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VSAT in 30 minutes
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Satellite
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Types of Orbit
Polar OrbitInclined
Orbit
EquatorialOrbit
Equator
What does Geostationary mean?• Geo = Earth, Stationary = Not Moving• Satellite is a Fixed Point in the Sky
• Rotation of the Satellite = Rotation of theEarth (~24 Hrs/Rot)
• Equatorial Plane (only possible orbit)• 35,786 km above the Earth’s surface
(only possible distance)
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Satellite – Main Subsystems
Earth
Satellite
Moon
S / C t o E a r t h :
3 5, 7 8 6 k m
A v e r a g e D i s t
a n c e f r o m
M o o n t o E a r t h : 3 8 4, 3 9 2 k m
GEO lifetime: > 15 YearsMEO lifetime: ~ 15 YearsLEO lifetime: 5 - 7 Years
Electrical Power
Communication
Antenna Payload
Spacecraft Control/Propulsion
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• Satellite Capacities are• 500 MHz Vertical Polarization• 500 MHz Horizontal Polarization• Divided into bands using Transponders
• Ku Band• 14000 MHz to 14500 MHz (Uplink)• 11700 MHz to 12200 MHz (Downlink)
• Transponder Bandwidth is generally one of following:
27 MHz, 36 MHz, 54 MHz, 72 MHz• Transponders for Vertical and Horizontal Polarization
14000 14500MHz
GuardBand2 MHz
GuardBand4 MHz
Transponder Bandwidth
36 MHz
36 MHz 36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz
GuardBand2 MHz
Trans-ponder
1 3 5 7 9 11 …Vertical
Horizontal
36 MHz 36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz36 MHz2 4 6 8 10 12 …
Satellite/Transponder Bandwidth
Vertical Transponder is centeredon Guard Band of Horizontal
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Linear Polarization
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VSAT Feed Assembly & Installation
BUC
BUCLNBOMT
Orthogonal
Block Up Converter Low Noise Block (Down Converter)Orthogonal Mode Transducer Relating to or composed of right angles.Having a set of mutually perpendicular axes
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Cross Polarization (XPol)
SatelliteCross PolarizationUplink and DownlinkUse different polarization
H o r i z o n t a l
H o r i z o
n t a l
V e r t i c
a l
V e r t i c a l
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H o r i z o n t a l
Co PolarizationUplink and DownlinkUse same polarization
Coincident Polarization (CoPol)
V e r t i c
a l
H o r i z o n t a l V e
r t i c a l
Satellite
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Circular Polarization
• Satellite Capabilities are 500 MHz for each Polarization (Right and Left)
Right HandCircular
Polarization
Left HandCircular
Polarization
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Antennas (not aerial or antennaes, antenni)
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All the angles
> 10°
Look angle to sate llite
5050
Elevation [ ° ]
N
Azimuth [ ° ]
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What Is a VSAT?
User’s LANor any IP Device
Video
Computers
VoIP Phones
Indoor Unit
(IDU)
Outdoor Unit
(ODU)
EthernetSwitch
(optional)
LNB+
BUC
Antenna
iDirectSatellite Router
Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)
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Point-to-Point Topology
Remote 1Remote 1
Remote 2Remote 2
Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:No HubNo Hub –– no management or central controlno management or central controlMidsize AntennaMidsize Antenna
Expensive RemotesExpensive RemotesSmall NetworksSmall Networks
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Star Topology
HubHub
Remote 1Remote 1
Remote 2Remote 2
Remote nRemote n
Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:Expensive HubExpensive HubBig Hub AntennaBig Hub Antenna
Cheap RemotesCheap RemotesSmall ODU at RemotesSmall ODU at RemotesLarge NetworksLarge Networks
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Mesh Topology
Remote 1Remote 1
HubHub
Remote 2Remote 2
Remote nRemote n
Remote 3Remote 3
Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:Cheap HubCheap HubExpensive RemotesExpensive Remotes
Big ODU at RemotesBig ODU at RemotesSmall NetworksSmall Networks
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Multi-Star Topology
MainMainHubHub
RemotesRemotes
MiniMiniHubHub
MiniMiniHubHub
MiniMiniHubHub
RemotesRemotes
MiniMiniHubHub
Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:Often Mistaken for MeshOften Mistaken for MeshModerate Mini Hub AntennasModerate Mini Hub Antennas
Affordable Mini HubsAffordable Mini HubsCheap RemotesCheap RemotesSmall ODU at RemotesSmall ODU at RemotesMany Private NetworksMany Private Networks
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Hybrid Topology
MainMain
HubHub
MiniMiniHubHub
MiniMiniHubHub
MiniMiniHubHub
MiniMiniHubHub
StarStarRemotesRemotes
StarStarRemotesRemotes
MeshMeshRemotesRemotesMeshMesh
RemotesRemotes
MeshMeshRemotesRemotes
Typical Characteristics:Typical Characteristics:Extremely hard to manageExtremely hard to manageSeldom implementedSeldom implemented
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A VSAT System
iDirect's Broadband VSAT Network System Provides Highly ReliabliDirect's Broadband VSAT Network System Provides Highly Reliabl e, Secure, Twoe, Secure, Two --way TCP/IP Transmission forway TCP/IP Transmission forHigh Speed, Mult iHigh Speed, Mult i --media Service Applications on any Topology (Star, Star/Mesh, Poimedia Service Applications on any Topology (Star, Star/Mesh, Poi ntnt --toto --Point/SCPC)Point/SCPC)
C or KuC or Ku --Band SatelliteBand Satellite
Internet/Leased
Line/MPLS
NetworkNetworkOperatorOperatorTeleportTeleport
iDirect
BroadbandVSAT Hub
The new iDirect Hub Chassis Line Card supportsnetwork speeds of 18 Mbps Downstream, and 4.2Mbps Upstream.
A single 20 slot Hub Chassis support s aggregate
speeds of 360 Mbps.
iDirect SatelliteRouter
Star/Mesh TopologyStar/Mesh Topology
Mesh Connection
Star Topolog yStar Topolo gy
StarConnection
SCPC Topolog ySCPC Topolog y
SCPCConnection
SCPCConnection
By simply add ing a separate linecard, the iDirect solution cansupport different topologiesfrom the same chassis
It can also support multiplesatellite links
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The Radio Frequency (RF) Trade Space
• Each finite amount of information takes 3 resources totransmit.
• Power (EIRP in Watts)• Bandwidth (Spectrum in Hz)• Time (Speed in bits per second)
• Satellite systems engineering is largely about findingthe least expensive combination of resources in anygiven scenario.
• More of each resource means less of the other 2 resources.• This trade-off must be analyzed in space and on the ground.
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EIRP and G/T
• EIRP – Effective Isotropic Radiated Power • A measure of the amount of power a transmitter puts out.
• It costs more money to put out more EIRP.• More powerful signals are easier and less expensive to
receive.• These financial guidelines apply on the satellite and on the
ground.• G/T – Gain over Temperature
• A measure of how sensitive a receiver is to a signal’s power.• It costs more money to hear weaker signals.• The better your hearing, the less signal strength and the less
bandwidth you need to receive each bit.
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Modulation
• Modulation – Digital to Analog Conversion (easy)
• Demodulation – Analog to Digital Conversion (hard)
• Symbol – A change in an analog wave(Note: 1 symbol takes at least 1 Hz)• Amplitude• Frequency
• Phase• Phase Shift Keying (m-ary PSK)• BPSK is phase changes in multiples of 180° (1 bits per symbol)• QPSK is phase changes in multiples of 90° (2 bits per symbol)• 8PSK is phase changes in multiples of 45° (3 bits per symbol)• iDirect normally uses QPSK• Higher order modulation squeezes more bits into each Hz• More Hz cost more money
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Forward Error Correction (FEC)
• Encoding – Adding extra bits to make sure that content is accurateeven when not all the bits arrive accurately.
• X bits of content need to be sent• Y bits of overhead are added to guarantee the integrity of the X bits• B bits are actually sent over the air
• B has the same number of bits as X + Y put together
• But B is a transform of X, not the sum of X + Y• FEC Rate is a ratio: information bits ÷ bits sent over the air
• Rate ½ is 50% efficient encoding• Rate 0.66 is 66% efficient encoding
• Rate 0.793 is 79.3% efficient encoding• Higher FEC rates typically require more power to implement• More power costs more money
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RSV, TPC, and LDPC Encoding
• RSV – Reed-Solomon/Viterbi Codes• Encoding method used in DVB-S industry standard• Not computationally intensive, but consumes much power
• TPC – Turbo Product Codes• Encoding method used by iDirect• Computationally intensive, but consumes less power
• LDPC – low density parity check Codes• Encoding method used in DVB-S2 industry standard• Very computationally intensive, but consumes least power possible
• Less power means…
• Smaller (cheaper) remote terminal antennas and/or • Higher FEC rate for greater bandwidth efficiency and/or • Higher order modulation for greater bandwidth efficiency
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Multiple Access Schemes
• Multiple Access – How multiple remotes talk to 1 hub.• Analogous to cars at an intersection.
• TDMA (time division multiple access) assigns time slots for eachcarrier/frequency. There are 2 versions of TDMA:
• Random access aka slotted Aloha• Reservation access aka Deterministic-TDMA
• Most TDMA VSAT use random access to carry bursty traffic andreservation access to carry continuous traffic.
• Slotted Aloha leaves 80% of available capacity unused to so that 80%of all upstream transmissions get through 80% of the time.• Slotted Aloha retransmits the 20% of bursts that collide.
• iDirect uses reservation access to carry all traffic.• D-TDMA uses all available capacity all the time to carry traffic.
• D-TDMA has no collisions and thus require few retransmissions.• D-TDMA is enabled by iDirect’s fast capacity allocation algorithm.
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Bandwidth Overhead Structure:From IP throughput to MHz
SymbolRate
Mod
QPSK
TransmissionRate
FEC
0.660.793
InformationRateTDMA
Overhead
IP Data RateOr
User Data Rate GuardBand
1.2
Mhz
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The iDirect Platformand Products
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iDirect is the Platform of Choice
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End-Customer Requirements
Military
• Support for allapplications consisting
of real-time (VoIP,videoconferencing) andnon-real time traffic (datafiles, web browsing, etc.)
• Requires highestsecurity standards (AESencryption, TRANSEC,FIPS 140-2 certification)
Small Enterprise
• Basic IP connectivity• Voice and data and
Internet applications• Optimized for remoteinternet access
• Very price sensitive
Large Enterprise
• Support for all businessapplications consisting
of real-time (VoIP,videoconferencing) andnon-real time traffic (datafiles, web browsing, etc.)
• Demand for VPNand full encryptioncapabilities
• All topologies supported(MF-TDMA star, mesh,iSCPC)
• Requires high quality andmaximum QoS flexibility
Mobility / COTM
• Requires SpreadSpectrum for efficient
use with very smallantennas• Need for rugged
equipment thatsustains movement/vibration
• Military additionallyrequires highestsecurity standards(AES encryption,TRANSEC, FIPS140-2 certification)
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Universal 5-IF 20 Slot HubSeries 15000
Model Star Mesh SCPC15052 X X X
• 5U high, 19” rackmountable
• 4 slots, up to 4IFinterfaces
• TDM / MF D-TDMA,DVB-S2/ACM*
• Gigabit Ethernet interface• Supports all line cards• Optional OPM• RCM modules• Management Control
Module (MCM)
• 11U high, 19” rackmountable
• 20 slots , up to 5IFinterfaces
• TDM / MF D-TDMA,DVB-S2/ACM*
• Gigabit Ethernet interface• Supports all line cards
Hub Series
• 11U high, 19” rackmountable
• 20 slots• Up to 5IF interfaces• Gigabit Ethernet interface• SCPC line cards only• IP data rates of up to
20 Mbps each link
• 2U 19” rack mountable• One slot, 1IF hub• One in-/ outbound network
capability• 10/100 LAN interface• Star, mesh, SCPC
Universal 4-slot HubSeries 12100
Mini HubSeries 10000 iSCPC Concentrator
Model Star Mesh SCPC12102 X X X
Model Star Mesh SCPC Size10315 X X X 15 users
10330 X X X 30 users
Model Star Mesh SCPC15051 X
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iNFINITI 5000
Same features as
3000 model , plus…
iNFINITI 7000*
Same features as
5000 model, plus…
iNFINITI Satellite Routers
Model Star COTM SCPC Securi ty
8350 X X X X
Model Star Mesh SCPC Security
5100 X X
5150 X X X
5300 X X X
5350 X X X X
Mo del St ar Mesh SCPC Secur it y
7350 X X X X
iNFINITI 8000
Same features as
7000 model, plus…
* iNFINITI 3000 and 7000 are also available in iConnex mode (circuit boards without enclosures)
iNFINITI 3000*
Entry Level – Optimizedfor Internet Access,
Basic Voice and Video
Mo del Star Mes h SCPC Sec ur it y
3100 X
3100-NB X
Small Enterprise Med/ Large Enterprise Milit ary and COTMMilitary
• 8-Port LAN Switch• AES Link Encryption (Opt)• Mesh Mode (Opt), SCPC
Mode
• Adaptive Channel
• Compression• Application QoS• TCP Optimization• Star Mode Only• Optional AES encryption
• TRANSEC Security• FIPS 140-2 certified• AES Link Encryption
embedded
• Spread Spectrumwaveform
• Ruggedized for extremetemperature conditions
Supports businesscritical applications
Advanced performanceremote networking
Most advancedperformance remote
networking
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iNFINITI Router Features
• Throughput Rates• Carrier Symbol rates: Outbound up to 15 Msps, inbound up to 7Msps• IP Data Rates: Outbound up to 20 Mbps, inbound up to 6.5 Mbps• Proprietary TDM, MF D-TDMA
• Modulation and Coding• BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK• FEC code rates supported: 0.431 – 0.879• Eb/No range: 3.9 – 7.9dB
• Protocols and traffic engineering
• Extensive range of routing protocols (TCP, UDP,ICMP, IGMP, IRDP,RIP Ver2)• Group QoS, application based QoS, CIR and bandwidth on demand• VLAN tagging
• Features• IP/ router functionality (local DNS caching, DHCP, DHCP helper, NAT (PAT)• TCP/IP and Web acceleration, RTTM , cRTP• Supports SCPC and mesh• AES encryption optional (128-bit or 256-bit)• TRANSEC, FIPS140-2 certification optional• Spread-spectrum waveforms optional
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Evolution Satellite Routers
Entry level – Optimized forinternet access, basic voice
and video
Mid-Range Enterprise Router
Supports business criticalapplications
Evolution 8000 Series
Supports high securityand mobility
Evolution X3
Retail / Small Enterprise Med / Large Enterprise Mili tary and COTM
• DVB-S2/ACM• Application QoS/ GQoS• TCP Optimization• Opt. 128 bit AES
Encryption
• DVB-S2/ACM orTDM outbound
• Application QoS /GQoS• TCP Optimization• 256-bit AES encryption• Supports Spread Spectrum
• DVB-S2/ACM orTDM outbound
• Application QoS/ GQoS• TCP Optimization• 256- bit AES encryption• 8-Port LAN Switch• TRANSEC security• FIPS-140-2 certified• Supports Spread Spectrum
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Evolution Router Series – New Features
• Throughput Rates:• Carrier Symbol rates: up to 45 Msps• IP Data Rates: up to160 Mbit/s
• DVB-S2/ACM or iNFINITI outbound; MF D-TDMA inbound• Modulation and Coding
• BPSK (iNFINITI), QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK• LDPC coding scheme• Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)
• Protocols and traffic engineering• Extensive range of IP routing protocols• Group QoS, application based QoS, CIR and bandwidth on demand• VLAN tagging
• Features• IP/ router functionality (local DNS caching, DHCP, DHCP helper, NAT (PAT))• TCP/IP and Web acceleration, RTTM, cRTP• Supports SCPC and mesh• AES encryption optional (256-bit)• TRANSEC, FIPS140-2 certification• Spread-spectrum waveforms
Fully integrated ACM provides over50% bandwidthefficiency increase
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Thank You
Any Questions?