wastewater recycle and reuse technology evolution and costs
TRANSCRIPT
Wastewater recycle and reuse:
The need of the hour Workshop
Date: 18 April 2012,
Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India
Uday G. Kelkar, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE
NJS Consultants Co. Ltd., Japan
Wastewater Recycle and Reuse –
Technology Evolution and Costs
Recycle and ReuseRecycle and Reuse
-- Balancing ActBalancing Act
Irrigation
Secondary
Treatment
Restricted
Urban Reuse
Tertiary
Filtration
Industrial Non-
Potable Reuse
Indirect
Potable Reuse
Direct
Potable or
High Quality
Process
Tertiary
membrane
Filtration
N&P Control
RO &
Disinfection
Treatment AlternativesTreatment Alternatives
• Agricultural Reuse
– lowest water quality, lowest cost
–Conventional Secondary Treatment- No N & P
Control
–highest water loss, drainage water has low
quality
• Unrestricted Urban Reuse
–Tertiary Filtration required
• Conventional
• Membranes – Ultra or Micro filtration
–Disincection
Unit Operations in Unit Operations in
Wastewater TreatmentWastewater TreatmentBiological
Aerobic
Process
Anaerobic
Process
Suspended
Growth
Attached
Growth
Activated
Sludge
(ASP)
CSTR, Plug flow, Sequencing Batch reactor,
oxidation ditch, Orbal, Biolac, Cyclic ASP,
Extended Aeration, aerobic/aerated lagoons
Trickling Filter and Trickling
filter with solids contact
system
Submerged
Attached
Growth
Rotating Biological
Contactors (RBC)
ASP with fixed film packing
Down flow attached growth process, upflow
submerged attached growth, fluidized bed
bioreactor, membrane separation aerobic process
Suspended
Growth
Attached
Growth
Anaerobic contact process, anaerobic sludge
blanket process-UASB, anaerobic baffled
reactor system,
Up-flow packed bed attached growth, and
expended bed reactors, anaerobic fluidized
bed reactors, anaerobic lagoons, membrane
separation anaerobic process
Combination of aerobic and anaerobic process are used in tertiary treatment for
the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater
NJS Consultants Co. Ltd
NJS Consultants Co. Ltd
Surface Water DischargeSurface Water Discharge
Treatment AlternativesTreatment Alternatives
• Industrial Reuse
–Tertiary Filtration and point-of-use treatment
for higher water quality –
–Nitrogen and Phosphorus control required
• like RO or EDR
–Disinfection
• Indirect Potable Reuse
–Filtration, MF/UF with RO
–Disinfection
–Need nitrogen and phosphorus removal
• Groundwater Recharge
–Need nitrogen removal
Technology selection criteriaTechnology selection criteria
Reliable (proven and established)Reliable (proven and established)
Recycled water quality and its consistencyRecycled water quality and its consistency
Wastewater generation from treatment Wastewater generation from treatment processprocess
Operator requirement / automationOperator requirement / automation
Space requirement (may not be important for Space requirement (may not be important for industrial areas due to appropriate allocation industrial areas due to appropriate allocation of land)of land)
Capital cost, O&M cost (Lifecycle cost)Capital cost, O&M cost (Lifecycle cost)
A Few of Many Innovative Approaches A Few of Many Innovative Approaches
to Wastewater Treatmentto Wastewater Treatment
Activated sludge modificationsActivated sludge modifications
AB processAB process
Short SRT Nitrification ProcessShort SRT Nitrification Process
Advanced oxidation processesAdvanced oxidation processes
HH22OO22 and UVand UV
AutomationAutomation
OnOn--line process controlline process control
Attached growth processesAttached growth processes
Biological aerated filters (BAFs)Biological aerated filters (BAFs)
Integrated fixed film activated sludgeIntegrated fixed film activated sludge
BioBio--augmentationaugmentation
InIn--pipe treatmentpipe treatment
Advanced primary treatmentAdvanced primary treatment
Enhanced high rate clarificationEnhanced high rate clarification
CoMagCoMag
ChemDenChemDen
Constructed wetlands Constructed wetlands –– ReCip ProcessReCip Process
DAFs for clarificationDAFs for clarification
Integrated pond systemsIntegrated pond systems
AIPsAIPs
PetroPetro
MembranesMembranes
MBRsMBRs
MF / UFMF / UF
RORO
Phosphorus recovery and recyclingPhosphorus recovery and recycling
Sidestream Nitrogen RemovalSidestream Nitrogen Removal
SharonSharon
AnammoxAnammox
CANONCANON
Sludge Sludge
Disintegration of biomassDisintegration of biomass
SoilSoil--aquifer treatmentaquifer treatment
UASBUASB
Process Selection Matrix
Decreasing Membrane Pore Size Selectively Retains Different Substances
Decreasing Membrane Pore Size Selectively Retains Different Substances
Dec
reasin
g P
ore
Siz
e
Pure WaterPure Water
Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Nanofiltration Membrane
Ultrafiltration Membrane
Microfiltration Membrane
Suspended solids Proteins Salts Bactena Sugar Suspended solids Proteins Salts Bactena Sugar
WaterWater
Tertiary filtration systemsTertiary filtration systems
Raw
Wastewater
Secondary
EffluentActivated
Sludge
WAS
Filters
Sand filters Membrane filters
Filtration size 40 microns 0.2 microns
Outlet solids 5 – 10 mg/L < 2 mg/L
Status in India Established Being considered
Alum dosage High Medium
STP outlet TP directly proportional to solids as
biological and chemical processes convert soluble P into
particulate P.
Recycle and Reuse
- Balancing Act
Irrigation
Secondary
Treatment
Restricted
Urban Reuse
Tertiary
Filtration
Industrial Non-
Potable Reuse
Indirect
Potable Reuse
Direct
Potable or
High Quality
Process
Tertiary
membrane
Filtration
N&P Control
RO &
Disinfection
Dr Vinod Tare,
IIT Kanpur
April 24, 2010;
IHC, New Delhi
Workshop on
Sewage Treatment and Sludge Management
Assessment of Technology for Sewage Treatment
Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Performance in terms of quality of treated sewage
TSS, BOD, and COD
Total / Faecal Coliform Removal
DO in Effluent
Initial/Immediate Oxygen Demand
Nutrient Removal
Performance Reliability
Impact of Effluent Discharge
Impact on Land
Impact on Surface Waters
Impact on Ground Waters
1: Tech 1 ; 2: Tech 1 ; 3: Tech 1 ; 4: Tech 1 ; 5: Tech 1 ; 6: Tech 1 ; 7: Tech 1 ; 8: Tech 1 ; 9: Tech 1 ; 10: Tech 1 ; 11:
Tech 1 ; 12: Tech 1 ; 13: Tech 1 ; 14: Tech 1 ; 15: Tech 1 ; 16: Tech 1 ; 17: Tech 1 ; 18: Tech 1 ; 19: Tech 1.
Dr Vinod Tare,
IIT Kanpur
April 24, 2010;
IHC, New Delhi
Workshop on
Sewage Treatment and Sludge Management
Assessment of Technology for Sewage Treatment
Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Resource Generation
Manure / Soil Conditioner
Fuel
Electricity Generation
Food
Impact of STP
Impacts on Health of STP
Staff/Locals
Impacts on Surrounding
Building/Properties
Energy Requirement
Land Requirement
Capital Cost
Recurring Cost
Reinvestment Cost
Level of Skill in O&M
WSP (Unlined)
WSP (Lined)
FAL
TF (Plastic Media)
TF (Gravel, Slow Rate)
TF (Gravel, High Rate)
UASB + FPU
ASP
UASB + FAL + FPU
UASB + ASP
BIOFOR
ASP BIOFOR F
FAB
MBBR
SBR / CTECH
SAFF
MBR
ASP + C-F + RSF/DMF
SBR + C-F + RSF/DMF
Category I
Category II
Category III
Category IV
STPs Producing Recyclable Quality
Treatment Plant Footprint, m2 / MLD
0 2000 4000 6000 20000 25000 30000
An
nu
na
lize
d C
os
t, R
s /
kL
0
2
4
6
8
10
Annualized Cost of Treatment and Corresponding Land
Requirement for Various Treatment Technologies
Adapted from Dr. Tare, 2010
Trends in Trends in Freshwater CostsFreshwater Costs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Lan
ded
Co
st o
f w
ate
r to
Uti
lity
(R
s p
er
kL
)
Chennai
Delhi
Hyderabad
Bangalore
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Lan
ded
Co
st o
f w
ate
r to
Uti
lity
(R
s p
er
kL
)
Trends in Trends in Recycled Water CostRecycled Water Cost
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Lan
ded
Co
st o
f w
ate
r to
Uti
lity
(R
s p
er
kL
)
Chennai
Delhi
Hyderabad
Bangalore
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Lan
ded
Co
st o
f w
ate
r to
Uti
lity
(R
s p
er
kL
)
MBR + RO (Potable)
Tertiary treatment(All Non-potable scenario)
Growth in Indirect Potable ReuseGrowth in Indirect Potable Reuse
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
1960 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Flo
w,
m3/d
Thank You!