vsat in 30 minutes

8/11/2019 VSAT in 30 Minutes

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VSAT in 30 minutes



Satellite



Types of Orbit

Polar OrbitInclined

Orbit

EquatorialOrbit

Equator

What does Geostationary mean?• Geo = Earth, Stationary = Not Moving• Satellite is a Fixed Point in the Sky

• Rotation of the Satellite = Rotation of theEarth (~24 Hrs/Rot)

• Equatorial Plane (only possible orbit)• 35,786 km above the Earth’s surface

(only possible distance)



Satellite – Main Subsystems

Earth

Satellite

Moon

S / C t o E a r t h :

3 5, 7 8 6 k m

A v e r a g e D i s t

a n c e f r o m

M o o n t o E a r t h : 3 8 4, 3 9 2 k m

GEO lifetime: > 15 YearsMEO lifetime: ~ 15 YearsLEO lifetime: 5 - 7 Years

Electrical Power

Communication

Antenna Payload

Spacecraft Control/Propulsion



• Satellite Capacities are• 500 MHz Vertical Polarization• 500 MHz Horizontal Polarization• Divided into bands using Transponders

• Ku Band• 14000 MHz to 14500 MHz (Uplink)• 11700 MHz to 12200 MHz (Downlink)

• Transponder Bandwidth is generally one of following:

27 MHz, 36 MHz, 54 MHz, 72 MHz• Transponders for Vertical and Horizontal Polarization

14000 14500MHz

GuardBand2 MHz

GuardBand4 MHz

Transponder Bandwidth

36 MHz

36 MHz 36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz

GuardBand2 MHz

Trans-ponder

1 3 5 7 9 11 …Vertical

Horizontal

36 MHz 36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz2 4 6 8 10 12 …

Satellite/Transponder Bandwidth

Vertical Transponder is centeredon Guard Band of Horizontal



Linear Polarization



VSAT Feed Assembly & Installation

BUC

BUCLNBOMT

Orthogonal

Block Up Converter Low Noise Block (Down Converter)Orthogonal Mode Transducer Relating to or composed of right angles.Having a set of mutually perpendicular axes



Cross Polarization (XPol)

SatelliteCross PolarizationUplink and DownlinkUse different polarization

H o r i z o n t a l

H o r i z o

n t a l

V e r t i c

a l

V e r t i c a l



H o r i z o n t a l

Co PolarizationUplink and DownlinkUse same polarization

Coincident Polarization (CoPol)

V e r t i c

a l

H o r i z o n t a l V e

r t i c a l

Satellite



Circular Polarization

• Satellite Capabilities are 500 MHz for each Polarization (Right and Left)

Right HandCircular

Polarization

Left HandCircular

Polarization



Antennas (not aerial or antennaes, antenni)



All the angles

> 10°

Look angle to sate llite

5050

Elevation [ ° ]

N

Azimuth [ ° ]



What Is a VSAT?

User’s LANor any IP Device

Video

Computers

VoIP Phones

Indoor Unit

(IDU)

Outdoor Unit

(ODU)

EthernetSwitch

(optional)

LNB+

BUC

Antenna

iDirectSatellite Router

Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)



Point-to-Point Topology

Remote 1Remote 1

Remote 2Remote 2

Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:No HubNo Hub –– no management or central controlno management or central controlMidsize AntennaMidsize Antenna

Expensive RemotesExpensive RemotesSmall NetworksSmall Networks



Star Topology

HubHub

Remote 1Remote 1

Remote 2Remote 2

Remote nRemote n

Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:Expensive HubExpensive HubBig Hub AntennaBig Hub Antenna

Cheap RemotesCheap RemotesSmall ODU at RemotesSmall ODU at RemotesLarge NetworksLarge Networks



Mesh Topology

Remote 1Remote 1

HubHub

Remote 2Remote 2

Remote nRemote n

Remote 3Remote 3

Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:Cheap HubCheap HubExpensive RemotesExpensive Remotes

Big ODU at RemotesBig ODU at RemotesSmall NetworksSmall Networks



Multi-Star Topology

MainMainHubHub

RemotesRemotes

MiniMiniHubHub

MiniMiniHubHub

MiniMiniHubHub

RemotesRemotes

MiniMiniHubHub

Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:Often Mistaken for MeshOften Mistaken for MeshModerate Mini Hub AntennasModerate Mini Hub Antennas

Affordable Mini HubsAffordable Mini HubsCheap RemotesCheap RemotesSmall ODU at RemotesSmall ODU at RemotesMany Private NetworksMany Private Networks



Hybrid Topology

MainMain

HubHub

MiniMiniHubHub

MiniMiniHubHub

MiniMiniHubHub

MiniMiniHubHub

StarStarRemotesRemotes

StarStarRemotesRemotes

MeshMeshRemotesRemotesMeshMesh

RemotesRemotes

MeshMeshRemotesRemotes

Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:Extremely hard to manageExtremely hard to manageSeldom implementedSeldom implemented



A VSAT System

iDirect's Broadband VSAT Network System Provides Highly ReliabliDirect's Broadband VSAT Network System Provides Highly Reliabl e, Secure, Twoe, Secure, Two --way TCP/IP Transmission forway TCP/IP Transmission forHigh Speed, Mult iHigh Speed, Mult i --media Service Applications on any Topology (Star, Star/Mesh, Poimedia Service Applications on any Topology (Star, Star/Mesh, Poi ntnt --toto --Point/SCPC)Point/SCPC)

C or KuC or Ku --Band SatelliteBand Satellite

Internet/Leased

Line/MPLS

NetworkNetworkOperatorOperatorTeleportTeleport

iDirect

BroadbandVSAT Hub

The new iDirect Hub Chassis Line Card supportsnetwork speeds of 18 Mbps Downstream, and 4.2Mbps Upstream.

A single 20 slot Hub Chassis support s aggregate

speeds of 360 Mbps.

iDirect SatelliteRouter

Star/Mesh TopologyStar/Mesh Topology

Mesh Connection

Star Topolog yStar Topolo gy

StarConnection

SCPC Topolog ySCPC Topolog y

SCPCConnection

SCPCConnection

By simply add ing a separate linecard, the iDirect solution cansupport different topologiesfrom the same chassis

It can also support multiplesatellite links



The Radio Frequency (RF) Trade Space

• Each finite amount of information takes 3 resources totransmit.

• Power (EIRP in Watts)• Bandwidth (Spectrum in Hz)• Time (Speed in bits per second)

• Satellite systems engineering is largely about findingthe least expensive combination of resources in anygiven scenario.

• More of each resource means less of the other 2 resources.• This trade-off must be analyzed in space and on the ground.



EIRP and G/T

• EIRP – Effective Isotropic Radiated Power • A measure of the amount of power a transmitter puts out.

• It costs more money to put out more EIRP.• More powerful signals are easier and less expensive to

receive.• These financial guidelines apply on the satellite and on the

ground.• G/T – Gain over Temperature

• A measure of how sensitive a receiver is to a signal’s power.• It costs more money to hear weaker signals.• The better your hearing, the less signal strength and the less

bandwidth you need to receive each bit.



Modulation

• Modulation – Digital to Analog Conversion (easy)

• Demodulation – Analog to Digital Conversion (hard)

• Symbol – A change in an analog wave(Note: 1 symbol takes at least 1 Hz)• Amplitude• Frequency

• Phase• Phase Shift Keying (m-ary PSK)• BPSK is phase changes in multiples of 180° (1 bits per symbol)• QPSK is phase changes in multiples of 90° (2 bits per symbol)• 8PSK is phase changes in multiples of 45° (3 bits per symbol)• iDirect normally uses QPSK• Higher order modulation squeezes more bits into each Hz• More Hz cost more money



Forward Error Correction (FEC)

• Encoding – Adding extra bits to make sure that content is accurateeven when not all the bits arrive accurately.

• X bits of content need to be sent• Y bits of overhead are added to guarantee the integrity of the X bits• B bits are actually sent over the air

• B has the same number of bits as X + Y put together

• But B is a transform of X, not the sum of X + Y• FEC Rate is a ratio: information bits ÷ bits sent over the air

• Rate ½ is 50% efficient encoding• Rate 0.66 is 66% efficient encoding

• Rate 0.793 is 79.3% efficient encoding• Higher FEC rates typically require more power to implement• More power costs more money



RSV, TPC, and LDPC Encoding

• RSV – Reed-Solomon/Viterbi Codes• Encoding method used in DVB-S industry standard• Not computationally intensive, but consumes much power

• TPC – Turbo Product Codes• Encoding method used by iDirect• Computationally intensive, but consumes less power

• LDPC – low density parity check Codes• Encoding method used in DVB-S2 industry standard• Very computationally intensive, but consumes least power possible

• Less power means…

• Smaller (cheaper) remote terminal antennas and/or • Higher FEC rate for greater bandwidth efficiency and/or • Higher order modulation for greater bandwidth efficiency



Multiple Access Schemes

• Multiple Access – How multiple remotes talk to 1 hub.• Analogous to cars at an intersection.

• TDMA (time division multiple access) assigns time slots for eachcarrier/frequency. There are 2 versions of TDMA:

• Random access aka slotted Aloha• Reservation access aka Deterministic-TDMA

• Most TDMA VSAT use random access to carry bursty traffic andreservation access to carry continuous traffic.

• Slotted Aloha leaves 80% of available capacity unused to so that 80%of all upstream transmissions get through 80% of the time.• Slotted Aloha retransmits the 20% of bursts that collide.

• iDirect uses reservation access to carry all traffic.• D-TDMA uses all available capacity all the time to carry traffic.

• D-TDMA has no collisions and thus require few retransmissions.• D-TDMA is enabled by iDirect’s fast capacity allocation algorithm.



Bandwidth Overhead Structure:From IP throughput to MHz

SymbolRate

Mod

QPSK

TransmissionRate

FEC

0.660.793

InformationRateTDMA

Overhead

IP Data RateOr

User Data Rate GuardBand

1.2

Mhz



The iDirect Platformand Products



iDirect is the Platform of Choice



End-Customer Requirements

Military

• Support for allapplications consisting

of real-time (VoIP,videoconferencing) andnon-real time traffic (datafiles, web browsing, etc.)

• Requires highestsecurity standards (AESencryption, TRANSEC,FIPS 140-2 certification)

Small Enterprise

• Basic IP connectivity• Voice and data and

Internet applications• Optimized for remoteinternet access

• Very price sensitive

Large Enterprise

• Support for all businessapplications consisting

of real-time (VoIP,videoconferencing) andnon-real time traffic (datafiles, web browsing, etc.)

• Demand for VPNand full encryptioncapabilities

• All topologies supported(MF-TDMA star, mesh,iSCPC)

• Requires high quality andmaximum QoS flexibility

Mobility / COTM

• Requires SpreadSpectrum for efficient

use with very smallantennas• Need for rugged

equipment thatsustains movement/vibration

• Military additionallyrequires highestsecurity standards(AES encryption,TRANSEC, FIPS140-2 certification)



Universal 5-IF 20 Slot HubSeries 15000

Model Star Mesh SCPC15052 X X X

• 5U high, 19” rackmountable

• 4 slots, up to 4IFinterfaces

• TDM / MF D-TDMA,DVB-S2/ACM*

• Gigabit Ethernet interface• Supports all line cards• Optional OPM• RCM modules• Management Control

Module (MCM)


• 20 slots , up to 5IFinterfaces

• TDM / MF D-TDMA,DVB-S2/ACM*

• Gigabit Ethernet interface• Supports all line cards

Hub Series


• 20 slots• Up to 5IF interfaces• Gigabit Ethernet interface• SCPC line cards only• IP data rates of up to

20 Mbps each link

• 2U 19” rack mountable• One slot, 1IF hub• One in-/ outbound network

capability• 10/100 LAN interface• Star, mesh, SCPC

Universal 4-slot HubSeries 12100

Mini HubSeries 10000 iSCPC Concentrator

Model Star Mesh SCPC12102 X X X

Model Star Mesh SCPC Size10315 X X X 15 users

10330 X X X 30 users

Model Star Mesh SCPC15051 X



iNFINITI 5000

Same features as

3000 model , plus…

iNFINITI 7000*

Same features as

5000 model, plus…

iNFINITI Satellite Routers

Model Star COTM SCPC Securi ty

8350 X X X X

Model Star Mesh SCPC Security

5100 X X

5150 X X X

5300 X X X

5350 X X X X

Mo del St ar Mesh SCPC Secur it y

7350 X X X X

iNFINITI 8000

Same features as

7000 model, plus…

* iNFINITI 3000 and 7000 are also available in iConnex mode (circuit boards without enclosures)

iNFINITI 3000*

Entry Level – Optimizedfor Internet Access,

Basic Voice and Video

Mo del Star Mes h SCPC Sec ur it y

3100 X

3100-NB X

Small Enterprise Med/ Large Enterprise Milit ary and COTMMilitary

• 8-Port LAN Switch• AES Link Encryption (Opt)• Mesh Mode (Opt), SCPC

Mode

• Adaptive Channel

• Compression• Application QoS• TCP Optimization• Star Mode Only• Optional AES encryption

• TRANSEC Security• FIPS 140-2 certified• AES Link Encryption

embedded

• Spread Spectrumwaveform

• Ruggedized for extremetemperature conditions

Supports businesscritical applications

Advanced performanceremote networking

Most advancedperformance remote

networking



iNFINITI Router Features

• Throughput Rates• Carrier Symbol rates: Outbound up to 15 Msps, inbound up to 7Msps• IP Data Rates: Outbound up to 20 Mbps, inbound up to 6.5 Mbps• Proprietary TDM, MF D-TDMA

• Modulation and Coding• BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK• FEC code rates supported: 0.431 – 0.879• Eb/No range: 3.9 – 7.9dB

• Protocols and traffic engineering

• Extensive range of routing protocols (TCP, UDP,ICMP, IGMP, IRDP,RIP Ver2)• Group QoS, application based QoS, CIR and bandwidth on demand• VLAN tagging

• Features• IP/ router functionality (local DNS caching, DHCP, DHCP helper, NAT (PAT)• TCP/IP and Web acceleration, RTTM , cRTP• Supports SCPC and mesh• AES encryption optional (128-bit or 256-bit)• TRANSEC, FIPS140-2 certification optional• Spread-spectrum waveforms optional



Evolution Satellite Routers

Entry level – Optimized forinternet access, basic voice

and video

Mid-Range Enterprise Router

Supports business criticalapplications

Evolution 8000 Series

Supports high securityand mobility

Evolution X3

Retail / Small Enterprise Med / Large Enterprise Mili tary and COTM

• DVB-S2/ACM• Application QoS/ GQoS• TCP Optimization• Opt. 128 bit AES

Encryption

• DVB-S2/ACM orTDM outbound

• Application QoS /GQoS• TCP Optimization• 256-bit AES encryption• Supports Spread Spectrum

• DVB-S2/ACM orTDM outbound

• Application QoS/ GQoS• TCP Optimization• 256- bit AES encryption• 8-Port LAN Switch• TRANSEC security• FIPS-140-2 certified• Supports Spread Spectrum



Evolution Router Series – New Features

• Throughput Rates:• Carrier Symbol rates: up to 45 Msps• IP Data Rates: up to160 Mbit/s

• DVB-S2/ACM or iNFINITI outbound; MF D-TDMA inbound• Modulation and Coding

• BPSK (iNFINITI), QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK• LDPC coding scheme• Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

• Protocols and traffic engineering• Extensive range of IP routing protocols• Group QoS, application based QoS, CIR and bandwidth on demand• VLAN tagging

• Features• IP/ router functionality (local DNS caching, DHCP, DHCP helper, NAT (PAT))• TCP/IP and Web acceleration, RTTM, cRTP• Supports SCPC and mesh• AES encryption optional (256-bit)• TRANSEC, FIPS140-2 certification• Spread-spectrum waveforms

Fully integrated ACM provides over50% bandwidthefficiency increase



Thank You

Any Questions?

vsat in 30 minutes

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