Wastewater recycle and reuse:

The need of the hour Workshop

Date: 18 April 2012,

Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India

Uday G. Kelkar, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE

NJS Consultants Co. Ltd., Japan

Wastewater Recycle and Reuse –

Technology Evolution and Costs

Recycle and ReuseRecycle and Reuse

-- Balancing ActBalancing Act

Irrigation

Secondary

Treatment

Restricted

Urban Reuse

Tertiary

Filtration

Industrial Non-

Potable Reuse

Indirect

Potable Reuse

Direct

Potable or

High Quality

Process

Tertiary

membrane

Filtration

N&P Control

RO &

Disinfection

Treatment AlternativesTreatment Alternatives

• Agricultural Reuse

– lowest water quality, lowest cost

–Conventional Secondary Treatment- No N & P

Control

–highest water loss, drainage water has low

quality

• Unrestricted Urban Reuse

–Tertiary Filtration required

• Conventional

• Membranes – Ultra or Micro filtration

–Disincection

Unit Operations in Unit Operations in

Wastewater TreatmentWastewater TreatmentBiological

Aerobic

Process

Anaerobic

Process

Suspended

Growth

Attached

Growth

Activated

Sludge

(ASP)

CSTR, Plug flow, Sequencing Batch reactor,

oxidation ditch, Orbal, Biolac, Cyclic ASP,

Extended Aeration, aerobic/aerated lagoons

Trickling Filter and Trickling

filter with solids contact

system

Submerged

Attached

Growth

Rotating Biological

Contactors (RBC)

ASP with fixed film packing

Down flow attached growth process, upflow

submerged attached growth, fluidized bed

bioreactor, membrane separation aerobic process

Suspended

Growth

Attached

Growth

Anaerobic contact process, anaerobic sludge

blanket process-UASB, anaerobic baffled

reactor system,

Up-flow packed bed attached growth, and

expended bed reactors, anaerobic fluidized

bed reactors, anaerobic lagoons, membrane

separation anaerobic process

Combination of aerobic and anaerobic process are used in tertiary treatment for

the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater

NJS Consultants Co. Ltd

NJS Consultants Co. Ltd

Surface Water DischargeSurface Water Discharge

Treatment AlternativesTreatment Alternatives

• Industrial Reuse

–Tertiary Filtration and point-of-use treatment

for higher water quality –

–Nitrogen and Phosphorus control required

• like RO or EDR

–Disinfection

• Indirect Potable Reuse

–Filtration, MF/UF with RO

–Disinfection

–Need nitrogen and phosphorus removal

• Groundwater Recharge

–Need nitrogen removal

Technology selection criteriaTechnology selection criteria

Reliable (proven and established)Reliable (proven and established)

Recycled water quality and its consistencyRecycled water quality and its consistency

Wastewater generation from treatment Wastewater generation from treatment processprocess

Operator requirement / automationOperator requirement / automation

Space requirement (may not be important for Space requirement (may not be important for industrial areas due to appropriate allocation industrial areas due to appropriate allocation of land)of land)

Capital cost, O&M cost (Lifecycle cost)Capital cost, O&M cost (Lifecycle cost)

A Few of Many Innovative Approaches A Few of Many Innovative Approaches

to Wastewater Treatmentto Wastewater Treatment

Activated sludge modificationsActivated sludge modifications

AB processAB process

Short SRT Nitrification ProcessShort SRT Nitrification Process

Advanced oxidation processesAdvanced oxidation processes

HH22OO22 and UVand UV

AutomationAutomation

OnOn--line process controlline process control

Attached growth processesAttached growth processes

Biological aerated filters (BAFs)Biological aerated filters (BAFs)

Integrated fixed film activated sludgeIntegrated fixed film activated sludge

BioBio--augmentationaugmentation

InIn--pipe treatmentpipe treatment

Advanced primary treatmentAdvanced primary treatment

Enhanced high rate clarificationEnhanced high rate clarification

CoMagCoMag

ChemDenChemDen

Constructed wetlands Constructed wetlands –– ReCip ProcessReCip Process

DAFs for clarificationDAFs for clarification

Integrated pond systemsIntegrated pond systems

AIPsAIPs

PetroPetro

MembranesMembranes

MBRsMBRs

MF / UFMF / UF

RORO

Phosphorus recovery and recyclingPhosphorus recovery and recycling

Sidestream Nitrogen RemovalSidestream Nitrogen Removal

SharonSharon

AnammoxAnammox

CANONCANON

Sludge Sludge

Disintegration of biomassDisintegration of biomass

SoilSoil--aquifer treatmentaquifer treatment

UASBUASB

Process Selection Matrix

Decreasing Membrane Pore Size Selectively Retains Different Substances

Decreasing Membrane Pore Size Selectively Retains Different Substances

Dec

reasin

g P

ore

Siz

e

Pure WaterPure Water

Reverse Osmosis Membrane

Nanofiltration Membrane

Ultrafiltration Membrane

Microfiltration Membrane

Suspended solids Proteins Salts Bactena Sugar Suspended solids Proteins Salts Bactena Sugar

WaterWater

Tertiary filtration systemsTertiary filtration systems

Raw

Wastewater

Secondary

EffluentActivated

Sludge

WAS

Filters

Sand filters Membrane filters

Filtration size 40 microns 0.2 microns

Outlet solids 5 – 10 mg/L < 2 mg/L

Status in India Established Being considered

Alum dosage High Medium

STP outlet TP directly proportional to solids as

biological and chemical processes convert soluble P into

particulate P.

Recycle and Reuse

- Balancing Act

Irrigation

Secondary

Treatment

Restricted

Urban Reuse

Tertiary

Filtration

Industrial Non-

Potable Reuse

Indirect

Potable Reuse

Direct

Potable or

High Quality

Process

Tertiary

membrane

Filtration

N&P Control

RO &

Disinfection

Dr Vinod Tare,

IIT Kanpur

April 24, 2010;

IHC, New Delhi

Workshop on

Sewage Treatment and Sludge Management

Assessment of Technology for Sewage Treatment

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Performance in terms of quality of treated sewage

TSS, BOD, and COD

Total / Faecal Coliform Removal

DO in Effluent

Initial/Immediate Oxygen Demand

Nutrient Removal

Performance Reliability

Impact of Effluent Discharge

Impact on Land

Impact on Surface Waters

Impact on Ground Waters

1: Tech 1 ; 2: Tech 1 ; 3: Tech 1 ; 4: Tech 1 ; 5: Tech 1 ; 6: Tech 1 ; 7: Tech 1 ; 8: Tech 1 ; 9: Tech 1 ; 10: Tech 1 ; 11:

Tech 1 ; 12: Tech 1 ; 13: Tech 1 ; 14: Tech 1 ; 15: Tech 1 ; 16: Tech 1 ; 17: Tech 1 ; 18: Tech 1 ; 19: Tech 1.

Dr Vinod Tare,

IIT Kanpur

April 24, 2010;

IHC, New Delhi

Workshop on

Sewage Treatment and Sludge Management

Assessment of Technology for Sewage Treatment

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Resource Generation

Manure / Soil Conditioner

Fuel

Electricity Generation

Food

Impact of STP

Impacts on Health of STP

Staff/Locals

Impacts on Surrounding

Building/Properties

Energy Requirement

Land Requirement

Capital Cost

Recurring Cost

Reinvestment Cost

Level of Skill in O&M

WSP (Unlined)

WSP (Lined)

FAL

TF (Plastic Media)

TF (Gravel, Slow Rate)

TF (Gravel, High Rate)

UASB + FPU

ASP

UASB + FAL + FPU

UASB + ASP

BIOFOR

ASP BIOFOR F

FAB

MBBR

SBR / CTECH

SAFF

MBR

ASP + C-F + RSF/DMF

SBR + C-F + RSF/DMF

Category I

Category II

Category III

Category IV

STPs Producing Recyclable Quality

Treatment Plant Footprint, m2 / MLD

0 2000 4000 6000 20000 25000 30000

An

nu

na

lize

d C

os

t, R

s /

kL

0

2

4

6

8

10

Annualized Cost of Treatment and Corresponding Land

Requirement for Various Treatment Technologies

Adapted from Dr. Tare, 2010

Trends in Trends in Freshwater CostsFreshwater Costs

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year

Lan

ded

Co

st o

f w

ate

r to

Uti

lity

(R

s p

er

kL

)

Chennai

Delhi

Hyderabad

Bangalore

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year

Lan

ded

Co

st o

f w

ate

r to

Uti

lity

(R

s p

er

kL

)

Trends in Trends in Recycled Water CostRecycled Water Cost

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year

Lan

ded

Co

st o

f w

ate

r to

Uti

lity

(R

s p

er

kL

)

Chennai

Delhi

Hyderabad

Bangalore

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year

Lan

ded

Co

st o

f w

ate

r to

Uti

lity

(R

s p

er

kL

)

MBR + RO (Potable)

Tertiary treatment(All Non-potable scenario)

Growth in Indirect Potable ReuseGrowth in Indirect Potable Reuse

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

1960 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004

Cu

mu

lati

ve

Flo

w,

m3/d

Thank You!