warm-up 9/8- what do you think this map is showing us?

WARM-UP 9/8- WHAT DO YOU THINK THIS MAP IS SHOWING US?

WARM-UP 9/9 Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. What internal forces affect the earth, and how? What external forces affect the earth, and how?

QUIZ!!!! On a separate sheet of paper answer the following questions: 1.What are the three types of tectonic plate movements? 2.What landforms do plate movements cause: give three specific examples. (BE SPECIFIC) 3.What natural hazards to plate movements cause? 4.What is erosion? 5.What is weathering?

FORCES OF THE EARTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES

EXTERNAL LAYERS Atmosphere Oxygen Lithosphere Crust, uppermost mantle Hydrosphere water elements on earth Biosphere lithosphere and hydrosphere together

INTERNAL LAYERS Core center of the earth iron and nickel Outer core molten rock Mantle several layers Crust thin layer of rock at the earths surface

INTERNAL FORCES Plate Tectonics Earthquakes Volcanoes

EARTHS SURFACE HAS CHANGED Over the past 200 million year the plates of the Earth have shifted to form the modern day world

INTERNAL FORCE- PLATE TECTONICS Internal forces begin beneath the lithosphere Tectonic plates enormous moving pieces of the earths lithosphere How do tectonic plates move? Divergent Convergent subduction, ocean to ocean, land to land Transformation

INTERNAL FORCE- EARTHQUAKE Focus center of earthquake epicenter is the point directly above the focus of the earths surface

INTERNAL FORCE- TSUNAMI Underwater earthquake causes water to rise up and cause coastal damage

INTERNAL FORCE- VOLCANOES Magma, gasses, and water below the surface of the earth Convection layer Ring of Fire Rim of the Pacific Ocean

EXTERNAL FORCES Weathering Erosion

WEATHERING Breakdown of rock and other materials into smaller pieces Mechanical weathering physical breakdown of rocks and minerals Chemical weathering breakdown of rocks and minerals through chemical processes (e.g. oxidization)

EROSION Movement or removal of pieces of rock or soil through wind, glaciers, or water Wears away at the earths surface

HOMEWORK Page 32-36 #1-4 on page 36

WHERE IN THE WORLD WEDNESDAY

1. Kennedy Space Center 2. Located in Cape Canaveral, Florida 3. American culture created this 4. Built in 1968 5. Built as a launch site for space exploration

ACTIVITY Continue with your research from yesterday! You will get the same laptop you had yesterday. Turn in the landforms packet when you are finished.

WARM-UP 9/11- ON A SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION. How did the events of September 11, 2001 impact our lives today? Use of a page!!

BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Oceans Ocean is an interconnected body of salt water that covers about 71 percent of our planet Divided up into five parts Ocean motion- currents, waves, and tides Currents- act like rivers flowing through the ocean Waves- swells or ridges produced by winds Tides- regular rises and falls of the ocean created by the gravitational pull of the moon or sun These motions help to distribute heat on the planet Winds blow over the ocean and are either heated or cooled by the water

BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Hydrological cycle

BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Lakes, rivers, and streams Drainage basin- an area drained by a major river and its tributaries Ground water- water held in the pores of rock Water table- level at which the rock is saturated

BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Landforms- are naturally formed features on the surface of the Earth Oceanic landforms The Earths surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean is called the- continental shelf Floor of the ocean has ridges, valleys, canyons, and plains Ridges mark places where new crust is being formed on the edges of the tectonic plates- The longest continuous range- Mid-Atlantic Ridge

BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Continental landforms relief- the major geographic feature that separates one type of landform from another Relief- the difference in elevation of a landform from its lowest point to its highest point Four categories of relief Mountains Hills Plains Plateaus Topography- the combination of the surface shape and composition of the landforms and their distribution in a region A topographic map shows us the landforms with their vertical dimensions and their relationship to other landforms

You are going to create a mini poster to represent 10 landforms. You will need to have illustrations of ten landforms all in one picture. Next to each landform you need to have a definition of that landform. You will be graded on: One picture for each landform One definition for each landform Presentation and design

WARM-UP 9/12 How is the Earth-Sun relationship related to weather conditions and climate? Explain in at least 5 complete sentences. When you are finished turn in your warm-up paper, landform packet, and landform mini-poster!

CLIMATE BASICS Climate- is the name for the general conditions of temperature and precipitation for an area over a long period of time. Several factors affect climate Latitude Elevation Wind and ocean currents Topography (landforms, size of land mass, etc.)

Latitude is the most important factor in determining climate The three major climate zones on the Earth are the polar, temperate, and tropical zones. CLIMATE ZONES 66 N 23 1/2 N 00 23 1/2 S 66 S Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle

POLAR (HIGH LATITUDE ZONES) In each hemisphere, the polar zone extends from the pole to about 66 degrees latitude. In polar zones, the average yearly temperature is below freezing.

TEMPERATE (MIDDLE LATITUDE ZONES) In each hemisphere, the temperate zone is found between 66 degrees and 23 N and S latitude. Moderate temperature and year-round rain.

TROPICAL (LOW LATITUDE) ZONES The tropical zones, which extend from 30 N and S latitude to the equator, have high temperatures and high humidity.

ELEVATION Elevation, or altitude, is the distance above sea level As elevation increases, temperature decreases

WIND Convection- the transfer of heat in the atmosphere by upward motion of the air Hot air flows towards the poles and cold air goes to the equator

OCEAN CURRENTS Waters in the ocean flow in large circular systems Warm waters flow towards the poles and cold waters flow towards the equator Winds + ocean current = different weather Coriolis Effect- rotation Ocean currents also affect the amount of precipitation

ACTIVITY Become an expert on your climate Fill out the chart Create a mini poster with all of the required information Tomorrow you will present and fill out all the climates

WARM-UP 9/15 1. Draw a picture of the Earth and label the 5 major lines of latitude. 2. Then label the low latitude, middle latitude, and high latitude climate zones.

CAUSES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE Earths motions Earths orbit, tilt, and wobble affect insolation Plate tectonics Continents move to different latitudes affection insolation Sunspots May relate to Earths changing temperatures Volcanoes Volcanic winter, acid rain from SO2 in the atmosphere Global warming Increases temperatures and moves precipitation belts

EL NIO & LA NIA The warming of the waters in the South Pacific (west of South America) Natural change in the climate Every 2-7 years, prevailing easterly winds that blow over the central Pacific Ocean slow or reverse direction Changes the ocean temperature and affects weather worldwide Easterly winds normally bring seasonal rains and push warm ocean water toward Asia and Australia Generally speaking El Nio brings cooler and wetter weather to the southern United States La Nina brings the opposite

HOW DOES CLIMATE AFFECT OUR LIVES? Limits amount of Earths surface we can use Polar regions, deserts, rainforests Influences agriculture Tourism and recreation Water resources Disease and Illness

DEFINING A CLIMATE REGION Climate regions tell geographers a lot about a region without giving many local details Generalizations are made about typical conditions Defined by many factors like temperature, precipitation, location, topography, and elevation Different methods to define climate region Use of latitude: tropical (low-latitude), dry, mid- latitude, high latitude, highland Variations within these categories

TROPICAL WET Little variation in temperature over the year Always hot- average temperature of 80 Days begin sunny but have clouded up by the afternoon More than 80 inches of rain annually These climates are found in Central and South America, Africa, and Southwest Asia

TROPICAL WET AND DRY Subregion always has a rainy season in summer and a dry season in winter Temperatures are cooler in the dry season and warmer in the wet season Rainfall is less than in the tropical wet region and occurs mostly in the wet season Found next to tropical wet climates in Africa, South and Central America, and parts of Asia

SEMIARID Does not receive very much precipitation About 16 inches per year Hot summers and mild to cold winters Some semiarid regions can produce snow This climate is found in the interior of continents or in a zone around deserts Lots of agricultural productivity

DESERT Categorized by the amount of rainfall Can be hot or cool/cold Receive less than 10 inches of rain per year Hot deserts have low humidity and high day temperatures Nights get cold because dry air cannot hold heat Cool/cold deserts are found in the mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere Usually in the rain shadow of mountain ranges Summer temperatures are warm to hot Winter temperatures are cool to below freezing

MEDITERRANEAN Named for the land around the Mediterranean Sea Also exists in areas like the US west coast and parts of Australia Summers are dry and hot Winters are cool and rainy Climate supports dense populations and rich agricultural activity

MARINE WEST COAST Located close to the ocean Frequently cloudy, foggy, and damp Winds over the warm ocean moderate temperatures so they are usually constant Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year Located on parts of the US, Canadian, and European west coasts

HUMID SUBTROPICAL Long periods of summer heat and humidity Found on the east coast of continents are are subject to hurricanes in late summer or autumn Winters are mild to cool Suitable for raising crops such as rice Located in SE US and China

HUMID CONTINENTAL Great variety in temperature and precipitation Located in the mid-latitude interiors of Northern Hemisphere continents Usually experience four seasons Length of each season determined by the latitude

SUBARCTIC Covered by evergreen forests called taiga Huge temperature variations between summer and winter Summers are short and cool and winters are always very cold Temperature at or below freezing last 5-8 months during the year Can be found in Canada and Russia

TUNDRA Tundra: Flat, treeless lands that form a ring around the Arctic Ocean Almost exclusively located in the Northern Hemisphere Usually less than 15 inches of precipitation per year Permafrost: subsoil is constantly frozen Summer lasts only a few weeks and the temperature may only slightly reach 40

ICE CAP Region has snow, ice, and permanently freezing temperatures It is so cold that it rarely snows Sometimes called polar deserts because they receive less than 10 inches of precipitation per year Antarctica has this climate

HIGHLANDS This climate varies with latitude, elevation, other topography, and continental location Rugged mountain areas like the Andes of South America have climates that are based of factors like whether a slope faces north or south and whether it is exposed to winds carrying moisture

HOMEWORK FOR TONIGHT (9/15) Read pages 59-63 and answer questions 1-4 on page 63.

WARM-UP 9/16- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON YOUR WARM-UP PAPER. What are some examples of natural hazards? What causes natural hazards to happen?

EARTHQUAKES What is it? A sudden movement of the Earths crust caused by a release of pressure built up along fault lines.

VOLCANOES What is it? An opening or vent in the Earths crust where lava, ash, and other debris are ejected at regular or periodic intervals

HURRICANES What is it? A tropical storm with winds in excess of 74 mph. There are 5 levels or categories of a hurricane based on wind speed.

TSUNAMIS A huge wave caused by an undersea earthquake or volcano.

LANDSLIDE What is it? Rapid downward movement of dry earth and rock.

LAHAR What is it? A fluid mass or mudflow with hardened volcanic debris such as lava, rocks, etc. The wet debris may be caused by rain, the sudden melting of snow, etc.

FLOODING What is it? A great flowing or overflowing of land that is usually dry.

DROUGHT What is it? A long period of time with very low or no rainfall.

FOREST FIRES What is it? Uncontrolled fire in a forest.

WARM-UP 9/17

1.What landmark is this? 1.The Space Needle 2.Where is it located? 2.Seattle, Washington 3.Which culture created it? 3.American 4.Why/when was this landmark created? Why is it happening? 4.Built as an observation tower in 1962 5. What defining characteristics stand out to you?

AdaptArctic CircleConvergeMiddle (Temperate) Latitude Zone Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Perceptual23 NTransformationLongitude Prime Meridian DivergeHigh (polar) Latitude Zone 66SFormal Functional23 STODALSModifyPlace SubductionLatitudeLow (Tropical) Latitude Zone MovementAbsolute Location

warm-up 9/8- what do you think this map is showing us?

Documents

oxidization slide

earths surface slide

pacific ocean slide

land transformation

space exploration slide

coastal damage slide

earth internal

modern day world slide