waste water treatment by advanced oxidation processes ... course pdf... · plataforma solar de...

1

Innovative Processes and Practices for Wastewater TreatmentInnovative Processes and Practices for Wastewater Treatmentand Reand Re--use. use. 8-11 October 2007, Ankara University, Turkey

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Waste water treatment by advanced Waste water treatment by advanced oxidation processesoxidation processes

(solar photocatalysis in degradation of (solar photocatalysis in degradation of industrial contaminants)industrial contaminants)

Sixto Malato Rodríguez([email protected])

Plataforma Solar de Almería , TABERNAS-AlmeríaSPAIN


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Outlook

IntroductionPhotocatalysis

Photo-Fenton

PhotoreactorsCompound Parabolic CollectorsState of the art

Pharmaceutical WW

Applications

OMWPesticides

2


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Introduction

Biodegradable substances: Biofilter treatment/ activated sludge treatment

Non-biodegradable substances can showNon-toxic / inert behaviour

Acute toxicity

Chronic toxicity

Alternativetreatment


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Incineration

Activated carbonAir stripping

Ozone

• High costs• Toxic by-products• High energy consumption

Partial destruction

Non-destructive

Bio-treatment

Non-viable

•OH radicals

•High costs•High energy consumption

Introduction

3


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H2O2/Fe2+ (Fenton):

H2O2/Fe2+ (Fe3+ )/UV (Photo-Fenton):

TiO2/hν/O2 (Photocatalysis):

O3/ H2O2:

O3/ UV:

H2O2/UV:

•++ +⎯⎯ →⎯ HOFehFe 23 ν

+− +⎯⎯ →⎯ hehTiO ν2

+•+ +→+ HOHOHh 2

•−++ ++→+ OHOHFeOHFe 322

2

−− +→+⎯⎯ →←+

22322 HOOOHOHOH −••− +→+ 3232 OHOOHO−•+• +⇔ 22 OHHO −•−• +→+ 3232 OOOO •+−• →+ 33 HOHO

23 OHOHO +→ ••223 OHOOHO +→+ ••

21

3 )( ODOhO +⎯⎯ →⎯ ν222

1 )( OHOHDO ⎯→⎯+ •⎯⎯→⎯ HOhvOH 222

•⎯⎯ →⎯ OHhOH 222ν

CATALYSIS+

SUN

Introduction


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AOP key reactions wavelength

UV/ H2O2 H2O2 + hν → 2 OH• λ < 300 nm

UV/ O3 O3 + hν → O2 + O (1D)

O (1D) + H2O → 2 OH• λ < 310 nm

UV/H2O2/ O3 O3 + H2O2 + hν → O2 + OH• + OH2• λ < 310 nm

UV/ TiO2 TiO2 + hν → TiO2 (e- + h+)

TiO2(h+) + OH-

ad → TiO2 + OHad•

λ < 390 nm

photo-FentonH2O2 + Fe2+ → Fe3+ + OH• + OH-

Fe3+ + H2O + hν → Fe2+ + H+ + OH• λ < 580 nm

Photochemical AOPs

Introduction

4


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0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.20

500

1000

1500

2000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Standard Solar Radiation Spectra

Extraterrestrial

Global 37º Air Mass 1.5

Irra

dian

ce, W

m-2

µm

-1

Wavelength, µ m

λhcU =

Photocatalysis


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Material “Band gap” (eV) λ for e-/h+ formation (nm)“CdO 2.1 590CdS 2.5 497

Fe2O3 2.2 565GaP 2.3 540SnO2 3.9 318TiO2 3.0 390WO3 2.8 443ZnO 3.2 390ZnS 3.7 336

GEhc

=λG

“band gap” energyis the energeticseparation betweena semiconductor valence andconduction band

−•−

+•+

+−

→+

+→+

+→+

22

2

)(

OOe

HOHOHhheChC υ

22

Oxid1

Red1

Red2

Oxid

hν

recombinación

recombinación

Oxid1

Red1

Red2

Oxid

hν

recombination

recombination

Photocatalysis

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•The process takes place at ambient temperature.•Oxidation of the substances into CO2 is complete.•The oxygen necessary for the reaction is obtained from the atmosphere.•The catalyst is cheap, innocuous and can be reused.•The catalyst can be attached to different types of inert matrices.

Photocatalysis


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88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 060

200

400

600

800

1000Source: Scopus (http://www.scopus.com), June 2007

Publ

icat

ions

(TiO

2)

Year

Photocatalysis

6


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Photo-Fenton method

AdvantagesHigh reaction rates

Cheap, non-toxic reagents(Fe, H2O2, acid, base)

DisadvantagespH adjustment necessary

Iron removal necessary

Opt

ical

Den

sity

300 400 500 6000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Solar Spectrum

Fe3+

(0.25 mM, pH=2.8)

TiO2

Inte

nsity

(W.m

-2.n

m-1)

Wavelength (nm)

OHOHFeOHFe •−++ ++→+ 322

2

OHHFeOHFe h •+++ ++⎯→⎯+ 22

3 ν

Photo-Fenton


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•−++ ++→+ OHOHFeOHFe 322

2 k = 53 – 76 M-1 s-1 −+•+ +→+ OHFeOHFe 32 k = 2.6 – 5.8·108 M-1 s-1

−+•+ +→+ 23

22 HOFeHOFe k = 0.75 – 1.5·106 M-1 s-1

+•++ ++→+ HHOFeOHFe 22

223 k = 1 – 2·10-2 M-1 s-1

++•+ ++→+ HOFeHOFe 22

23 k = 0.33 – 2.1·106 M-1 s-1

22

23 OFeOFe +→+ +−•+ k = 0.05 – 1.9·109 M-1 s-1

•• +→+ 2222 HOOHOHOH k = 1.7 – 4.5·107 M-1 s-1

22OHOH2 →• k = 5 – 8 109 M-1 s-1

2222 OOHHO2 +→• k = 0.8 – 2.2 106 M-1 s-1

222 OOHOHHO +→+ •• k = 1.4 1010 M-1 s-1

+−⎯⎯ ⎯←⎯⎯ →⎯ + HHOOH 222 K = 2.63 10-12 M

++⎯⎯ ⎯←⎯⎯ →⎯+ ++ H)][Fe(HOOH[Fe] 2

2223 K = 3.1 10-3 M

++⎯⎯ ⎯←⎯⎯ →⎯+ ++ H)][Fe(OH)(HOOH[Fe(OH)] 222

2 K = 2 10-4 M

+−•⎯⎯ ⎯←⎯⎯ →⎯• + HOHO 22 K = 3.55 10-5 M

+−•⎯⎯ ⎯←⎯⎯ →⎯• + HOOH K = 1.02 10-12 M

+•⎯⎯ ⎯←⎯⎯ →⎯+• + 222 OHHHO K = 3.16– 3.98 10-12 M

Reactions Fe2+, Fe3+ and H2O2 in water

Radical reactions

Equilibriums

Photo-Fenton

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OHRRHOH 2+→+ ••

OHCHHCROHCHCHR 22 −−→+=− •• −+•• +→+ OHRXRXOH

+++• +→+ 23 FeRFeR

+−+• +→+ 32 FeRFeR

RRRR −→+ ••

HROHOR 22 →+ ••

•−++ ++→+ OROHFeHROFe 32

2

•• →+ 22 ROOR

•• +→+ 222 HOROHOHRO

reactionfurtherno][FeLLnFe dark,2O2Hxn

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎯→+ ++

Persistent complexes with Mono- y Dicarboxylic acids (L). Reaction is stopped before complete mineralisation

Fenton reactions with organics

Photo-Fenton


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1.E-07

1.E-06

1.E-05

1.E-04

1.E-031 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

pH [-]

c [M

]

aaaaaaaaaaaa bbbbbbbbbbbbbbb cccccccccccccccccddddddddddddddd eeeeeeeeeeee[Fe(H2O)6]

3+ [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+

[Fe2(H2O)8(OH)2]4+[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3]

[Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]+

10-3

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

•+++ +⎯→⎯⎯→⎯+ L Fe L][Fe hν L][Fe 2*33

+•++ ++⎯→⎯+ HOHFe hνO)][Fe(H 232

•++ +⎯→⎯+ OHFe hν[Fe(OH)] 22 •++ ++→+− RCOFehνR)][Fe(OOC 2

22

““PhotoPhoto--Fenton”Fenton”

Quantum yield

Photo-Fenton

8


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92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 060

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Pub

licat

ions

(pho

to-F

ento

n)

Source: Scopus (http://www.scopus.com), June 2007

Photo-Fenton


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Outlook


Photo-Fenton


Pharmaceutical WW

Applications

OMWPesticides

9


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Photoreactors


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Batch process

Pump

Filter

Mixer

Tank

Contaminatedwater

Oxygen(Air)

Sun

Solar UVlight

Photoreactor(Solar Collector

Field)

Chemicaloxidant

Catalyst

Pre-treatment

adjustment,filtering, etc)

Contaminated

Post-treatment(catalyst

recovering, pHadjustment, etc.)

Treatedwater

Batch process

Pump

Filter

Mixer

Tank

Contaminatedwater

Oxygen(Air)

Sun

Solar UVlight

(Solar CollectorField)

Chemicaloxidant

Catalyst

(pHadjustment,filtering, etc)

water

Post-treatment(catalyst

recovering, pHadjustment, etc.)

Treatedwater

Photoreactors

10


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300 320 340 360 380 4000

20

40

60

80

100

ReflectivityAg

Al

Pt

AuCu

Rh

Ref

lect

ivity

(%)

Wavelength (nm)

300 325 350 375 4000

20

40

60

80

100

Standard Glass

PyrexTM

PTFE

DuranTM

Quartz

Tra

nsm

issi

vity

(%)

Transmissivity

Solar UV Spectra

Photoreactors


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Direct radiation: solar radiation that reaches ground level without being absorbed or scattered.Diffuse radiation: the radiation that has been dispersed but reaches the ground.Global radiation: The sum of both.

UV global horizontal

UV direct (tracking the Sun)

Photoreactors

11


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0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.20

500

1000

1500

2000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Standard Solar Radiation Spectra

Extraterrestrial

Global 37º Air Mass 1.5

Irra

dian

ce, W

m-2

µm

-1

Wavelength, µ m

¡UV must be accurately measured!

Wavelenght, µm

W m

- 2?m

-1

Espectros medidos en diferentes momentos

1000

500

0.00.30 0.35 0.40

W m

- 2?m

-1 UV spectra

1000

500

0.00.30 0.35 0.40

Photoreactors


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Máximum UV (λ<400 nm) sunny days(37º, N)

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 220

10

20

30

40

50

UVdir

UVglo

E(W

m-2

)

Hora Local

Decembre

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 220

10

20

30

40

50

E(W

m-2

)

Hora Local

June

UVdir

UVglo

Photoreactors

12


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SandiaSandia National Labs National Labs (Albuquerque, USA) developed in 1989 the first solar facility for water detoxification at pre-industrial level based on 1-axis Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC). CIEMATCIEMAT, in 1990, erected the second at Plataforma Solar de Almería (Spain), using 2-axis PTCs.

These pilot plants were the first step in the development of the solar technology.

State of the art


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In the early nineties, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory addressed the “Livermore experiment” (USA). A Solar olar DetoxDetox PlantPlant was installed using one-axis PTCs to treat TCE-groundwater contaminated during the Second World War.

This experiment constituted the first on-site test. Tests were successful but the economic figures not!

State of the art

13


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State of the art


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OneOne--sunsun (non(non--concentratingconcentrating) ) collectorscollectors are are cheapercheaper thanthanPTCsPTCs. . AnAn extensiveextensive efforteffort in in thethedesigndesign ofof smallsmall nonnon--trackingtrackingcollectorscollectors, has , has resultedresulted in in thethetestingtesting ofof severalseveral differentdifferent nonnon--concentratingconcentrating solar solar reactorsreactors. .

The design of a robust one-sunphotoreactor is not trivial: weather-resistant, chemicallyinert and ultraviolet-transmissive. Also, flow in non-concentrating systems isusually laminar.

State of the art

14


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DSSR-Pilotplant II

The Planning Concept:The Planning Concept:

Illuminated Reactor Area A = 30 m2

Flow Re 5000 (turbulent)

Volumetric Flow Rate Vtot = 12 m3 /h

Pressure Drop = 0.5 bar

Treatment Capacity 0.9 m3/d

State of the art


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DSSR-Pilotplant II in Wolfsburg

Source: Prof. D. Bahnemann, Universität Hannover

State of the art

15


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Thin-Film Fixed Bed Reactor (TFFBR)


State of the art


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1995 in Almeria/Spain1995 in Almeria/Spain 2003 in Tunis/Tunisia2003 in Tunis/Tunisia

Thin-Film Fixed Bed Reactor (TFFBR)


State of the art

16


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MAIN DISADVANTAGESMAIN ADVANTAGES

Vaporization of reactantsNo heatingReactants contaminationLow cost

Laminar flow (low mass transfer)Direct & Diffuse radiation

High optical efficiency

NON CONCENTRATING PHOTOREACTORSOverheating

Low Quantum efficiency (with TiO2)Low optical efficiencyHigh cost (Sun Tracking)No vaporization of compoundsOnly Direct radiationTurbulent flowMAIN DISADVANTAGESMAIN ADVANTAGES

PARABOLIC CONCENTRATORS

State of the art


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Compound Parabolic Collectors

1 Sun COMPOUND PARABOLIC COLLECTORS

Turbulent flow conditionsNo vaporization of volatile compoundsNo trackingNo OverheatingDirect and Diffuse radiationLow costWeatherproof (no contamination)

17


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2forr a πθθθρ +≤=

( )( ) aa

a

aa

23

2for

sin1cos2

r θπθπθθθ

θθπθθρ −≤≤+

−+−−++

=

Part A-B

Part B-C

If θa = 90 C = 1One Sun CPC collector manufacturing: One Sun CPC collector manufacturing: θθaa = 90= 90ºº ⇒⇒ all direct and diffuse solar all direct and diffuse solar photons can be collected and used (diffuse UV radiation is a verphotons can be collected and used (diffuse UV radiation is a very important y important fraction of total solar UV) fraction of total solar UV)

θΑ

θΑ

θ

A

S

O

B

x

y

R C

r

asin1Cθ

=

θΑ

θΑ

θ

A

S

O

B

x

y

R C

r

asin1Cθ

=



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18


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20


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EU Project (1996EU Project (1996--1999)1999)



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21


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A very simple oneA very simple one--sun CPC collector was designed, constructed and tested sun CPC collector was designed, constructed and tested to optimize the manufacturing process (modularity), on site instto optimize the manufacturing process (modularity), on site installation allation (minimum interconnecting pieces and not illuminating zones) and (minimum interconnecting pieces and not illuminating zones) and cost cost savingsaving

• Easy manufacturing• Low investment cost• Simple operation and

supervision• Low maintenance requirements • No sun tracking devices are

needed• UV diffuse radiation can be

profited

Additional system advantages:Additional system advantages:


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Slurry systems are the most efficient, resulting an important reduction in the final treatment cost. A process for catalyst recuperation has been patented. EP-1-101-737-A1 (2001).



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The plant is designed with full automatic systems. A Programmable Logic Controller receives all plant data signals (flow-rate, tanks level, temp, solar UV-A irradiation, etc) and control pumps and system valves.

Process evolution is monitored through the measuring and integration of UV light up to a fixed level.


23


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The SOLARDETOX Consortium (Brite-Euram III Program, Contract No. BRPR-CT97-0424) has installed during 1999 the first European Solar Detoxification Plant. Main plant characteristics are:•CPC surface: 100 m2

•Treatment volume: 800 L.•Batch Operation•Automatic operation•cost of the plant: 100000 €


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Outlook


Photo-Fenton


Pharmaceutical WW

Applications

OMWPesticides


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1ST ENVIRONMENTAL NORMATIVES

NEW ENVIRONMENTAL EU DIRECTIVES: IPPC (1996),WFD (2000),...

TOO EXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVES: GAC, AIR STRIPPING,

INCINERATION...

19761976

20072007

PHOTOCATALYSIS AT LAB SCALE (BASIC RESEARCH)

PILOT PLANT PHOTOCATALYSIS

NEW RESEARCH GROUPS

SOLAR COLLECTORS DEVELOMENT

NEW PROCESSES (catalysts, oxidants, photo-Fenton,...)

ENVIRONMENTAL MARKETING PRIVATE COMPANIES

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

Applications

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It has demonstrated that the solar photocatalytic technology is sufficiently developed for industrial use. A European industrial consortium has been created to the design and set-up of turnkey SOLARDETOX plants.

The technology developed can be used, without modification, to address solar Photo-Fenton and TiO2 degradation process.

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSOrganics concentration ≤ hundreds of mg L-1. Low-medium flow (< 10 m3/h).Contaminants present within complex mixtures of organics.Contaminants with no easy treatment by conventional technologies.

Applications


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−− ChlorinatedChlorinated hydrocarbonshydrocarbons ((solventssolvents, , VOCsVOCs, etc)., etc).

−− ResiduesResidues fromfrom textiletextile industryindustry ((dyesdyes). ).

−− PhenolsPhenols, , nitrophenolsnitrophenols andand halophenolshalophenols..

−− PharmaceuticalPharmaceutical compoundscompounds ((antibioticsantibiotics, , disinfectantsdisinfectants...)....).

−− WaterWater disinfectiondisinfection..

−− AgrochemicalAgrochemical wasteswastes ((pesticidespesticides).).

−− Gasoline additivesGasoline additives (MTBE, ETBE,..).(MTBE, ETBE,..).

Applications

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Small amounts of pesticideremaining in the emptycontainers (approx. 70 units/ha).

Pesticides


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1.1. The initial pesticide concentration can be controlled The initial pesticide concentration can be controlled as a function, so the most appropriate concentration as a function, so the most appropriate concentration for optimum photocatalytic efficiency can be for optimum photocatalytic efficiency can be chosen.chosen.

2.2. Toxicity is extreme, lowToxicity is extreme, low--volume and in a wellvolume and in a well--defined location.defined location.

3.3. Such point sources of pollution may be ideally Such point sources of pollution may be ideally treated in smalltreated in small--scale treatment units.scale treatment units.

4.4. Intensive agriculture in greenhouses is usually Intensive agriculture in greenhouses is usually concentrated in sunny countries. concentrated in sunny countries.

QQUITE WELL SUITED TO SOLAR PHOTOCATALYTIC UITE WELL SUITED TO SOLAR PHOTOCATALYTIC TREATMENTTREATMENT::

Pesticides

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The intensive agriculture activity is a very important economical sector in Almería. There are more than 350 km2 of greenhouses.

Pesticides


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These greenhouses yearly consume 5.200 tons of phytosanitaryproducts (1.5 million of bottles; 1.9 L average volume).A process has been designed to recycle the plastic of these bottles. Therecycling process needs a washing of the plastic. This produces a waterwith hundreds of mg/L of persistent toxic compounds.

Proposed Solution : Solar Photocatalytic Treatment

Pesticides

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Plant design data:Plant design data:

a) a) Total yearly volume of Total yearly volume of water to be treated water to be treated ((VVtt): ): 1875 m1875 m33

b) Yearly operating hours b) Yearly operating hours of solar facilityof solar facility ((TTss): ): 3000 h3000 h

c) Yc) Yearly average global early average global UV irradiation (UV irradiation (UVUVGG), ), sunrise to sunset: sunrise to sunset: 18.6 18.6 WWUVUV mm--22

d) d) Average solar energy Average solar energy needed to degrade the needed to degrade the contaminantscontaminants ((QQUVUV):): 12 12 kJkJUVUV LL--11

Pesticides


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Plastic grains

Pesticides

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Pesticides


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22

133

1126.1836003000

1018751012 mmWs

LLJxx

xxxUVT

VQAGs

tUVr =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡== −

−

Final selected plant dimensioning (solar collector area) was: 150 m2

Solar field figures:

a) Individual CPC modules formed by 20 parallel tubes (surface: 2.7 m2/module)

b) 4 parallel rows with 14 modules each mounted on a 37º-tilted platform (local latitude)

c) total collectors surface: 150 m2

d) Total photoreactor volume: 1061 L

e) Total volume per batch: 1500 to 2000 L

Pesticides

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Operating procedure:a) The system is run in

batch mode using a 2000 L recirculation tank

b) The 4 rows are connected in parallel (independently operated) and the 14 modules of each row in series

c) After treatment water is returnedto the washing system and the tank is refilled with new contaminated water

Pesticides


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Typical composition (only main parameters) of OMW:COD: 80000 mg/LDissolved Phenols: 4500 mg/LTOC: 35000 mg/LpH: 5.1Relevant anions: phosphate 700 mg/L, chloride 500 mg/L,sulphate

100 mg/L, nitrite 6 mg/L.

300 350 400 450 500 550 6000

20

40

60

80

100

1/10

1/25

1/50

1/100

2 mm cuvette (quartz)

%T

nm

Transmission spectra of OMW through 2, mm pathlength at different dilution ratios.

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

H

O

OH

OCH3

OH

O

OH

NH2

OH

O

O

OH

CH3 OCH3 OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OHO

OH O

OH

OH

OMW

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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

1000

2000

3000

4000

Only TiO2

TiO2 + S2O82- 20 mM

Fe 1mM+ H2O2 20 g/L Fe 5mM+ H2O2 20 g/L Fe 1mM+ H2O2 5 g/L

Diss

olve

d Ph

enol

s (m

g/L

)

Q (kJ/L)

t30W=14.1 h

OMW Dissolved Phenols behaviour with different photocatalytic treatments

OMW


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OMW

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Installed andtested in a Olive Mill atKivery(ARGOS, Greece).

OMW


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0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

5

10

15

20

20 h-sunny days-March

Phe

nols

(g/L

)

COD

TOC

CO

D a

nd T

OC

(g/L

)

Q (kJ/L)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Phenols

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

H2O2

H2O

2 Con

sum

ed, (

g/L

)

Treatment of OMW in the FFR. Fe = 5mM

OMW

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TOC: 16000 ppm 8000 ppm 0 ppmTot.Phenols: 3200 mg/L 1600 mg/L 0 mg/L

OMW


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Pot experiment performed in greenhouse because of:-Protection from environment (wind, rain, insects)

-Controled irrigation

-Additional light

OMW

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Substrate:

Earth- Bacteria ⇒ conversion of

TOC- Unknown disposal of

nutrientsPerlita

- Aluminium silicate, porosityof 95%

- Inert substrate

Pots:- 12 L volume, PVC, fair grey

OMW


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Olive production

Pressing

Olive oil

OMW

Pretreatment

Mud tocompostation

Photocatalytic treatment +

Neutralization

Use as fertilizer

OMW

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Installed at DSM-DERETIL

Villaricos (ALMERIA)

Pharmaceutical WW


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mg L-1mg L-1mg L-1

1500-1800

COD20-100Susp. solids

500-600Femac

200-600NO3-0-40NH4

+400-500TOC

Composition of wastewater (seawater) containing Femac (α-methylphenilglycine, C9H11NO2)

Pharmaceutical WW

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700 L IBR3000 L total volume

Re-circulation flow 1.2 m3·h-1

Continuous flow 40-80 L·h-1

1000+400 L contact column, 5 – 10 h of contactContinuous flow 140 – 280 L·h-1

1260 L illuminated volume4000 L total volume

Recirc. Flow 11 m3·h-1

Pharmaceutical WW


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O2

PH

OUT

IBR

CONDITIONER

OUT

OUT

FI

FI

NEUTRALIZATIONTANK

BUFFER

OUT

PH

OUT

PHO2

FI

H2O2

BIOLOGICALLOOP

SOLARLOOP

BLOWER

Pharmaceutical WW

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Pharmaceutical WW


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0

20

40

25

30

35

40

0

10

20

30

12 14 16 18 20

0 50 100 1500

100

200

300

400

500

600

Local time, h

t30W , min

C, m

g/L

Vi = 1260 LVT = 3700 L

H2O

2,C

ON

S, m

M

T, º

C

UV

, W m

-2 MPG, Fe= 20 mg/LTOCH2O2,CONS, mMT, ºCUV, W m-2

MPG, Fe= 20 mg/LTOCH2O2,CONS, mMT, ºCUV, W m-2

Pharmaceutical WW

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Bioreactor: Inlet vs. Outlet

0

60

120

180

240

300

360

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105Day

TOC

(mg

L-1)

TOC InletTOC Outlet

IBR during 75 days IBR during 75 days of continuous mode of continuous mode operation. operation. Continuous operation Continuous operation showed the stability showed the stability and permanent and permanent activity of the activity of the immobilisedimmobilised biomass biomass with an influent, with an influent, which originates which originates from the AOP prefrom the AOP pre--treatment (phototreatment (photo--Fenton) Fenton)

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TOC treated

0100200300400500600700800900

64 68 70 74 76 78 82 84 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102day

TOC

(mg

L-1)

photo-FentonIBRTOC outlet

Overview coupling PhotoOverview coupling Photo--Fenton/BiotreatmentFenton/Biotreatment

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Total cost per mTotal cost per m33 of treated effluents containing 1 kg/mof treated effluents containing 1 kg/m33 of of FemacFemac (i.e. 700 mg TOC/L) for different scenarios. (i.e. 700 mg TOC/L) for different scenarios. Depreciation: 10 yearsDepreciation: 10 years

photo-Fenton/ Biol (Demo plant) 2300 m3 year

photo-Fenton/Biol (1000 m2 CPC) 23000 m3 year

photo-Fenton/Biol (10000 m2 CPC) 230000 m3 year

€/m3 % €/m3 % €/m3 %

Reagents 4.26 14.6 4.26 40.9 4.26 58.8

Electric power 0.43 1.5 0.21 2.0 0.21 2.9 Manpower 17.11 58.6 2.67 25.6 0.36 5.0 Capital costs (solar field)

1.96 6.7 1.52 14.6 1.52 21.0

Capital costs (others)

5.43 18.6 1.75 16.8 0.89 12.3

Total (€ m-3) 29.2 10.4 7.2

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Local Organizing Committee.Ankara University.Faculty of Engineering

European Commission (Research DG):INNOVA-MED ProjectContract No. INCO-CT-2006-517728.

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Catalysis Today, Vol. 101 (3Catalysis Today, Vol. 101 (3--4), 2005.4), 2005.

Catalysis Today (SPEACatalysis Today (SPEA--4 Conference), in press 2007.4 Conference), in press 2007.

Solar Energy, Vol. 77(5). 2004.Solar Energy, Vol. 77(5). 2004.

Solar Energy, Vol. 79 (4). 2005.Solar Energy, Vol. 79 (4). 2005.

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 129. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 129. FEBRUARY 2007FEBRUARY 2007

waste water treatment by advanced oxidation processes ... course pdf... · plataforma solar de...

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