pyle, Thompson, Crittenden, Lingenfelter, etc, as well) side of my lineage are in stacks in my closet. Since I have had numerous burglaries and other disasters since acquiring them, it is uncertain that the information they contain will ever see the light of day (after all, I am 72, my eyesight is failing, and I am not getting any younger). I am sure that is the case with much of the missing information from the genealogical efforts that can be found above.

The “Survey,” quoted above, claims that the United States grew from 3 to 140 million in six generations (op. cit. p 883). These six generations reach back to my mother (Jean Thompson Andrews) and her mother (Mary Lingenfelter Thompson) and my great grandmother (Henrietta Kennedy Lingenfelter) and her mother (Lucretia Webster Smith Kennedy) and her mother (Elizabeth Crittenden Smith), great grand daughter of Henry Crittenden of Virginia (who was the great grand

father of John Jordan Crittenden (who was the Attorney General (and acting Secretary of State) of the United States and great great nephew of President Thomas Jefferson)). The text talks about the astonishing empire built up by the United States, a product of ordinary people like Elizabeth and Henry, who helped farm the land and clear it, and less ordinary people like Jefferson and John Jordan who were responsible for the purchase of much of it from Napoleon, or defense of it from France and Britain (see the actions of John Jordan Crittenden as acting Secretary of State, discussed above).

This chapter of the Survey discusses the westward expansion and the massive immigrations from Europe, in our family including Irish and Scots sent to the US in 1740 by the potato famine of 1739, Germans from the Palatine and French Protestants. They will meet, teach, be taught by, eventually intermarry with the massive immigration of people from various countries to port cities like Seattle, San Francisco, the constant arrival of new families from France, Germany, and the Eastern United States in the Los Angeles of Harris Newmark, discussed

above. Newmark’s story almost more a part of my experience, born in Long Beach, growing up in the Southern California described by Newmark, than the history of my great grand parents in Missouri, or Indiana (by the time of my birth, something to forget, or long forgotten). Yet this family history made me what I am, just as much as the Southern California environment it attached itself to so vigorously when I was a boy, and it explains so much of what is not explained, things that a therapist might otherwise blame on some chemical disorder of the brain or traumatic experience of childhood.

According to the Survey, what might have generated regional isolation, was reversed by the coming of the railroads. The Survey might also have mentioned the canals and steamboats and the linkage of the Great Lakes with the Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri River System and the Gulf Coast and Gulf of Mexico. It was this system that allowed the McMichael and Kennedy, the Smith, and Crittenden, even the Lingenfelters to move West to the point where they came in contact with the railroads that

would carry them to Seattle and Tacoma and south from Seattle to Los Angeles. The Survey tells how 53% of the workers were still in agricultural in 1870, but only 17% in 1940. This was the case when I was a boy. My mother had been born on a farm outside of Yakima, but she was working in a defense plant on Pico Blvd. in West Los Angeles in 1943. Our closest contact with agriculture was the victory gardens we were planting in the backyard on Parnell. I forgot to harvest mine and it went to seed. Something that I was very impressed with in 1943. I remember the flowers on the carrots. There was no hint that I would be assisting Dr. Mildred Mathias with her study of flowers of this type twenty years later, as a doctoral student in Botany at UCLA and a teaching assistant and research assistant in plant identification. Mildred Mathias was the major authority on the Umbelliferae, the Carrot Family, at that time, a study she was doing in collaboration with the President of the University of California at Santa Barbara.

The Survey notes that a child born in the US in 1800 had a life expectancy of 35 years and that by 1940, that life

expectancy had increased to 65 years. It mentions food, medicine, sanitation as important elements in this improvement. An important aspect of these changes were the large numbers of educated people arriving from France, Germany, and Scandinavia, and the respect for education the brought with them. Major changes in medicine were be instituted in England as a result of Florence Nightengale and studies done on the spread of Cholera, noted above. Research in microbiology in France and Germany established microbiology as a new science, a science my uncle Victor Thompson would obtain his BA in from Berkeley, and a subject I would teach for the State University of New York. My aunt, Miriam Thompson Gilbert would obtain her BA from UCLA in nutrition, she died this year at the age of 98, keeping her mobility and alertness to the very end.

In 1859 this grand triumph was far from certain. The nation was moving quickly toward a great conflict and the state of Kansas, just across the Missouri river, was a center of the developing conflict.

But before we look to this developing conflict, let us look to problems within the family itself. The general style of the family at this time is to look for opportunity and to move on as soon as the opportunity has passed. In general, the family is operating as a small unit, what is necessary to operate a farm, or a series of neighboring farms. When the family group gets to be too big it divides and moves on like a bacterium or a protozoan. It has a tendency to discard and ignore is more dysfunctional members, to leave them behind. In general, the family seems to concentrate on the youngest members, particularly those who are fertile and bearing children. This technique will work as long as there is open land and new opportunities, particularly for agriculture. It will not work if there is no new land available, or when agriculture fails, or when reproductive rates decline.

In the face of these problems, the family has tended to marry its women off to successful families that appear to now how to deal with urban conditions. An example is the marriage of the Lingenfelter to the Thompsons and

Gilberts who appeared, at least at the time to have mastered some of the problems of obtaining status in urban environments like Seattle and Portland, Oregon. The marriage of Jean Thompson to Ralph Andrews, with a family from an urban situation (Allen Andrews and Alice Andrews, parents of Ralph Andrews, were originally from Columbus, Ohio, the state capital) and of Miriam Thompson to Frank Gilbert, son of Harold Gilbert, of a family prominent in Portland, Oregon, are possibly examples of this.

Consider another factor, suppose we have genetic pattern, learned cultural patterns, transmitted by example, by oral language, by ritual, by written language, by law, by mixtures of all of the above, these patterns would tend to remain stable where they supported the replication of physiology, culture, family, family life, regardless of the source and nature of the pattern and its method of replication. It is silly to try to disentangle the web of mitochondrial and chromosomal genes and physiological and environmental and social and cultural influences, the relationships are too complex in social

creatures with many levels of organization, such as a human. If one of these patterns favored the decline of older adult intelligence to juvenile levels in all areas except verbal memory, this would facilitate identification of young children with their grandparents, and an understanding of the children by the grandparents, the grandparents possessing these very same child like mental limitations at this advanced stage of their own life. It is not surprising that these are the patterns that are actually found in communities where aging adults and young children are paired together. Suppose also there was a pattern of supporting members of the community to the point at which it was obvious that they could no longer contribute to the community, in situations where there were large numbers of children, it would not be surprising that these less promising offspring might be allowed to expire, or to just slip away, disappear. Suppose there were aging factors that might encourage debilitate elderly to loose their connections with the family, just get lost somewhere. These are exactly the patterns that seem to be manifest when the Crittenden, Kennedy, McMichael, Hamilton, families are examined. Vital grandparents are usually found with

promising mothers that are producing large numbers of healthy children, less promising individuals some how are pushed to one side. It is not surprising that we find Charity and John Bennett Kennedy leaving the Sarah Ross and Thomas Jefferson Greenberry Hamilton situations in the care of Jane Kennedy, as they move off to Ross County, Platte County, Missouri, Nodaway County Missouri and are found living alongside the future Judge Kennedy and his wife, a daughter of a politically influential family. When Mary Lingenfelter Thompson marries her eldest daughter (now a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles with a degree in nutrition) to a Yale University educated engineer, Frank Gilbert, son of prominent members of Portland, Oregon society, and nephew of a prominent toy manufacturer, A. C. Gilbert) and when the youngest son of Mary Thompson, Victor Thompson received his degree in Microbiology for the University of California, Berkeley. When young children are produced by daughters of Mary Thompson, who shows up to live with Mary Thompson but mother and father Benjamin Harrison and Henrietta Kennedy Lingenfelter.

Thomas Jefferson Greenberry Hamilton has long ago left for Texas, where he dies of alcoholism and senility, his mother having escaped from the Indian mental institution and gone no one knows where. By this time Henrietta and Benjamin have largely forgotten their ties to other places, just as their grandparents Charity and John left Indiana and North Carolina behind in favor of the Missouri frontier. Now I have my explanation for the speed with which my family forgot and ignored the alcoholism and suicide of my brother, the growing senility of my mother, the tendency of relatives to loosen the ties with my less fruitful side of the family tree. It is no surprise that the only hints to the broken branches of the tree lie overturned in forgotten cemeteries and on abandon headstone long untended.

Pets, little dogs and cats, are extremely good at imitating the behavior of tiny human children. It is no surprise that the failure of modern families to generate the huge number of infants that were normally associated with fertile mothers before contraception, have been substituted for by large numbers of cuddly pets that

imitate the helpless dependence of human young. It is no surprise that so much of our effort in educating our young are focused on degrees in service occupations like nursing, education, mental health, that can act as substitutes for unsatisfied maternal cravings.

England was dealing with the aftermath of the Crimean War as this point. The first reform of parliament done in 1832 had increased the franchise, but it had largely left the government in the hands of the old rural aristocracy. In 1867, a new reform bill provide a million new voters, almost doubling the number, and forcing a situation where real democratic processes would emerge. The Crimean War had caused a rise in the price of wheat, increasing prosperity for farmers that could ship grain down the Missouri and Mississippi, or use the expanding railroad network. Science and engineering began to be applied to manufacturing and agriculture, and the US began to copy English models. Henry Bessemer discovered how to make steel from Iron in 1856 (see Evans, op. cit. p. 186). England converted her factories to steam power from 1840 to 1870. Pressed by the needs

of supplying a Civil War, the US would soon imitate the British example. Education would also be reformed by the British: Clarendon Commission report of 1861, Taunton Commission, 1865, The Endowed Schools Act of 1869 that reorganized British grammar schools (op. cit. p. 198).

Arnold Toynbee has look at this process in this “Study of History.” In an abridged version of this “Study” made in 1946, by D. C. Sommervell, for Oxford University Press, Toynbee dates the universal education of children in Britain to “Forester’s Act in 1870. He sees the “Yellow Press” as an unfortunate and unforeseen negative effect of universal education. He describes this as “press-lords” that provide “idle amusement for the half-educated.” He sees the use of the press by Hilter, and its carry over in films and radio, is a further development in this process.

Members of the family would be drawn into this new world, culminating with two daughters of Mary (Lingenfelter) Thompson with teaching credentials and

teaching credentials earned by the numerous great grand children of Henrietta (Kennedy) Lingenfelter, of which I am one. Henrietta’s youngest daughter, Ruth (Lingenfelter) Jurich would write the “Prudence Penny” columns that appeared in Pacific Northwest Newspapers during the early years of World War II. My father, Ralph B. Andrews, owned and published a local paper in his district of Long Beach during the 1970s. Ruth Jurich would write the church news for the Federal Way Times in the Seattle, Washington area during the same period.

It was partly in reaction to the overemphasis of “Yellow Journalism,” that my friends, at Torrance, High School, El Camino College, and Long Beach State College, supported Rodney Harwell of Torrance, California in his sponsorship of the “Royalist” and the “Augustan Society,” which we saw, at least I did, as a college prank, a spoof on the people’s press (and royal pretensions as well). When Rodney began to make serious money by using it to support German Catholic genealogy, I supported the idea as a legitimate way to investigate areas of family history that might otherwise have been ignored. But I could

never take it seriously the way he did. Rodney seemed mildly amused about these activities. I never recall him claiming any lineage himself. Sometimes it seemed that he enjoyed the pomp for its own sake. His attitudes are significant here, because he shared some of the same geographical connections. His family had come to Torrance, California from Nebraska, just across the river from Missouri and Iowa.

This brings up another issue. Toynbee was concerned with how civilizations go stale, loose their creativity. One example is the pitfall of believing yourself to be “a chosen people” as in the Jewish belief of being chosen by God, the Athenian belief that they were “the Education of Hellas.” These processes were at work in the United States at the time we speak. If you were to attend some of the camp meetings that the Kennedy family might have attended, many of the preachers appeared to believed in the destiny of Christian people, their need to carry their missionary message to the world. An example of this notion of special destiny has always been attached to the so called “Mormon” LDS Church. There was a

special energy attached to this organization at the time, and it caught up members of the Kennedy family, of which Thomas Jefferson Greenberry Hamilton, see above, is an example.

Land was opening up as the Native Americans moved west. The Omaha had lived along the Wabash and Ohio Rivers in 1670s (see Wikipedia, and Native American tribes in Nebraska), but started moving into Nebraska. The Osage, Kansa, and Quapec moved west also. Tribes were being forced to move on to reservation land. Later, tribes would be encouraged to move to Oklahoma in order to free land in Nebraska for settlement.

Jackson County Missouri has attempted to recreate at typical Northwest Missouri settlement of this period. The year they chose to focus on was 1855 (see the web site for Jackson County Missouri Town 1855). The site says that 1855 was chosen because it was before the fighting on the Kansas and Missouri border began to disrupt the area. According to this source, a typical

western Missouri village might have a tavern, school house, church, and store. It was the store the Ross family was operating in Jennings township in Fayette County, Indiana. There was no running water, cars, television, radio, microwave. But people were proud of the telegraph and the sewing machine, the steamboat and the railroad. Goods were often bartered. The whole family would work hard in the summer to make sure the harvest was good. The girls worked in the garden and cooked, cleaned, did sewing and milking. School was held in a one room school house and lasted all winter, from October to April. It was held on every day but Sunday. Towns had travelling preachers, Baptists on one Sunday and Methodists on another (op. cit.).

Ambrose Cain had come with the Cain family from Rush County in Indiana. He had married Sarah Amanda Fulkerson. Mary Ellen Cain was born near Maryville in Nodaway County, Missouri, July 2, 1849. According to the account posted on the web (see Lorene H. Reid, familytree maker geneology), She was the first child born to Ambrose and Sarah. She lived in Missouri till she was

10. In the spring of 1859, the family left for Texas in a covered wagon. They moved to Collin County, Texas, were there a short time and moved on to Wise County, south of Decatur, Texas. They lived there a year and moved to Parker County, a mile from Goshen, Texas. Ambrose taught school at Goshen, as he had done earlier, according to report, in Rush County, Indiana. Later, he taught at Springtown, Texas, five miles from Goshen. He rode there on horseback. The school was so full that Mary Ellen had to help him. Toward the end of the Civil War, the family moved to Springtown, where Ambrose operated a carding machine, weaving and spinning wool in rolls. At the end of the war, he sold his land in Missouri and moved to Washington County, Arkansas. There is no record of why Ambrose moved, or why he left the Missouri Cains behind, anymore than there is any indication why they had all left Rush County Indiana in the first place.

There was lots of trouble in the area, or at least in Kansas nearby. According to Wikipedia (See Kansas Nebraska Act), the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854 made Kansas and

Nebraska into territories. Settlers were allowed to decide between slavery and no slavery, which set aside the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which had closed Kansas to slavery. This whole idea was the product of the Democratic Senator from Illinois, Stephen Douglas. The Republic Party was organized in opposition to the result. Railroads wanted to extend there lines into this area and they were behind much of the effort to settle it.

Soon pro-slavery settlers moved into Kansas from Missouri. Abolitionist settlers moved in as well. Territorial governors tried to keep peace. The territorial capital of Kansas at Lecompton was a scene of so much agitation, that the Free-Staters set up an unofficial capital at Topeka (see op. cit p. 8). It was during this period that John Brown and his sons murdered five pro-slavery settlers.

According to Alexander Adams account of the “Great Naturalists,” the book titled “Eternal Quest” (Putnam, 1969), June 18, 1858 was the day when Charles Darwin

opened a letter from Alfred Wallace that indicated that Wallace had independently developed some of the ideas that Darwin had worked out in the book he was planning. Darwin sent the letter to his friend Charles Lyell, the great authority on geology at that time. Charles Wallace was a young Englishman who had dabbled in a numbers of trades, surveying, watch making. He visited Paris in 1847 and took an interest in the plant collections in the Jardin des Plantes. When he returned to London, he visited the insect room at the British Museum and decided he wanted to travel and sell specimens to pay for his travels (op. cit. p. 342). He became a partner with Henry Walter Bates, who taught him about entomology (the study of insects) and introduced him to a book on evolution, “Vestiges of Creation, which was published in 1844. In 1844, Wallace and Bates went on an insect collecting trip to Brazil in 1848. Wallace’s younger brother Herbert joined them in Brazil in 1849. After parting with Bates, and then from his brother Herbert, Wallace started up the river Negro on August 31, 1850. In January, 1851, he passed into Venezuela. Further travels, after returning to London, brought him to Singapore in 1854. On November 1st 1854, he reached

the island of Borneo (op. cit., p. 356). By 1856, he had reached the island of Bali, from here he travelled to Macassar and the Kai Islands. Locating at Ternate, he made trips through the Molucca Islands all the way to New Guinea. In 1857, he was pondering the question of the origin of species and thinking of writing on evolution. Like Darwin, he thought about what Malthus had written on what happened to populations as they grew. Could this be the key to the origin of variations in living things, like Darwin, he began to believe it was true. It was here in a thatched house sick from fever that he independently developed the Darwinian notion of the “survival of the fittest” (op. cit., p. 368).

Charles Darwin published his book “Origin of the Species,” in 1859. By January of 1860 it had sold out and a second edition was being printed (op. cit., p. 385). The major Botanists of the day, Hooker, and Zoologists, Huxley supported Darwin, the most important British geologist, Lyell, took Darwin’s side in the 10th edition of his “Principles of Geology.” The great Swiss geologist and zoologist, Louis Agassiz, now associated with Harvard

University in Boston, remained the most prominent opponent of Darwin’s theories.

The Darwinian Centennial publication that was used as my textbook for my graduate class in evolution at the University of California, Los Angeles, was published only a hundred years later. But, in that hundred years Darwin inspired biology had spread in many directions. The Darwin Centennial volume included chapters on the origin of life from inorganic chemistry, on virus particles, on the laws of evolution, and the history of life. Botanists wrote about genetic systems and the fossils of flowering plants. Complex mathematics was used to describe genetic relationships, and the new science of population genetics was described in detail. There were even discussions of microbiology, behavior, and the new science of ecology. By 1959, the discoveries of Darwin and Wallace, a hundred years earlier, had come of age.

After studying these principle of Darwinian science, I would later pass the biological record examination in

biology with a perfect score and obtain a teaching credential in life science with the State of California. Else where in my writings I compare modern ideas of Darwin with the mythical weather cycle of the Chinese made immortal in the magical polarities of yin and yang in the I Ching, or Yi Ching. Elsewhere I visualize a Heaven Trigram of genetic mutations being subject to competition, extinction and natural selection in Flame Trigram to eliminate dangerous maladaptive genetic expression in Thunder Trigram purifying the gene pool of the population of organism in the Lake Trigram resulting in adaptive peaks and ideally adapted genetic systems in Wind Trigram maintained by feed back and homeostasis and replication in the systems of Water Pit Abysm Trigram resulting in adaptive phenotypes in Earth Trigram checked and supported by input from systems products in Earth trigram through species systems maintained by speciation and genetic isolation in Mountain Trigram. Thus, the old daughter yin of genetic fixation and replication is opposed to the old son yang of genetic change and evolution, the middle daughter yin of genetic system fragmentation and gene segregation is opposed to the middle son yang of genetic system

integration, and finally the youngest daughter yin of sexual reproduction and genetic recombination and gene pool association is opposed to the youngest son yang of genetic isolation and species formation. In personality disorders, this would be the compulsive vs. the antisocial, the narcissistic vs. the avoidant, the dependent vs. the schizoid. These structural polarities are part of a larger system of polarities that build level upon level to unite particles into atoms and atoms into molecules and molecules into macromolecules, and macromolecules into simple cells and simple cells into complex cells, and complex cells into tissues, and tissues into organs, etc, etc..

This complex vision of the world is far from the simple vision of the camp meetings in the villages of Missouri and Indiana at this point just before the Civil War, when the focus was on scripture and an understanding of the Bible. Thus, in many ways, my outlook on the world is a far from that of my grandparents as their outlook was from their Druid worshiping ancestors. Even then, I am having trouble, as discussed above, and elsewhere in my

writings, with integrating this point of view with my larger world vision. Because, as I express above and elsewhere, I do not believe humans progress in all things, or that all changes in doctrine and philosophy represent progress. My ancestors were faced with the challenge of responding to change in their environment. I am faced with the challenge of responding to the acceleration of these changes and the questing of the desirability of these changes, at what every level they occur.

When it comes to works like J. Hutchinson’s “The Families of Flowering Plants,” there is no problem. His ideas of classifying angiosperms follow logically with the understanding he obtain in his time (1926, revised in 1959) of progression of forms in flowering plants. It is like understanding Mozart’s musical forms in comparison with those of Wagner. Once you examine the leaves and flowers he is looking at and understand how he saw them and his assumptions, the rest follows like a piece of Baroque harmony. But, even this is a long way from villages in Northwestern Missouri. The plant museum (herbarium) and botany garden at University of

California, Los Angeles represent a collection built up over many years by many collectors. When I visited the collections at Harvard and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew outside of London, I was examining sheets of specimens of Elatine and Bergia (genera of the Elatinaceae, subject of my botanic studies) collected over hundred of years by hundreds of collectors. These kinds of collections are only found in a few places on the planet. In California, in 1962, this meant UCLA and the University of California, Berkeley, and perhaps Stanford.

C.D. Darlington, an English geneticist, attempted to analyze history from a Darwinian point of view in “The Evolution of Man and Society,” which he published in 1969 (Simon and Schuster). Darlington notes that an “imaginative craftsman demands the company of kindred spirits.” He goes on further to state how “slowly has new immigration, partly Jewish, further hybridization, and further assortment softened in some places the American resentment against speculative thought (op. cit., p. 611). He goes on to describe how universities become associated with a group he calls an

“Establishment.” Both I and my brother, my grandmother’s youngest sister, became involved in various ways with the social movement Darlington is attempting to discuss. The failed elements of the Intelligensia it encouraged began to surface in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the 1950s and 1960s in various forms of protest and social reaction, the “beat generation,” and the “hippies.” In Harris Newmark you find the discussion of the slow emergence of these new urban elites in places like Los Angeles there we once nothing more that villages.

But, technically we are still in the 1850s, by 1859 Charles Darwin is finally publishing his “Origin of Species” biological classic. But, where the Pyle, Lingenfelter, Smith, Crittenden, Kennedy, and McMichael descendents are collecting in Northwestern Missouri, there is nothing but conflict coming across the Missouri River frontier with Kansas territory.

Eli Thayer organized something called the “New England Emigrant Aid Company.” It started sending settlers to Kansas and had moved some 1,200 from New England to Kansas by 1855 (see Bleeding Kansas, www.pbs.org). An abolitionist minister named Henry Ward Beecher was giving out rifles that came to be known as “Breecher’s Bibles.” Armed men from Missouri moved into Kansas in 1854 to vote for proslavery candidates. Armed men from Missouri came across the state line for another election on March 30, 1855 in which there were 2,905 registered voters, 6,307 ballots, and 791 votes against slavery.

The resulting legislature passed laws that copied the Missouri slave laws, laws that had severe penalties for speech against slavery. The anti-slavery votes established their own legislature at Topeka. Free State voters cast 1,287 votes, to 453, to outlaw all blacks from Kansas, slave or free. Continued violence brought kidnappings and killings. On May 21, 1856, proslavery men burned the Free State Hotel in Lawrence and pillaged homes and stores. The abolitionist John Brown lead an attack on Pottowatamie Creek. John and his sons

are said to have “hacked” five proslavery men to death (op. cit, p. 3). Senator Charles Sumner made an impassioned speech against what was happening in Kansas. Congressman Preston Brooks beat Sumner “senseless” at his desk with a cane. A new governor arrived to “restore order.” Violence declined, but there were more attempts to draft proslavery and free state constitutions, including one at Wyandotte in July 1859 (op. cit. p. 4). It was only in 1861, after Confederate secession, that Kansas was admitted as a state.

But, the United States was drifting toward civil war. Senator John J. Crittenden, great grandson of Henry Crittenden, distant cousin of Lucretia Webster Smith Kennedy, and of the Jeffersons and Lees of Virginia, (representative of the closest thing to an “Establishment” that existed in the Ohio River and Mississippi River area at the time), holding the Senate seat formerly held by Henry Clay, introduced the “Crittenden Compromise” in the Senate on December 18, 1960 in an attempt to save the Union. It was opposed by the Republican Party and the newly elected President Abraham Lincoln. So the

country continued to drift toward war. Thomas Jefferson Greenberry Hamilton’s father would die in that war and his mother would become “homicidally melancholy” and be assigned to an institution for the insane, leaving him to be brought up his uncles.

Ambrose Cain has come up in this story on various occasions. His family married into the Kennedy family and was living close by. A different look at what is going on a this time can be gotten by examining it from the standpoint of the Fulkerson family, a family not related to our as far as I can tell, but one, like many, that crossed passed. The Fulkerson and Cain story that is posted on the web (Fulkerson.org) tells the story of Sarah, who was born 2nd of July 1825 in Jefferson city, Missouri. Sarah Fulkerson was the second of 10 children growing up with many aunts, uncles, and cousins, just as was the case with the Lee, Ross, Cain, Kennedy, McMichael, Smith, Crittenden, Lingenfelter, and Pyle families, as noted above. Her family moved to Nodaway County, Missouri in 1845 and she married Ambrose Cain 30 Oct 1845. His parents were Jesse Cain and Merriam Lowe, both born in

England, as discussed above. Sarah and Ambrose moved to Maryville, as did the family of Samuel Kennedy. They remained in Maryville when Sarah’s parents and brothers, sisters, aunts, uncles, cousins went West on the Oregon Trail in 1847 (op. cit, p. 2). You will note that Lucretia Webster Smith Kennedy lost contact with a number of her father’s relatives when they took the trail west to Potter’s Valley, California. Apparently, Sarah’s mother, brother, and uncle died on their journey west. In 1858 Sarah and Ambrose moved south to Springfield, and in 1859 they took a covered wagon south to Texas.

The Oregon and California Trails Association web positings indicate the following: maybe as many as 500 thousand followed the trails west. Between 1812 and 1848, 5000 went to Salt Lake, 10,000 to Oregon, and 2,000 to California. As many as 40,000 may have taken the trail in 1849. Maybe as many as 65,000 took the trail in 1850, with 5000 possible deaths from cholera. These travelers were mostly going west to California to obtain gold. Less than 10,000 went west in 1851, but the numbers climbed to 70,000 in 1852, decreased to 35,000

in 1853, decline further to 20,000 in 1854, most of the 7000 going west in 1855 went to Utah. 1856 saw 12,000, mostly to California, 1857 less than 6000, mostly to California, 1858 saw a possible 7,500 travelling west, but the numbers were up to 80,000 in 1859 because of men travelling west in search of Colorado gold. There were around 20,000 in 1860, less than 10,000 in 1861, 20,000 in 1862 and 1863, and 40,000 in 1864, mainly to Montana. It seems to have taken around 121 days to get to California and 140 to get to Oregon.

This was also a period of movement and conflict for the LDS (Mormon) Church. Richard E. Bennett has written material on the Mormon Exodus (see “We Had Everything to Procure from Missouri”: The Missouri Lifeline to the Mormon Exodus 1846 – 1850). According to this account, the Mormons had been forced from Nauvoo, Illinois. Under the direction of Brigham Young, they began to move westward toward the Rocky Mountains. Bad weather caused the Mormon wagons to sink to their axles in the mud of Iowa. They made it to Council Bluffs in mid-June, too late to cross the

mountains that summer. However, the Army asked the Mormons to volunteer for a Mormon Battalion to march with Kearney to California. This gave them permission to settle on Indian lands near Omaha. Thousands took shelter on the plains of Nebraska, Iowa, and down the Missouri River to St. Louis. With little food and clothing, many became sick and died. A Missouri delegation led by a Colonel Thomas Jennings incepted Brigham Young and forced him to agree not to travel into Missouri. The Mormons were forced to come south into Missouri anyway in search of seed and supplies. They traded feather beds and china, glassware and cutlery for corn and beans. Some went south on the Missouri and found work in St. Joseph. Bishop Newel Whitney took a steamboat to St. Louis in the fall and bought supplies.

Another site, on Kansas History, has an account titled “The Mormon Trail (Road) in Kansas Territory,” by Morris W. Werner. This discussion of the movement of European converts to Salt Lake City includes material from diaries such as the following: John Johnson Daves, in 1854, is a Mormon convert out of Liverpool, England.

He notes deaths from cholera on the steamboats in the Missouri River. He notes leaving Westport in a train of 50 wagons. J. A. Butler in 1856, left Westport and travelled down the Sante Fe Trail in a party of 32. Says that they missed the Oregon Trail and went down the Ft. Riley road to the “old California Road.”

Another account, “Eastern Ends of the Trail West, by Stanley B. Kimball tells how the Union Pacific Railroad started to come west from Omaha, Nebraska, 10 July 1865. The railhead had reached North Platte, Nebraska by 1867 and Laramie City, Wyoming by 1868. Prior to the railroad, there we various departure points, Council Bluffs, Iowa, 1849 – 1852, Florence, Nebraska 1856 – 1863, Wyoming, Nebraska 1864 – 1866.

The Oregon Trail is described as having two branches and a number of feeders. One of the feeders was The Mormon Grove Trail, part of the Fort Leavenworth Military Road.

The Wikipedia has a description of the Beehive House. It was constructed in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1854 and was one of the two residences of Brigham Young. Young was a polygamist and the House had to accommodate him and wives and children. It was the executive mansion for the Territory from 1852 to 1855. Young received important guests here at this time.

In the meantime, according to Harris Newmark (op. cit. p. 241), Andres Pico had submitted a bill to the state legislature of California calling for the separation of the State into two states. This bill passed both houses and was signed by the Governor, but it was rejected in Washington D.C.. Newmark points out that snow in the Rocky Mountains closed off Utah in the winter at this time. Newmark reports that a number of wagons were carrying goods between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles and that they arrived almost daily.

The Bella Union added a second story in 1859, and a steam whistle to announce the arrival of dinner. In May

of 1859 deliberations began on the possibility of constructing a road to Santa Barbara. A Quartetmaster Department was established for the army in Willmington. An Ice House was functioning in 1859 that stored ice from nearby mountain lakes. The ice was cut in cubes weighing around 100 pounds and brought down the canyons by trains of thirty to forty mules. Silver dollars were being minted in San Francisco in 1859 and they began to appear in Los Angeles.

San Francisco and Los Angeles were beginning to grow into real cities. Even Salt Lake City had its buildings. However, to my knowledge, all the Kennedy, Lingenfelter, Pyle, Smith, McMichael, Crittenden, Andrews, and Thompson grandmothers and grandfathers of my own lineage remained safely east of the Rocky Mountains, and with a few exceptions, east of the Missouri River as well.

What you do not know you do not know. At a certain point information fades in the mists of time. The

material available on the web on Ezekial W. Smith of Tennessee, referred to above (Barbara Leimback) relates how the settlers of Tennessee came to the Watauga Valley area in 1768 (op. cit. p. 1). The Smith line in question lived in Bedford County, formed from Rutherford County in 1807, which was formed from Davidson County in 1803, Davidson was organized in 1787. The Bedford County courthouse was destroyed three times, fires and a tornado, so there are no decent records for Vincent Smith (1778 -1857) and his wife Ann Dolin. They had 10, or more children, including John Payton Smith, father of Lucretia Webster Smith Kennedy and grandfather of Henrietta Kennedy Lingenfelter. John Payton was born 5 Dec. 1799, his brother Ezekiel was born 1804 and his brother Hiram was born 5 Dec. 1799.

John Payton Smith, as discussed above, is said to have worked for the US government and to have been a County judge (op. cit., p. 3). John’s brother Hiram went to California in 1846 with a party from Buchanan County and Andrew County, Missouri. He returned to Andrew County, Missouri in 1852 and died on his trip back to

California. Ezekiel, and his wife and children came to Missouri and were in Buchanan County by 1833 (Ibid).

Ezekiel was sheriff of Andrew County in 1841 and died of cholera in 1849. His wife Sarah left St. Joseph for California in April 1857. They were on the trail for 192 days and arrived in California in October of 1857. Apparently she had owned seven slaves, according to the census of 1850. Sarah and her married children had arrived in Sonoma County, California by June of 1858. She is buried in the Cemetery in Potter Valley, having died at Pomo in Medicino County, California 24 July 1874. Lucretia Webster Smith orphaned niece of Eziekiel, married Samuel Thomas Kennedy 14 July 1850 in Nodaway, County, Missouri, where she remained till she died.

On July 14th 1900, Judge Samuel Thomas Kennedy, and his wife, Lucretia Webster Smith Kennedy (daughter of John Payton, niece of Eziekiel, per the above), celebrated a golden wedding anniversary at the home of their son-in-law on the west side of Maryville. Sixteen of their twenty-three grandchildren were present. But, that is

getting well ahead of my story, for my grandmother, Mary Lingenfelter Thompson was one of the grandchildren who was not present (at least to my knowledge). To get to that spot in our story we will need to fight a very difficult and nasty civil war and build some transcontinental railroads (on which my portion of this linage came west).

America’s History, Volume 1, Henretta, Brody, Ware, and Johnson (Bedford/St Martins, 4th ed, 2000, as cited above), gives and interesting summary of the events. Chapter 14, “Two Societies at War, 1861 -1865” divides the process into: secession and military stalemate, choosing sides, setting war aims, mobilizing armies, mobilizing resources, turning point of 1863, emancipation, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, strategy, Grant in Virginia, Election of 1864, Sherman’s March.

Once Lincoln was elected, secessionism spread through the South. Political leaders were in a race to do something before Lincoln’s inauguration in March of

1861 (op. cit., p. 442). South Carolina voted for succession on December 20th. Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky proposed a compromise, as discussed above. In his inaugural address on March 4, 1861, Lincoln called secession “illegal.” He announced that he would hold and occupy federal property in the seceded states. The confederate government decided to take Fort Sumter with force. The fort surrendered on April 14th and Lincoln called 75,000 state militia members into federal service. When Virginia left the Union, Lincoln acted to take West Virginia by force and secure Maryland. The German Americans in Missouri were mobilized to save the state for the Union. German American militia defeated the confederates led by Governor Clairborne Jackson. Fighting back raids by Jesse and Frank James and William Quantrill, the Union retained control of the state throughout the war (op. cit., p. 445).