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Indian Initiatives in Remediation of Contaminated Sites
– Issues and Challenges
A. S. Harinath
Senior Environmental Specialist
The World Bank
Wastech International Summit &Expo
November 21-22, 2014
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The Debate on Contaminated Sites
� Began in 1997 with the Petition in the Supreme Court of India on Hazardous Waste Management
� An inventory of illegal dumping of hazardous wastes prepared in 2003, based on SC directive
� CPCB inventory varied from 412 (2003) to 141 (2006) to a current list of 74 sites (2012)
� 417 sites as per Black Smith Institute, US
� EU Study Estimates 36,165 Sites
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Waste Management Scenario* in India
� Hazardous Waste � 76 lakh tons / annum
� 28 TSDF facilities - 16 lakh tons capacity
� Electronic Waste � 8 lakh tons / annum
� 2 lakh tons/annum disposed by 67 recycling facilities(23 authorized)
� Bio Medical Waste � 1.50 lakh tons/ annum
� 188 CBWTF facilities-1 lakh ton capacity
� Municipal Solid Waste � 4377 cities generate about 570 lakh tons
per annum
� 9% of the waste is processed and 1% scientifically disposed in 350 disposal facilities
* CPCB Estimates to Sub-Group on Environment for 12th Five Year Plan
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The Disposal Practices
� Municipal Solid Waste Sites
� Lakes and Water bodies
� Open and / or Low lying areas
� Abandoned industrial units (brown field sites)
� Fill material for Industrial and Residential Projects
� Other construction projects such as highways, etc.
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Typical Contaminants
� Chromium– Hexavalent &Trivalent
� Heavy Metals
� Mercury
� Inorganic Salts
� HCH
� POPs and Pesticides
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Environmental Impacts of Contaminated Sites
� Surface Water Pollution
� Soil Contamination
� Ground Water Pollution
� Impacts on Agriculture
� Health Impacts – Human and domestic animals
� Impacts on Flora and Fauna – Aquatic and Terrestrial
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International Experience
United States of America
� Remediation Guided by Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability Act, 1980(amended as SARA,1986)
� Comprises 5 stage process from listing to remediation
� Provides federal superfund for remediaiton
� Identified 1300 priority sites& implemented remediation
Europe
� About 250,000 sites for clean -up
� Guided by Soil Framework Directive and ELD
� Remediation Activities are based on ‘Pollutor Pays Principle’
� A large portion remediation costs are born by the private Sector
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International Experience
Canada
� Contaminated Site Remediation Framework by EC
� Classifies sites into 5 classes and follows 6 stage remediation approach
� Follows Soil and Sediment Guidelines
� General tax revenues of GOC finance clean up costs
� Defines liabilities for polluters, lenders, municipalities,etc.
China
� Policy still emerging
� Set 2015 as target for development of Systems and Polices
� Soil Pollution Law in draft stages
� National Survey on Soil&Pollution Prevention is prepared
� Technical Assistance Program on Brown Field Remediation and Redevelopment with The World Bank
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Key Issues and Challenges for India
� No Soil Standards in the Country
� No Policy / regulations on contaminated site management - Guided by Hazardous Waste Rules and EPA Act
� Weak liability clauses and land development policies
� Inadequate Capacity and infrastructure for with institutions
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Remediation Programs In India
� Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management Project (2010-15) � US $ 64 million US $ 54 million
� Learning by Doing Approach
� Four Remediation Pilots
� NMK Lake in Hyderabad – cocktail of industrial discharges
� Hooghly Industrial Area, Kolkata – Chrome Contaminated over 15 kms
� Closure and Containment of Municipal Dump Sites in Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh and Dhapa, Kadapa
� Upgradation Laboratories for Hazardous Waste Sampling & Monitoring
� Setting Up Environmental Compliance Assistance Centers, and
� Development of National Policy on Remediation of Polluted Sites
� Remediation Projects for 10 Priority Sites (under NCEF) by CPCB
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Remediation Programs In India
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Remediation Programs In India
� National Policy of Remediation of Polluted Sites � Preparation of National Inventory of Probably Contaminated Sites
� Defines Polluted Sites
� Develops a dynamic inventory of Polluted Sites
� Provides Site inspection and monitoring protocol
� Development of Approaches and Methodologies for Remediation
� Structured 14 step process for identification, assessment, remediation and monitoring polluted sites
� Categorizes initial list of polluted sites based on nature and type pollution
� Provides options and standards for remediation
� Specific Guidance Manual for Remediation Process
� Policy, Institutional and Implementation Plan for NPRPS
� Identifies Policy and Regulatory changes
� Institutional Structure and
� Implementation Plan for roll out of NPRPS
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Implementation and Results
� Remediation Plans Developed for Pilots
� Implementation in One Pilot Just Commenced
� Draft NPRPS Documents in the final stages
� Training and Capacity Building underway
� Next Steps : Stake Holder Consultation and finalization
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Thank you for your attention!