volcanoes chapter 10. viscosity – the resistance to the flow. as temperature decreases, viscosity...
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VOLCANOES CHAPTER 10
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• Viscosity – the resistance to the flow. As temperature decreases, viscosity increases.
• As silica content increases, viscosity increases. Therefore, continental (rhyolitic) volcanoes with high silica content are more explosive than basaltic volcanoes.
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Dissolved Gases• Dissolved gas (mostly water vapor and
carbon dioxide) comes out of solution as the pressure decreases near the Earth’s surface.
• Continental eruptions are explosive because of the trapped gas. Basaltic eruptions like Hawaii, the gases escape and the lava flows quietly.
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Volcanic Material• Lava Flows• Continental volcano lava, with high
silica content flows slowly.
• Basaltic volcano lava, like Hawaii, flows quickly. Types of lava flows are
pahoehoe and aa.
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• Gases emitted by volcanoes are water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, hydrogen, and argon.
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• Pyroclastic material are fragments ejected during volcanic eruptions. Types of pyroclastic material include ash, cinders(lapelli), blocks, and bombs.
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Anatomy of a Volcano• Crater, Vent, Volcano
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• Shield volcanoes – produced by the accumulation of basaltic lava, examples are Hawaiian Islands and Iceland
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• Cinder cones – steep sloped, small, eruptions last only a short time
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Composite cones – located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, examples are volcanoes in the Cascade region of the Pacific Northwest and the Andes
Large, silica-rich, most explosive eruption
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Dangers from Composite ones• Pyroclastic flows• Lahars – mudflows of volcanic
material
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Volcanic Landforms• Calderas – large depression in a
volcano, formed by a collapse of a craterCrater Lake is in a caldera
• Necks and pipes - formed from hardened magma in vents
• Lava Plateaus – formed from successive lava flows extruded by fissures over a large area
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Intrusive Igneous Bodies – Plutons• Sills – forms when magma is injected
along sedimentary bedding planes• Laccoliths – more viscous lava
injected along sedimentary bedding planes• Dikes – form when magma is injected
into fractures• Batholiths – largest intrusive igneous
body,
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• Origin of Magma – Geologists conclude that magma originates when essentially solid rock, located in the crust and upper mantle, partially melts.
• Source of heat to melt rocks– temperatures get higher with depth, 20 to 30 degrees Celsius per kilometer. Additional heat is generated by friction and rising magma
• Reducing pressure lowers a rock’s melting temperature
• Water causes a rock to melt at a lower temperature.
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• Most volcanoes are located along the margins of the ocean basins at oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries. As the oceanic plate subducts the continental crust, some rock melts. The magma rises, forming silica-rich volcanoes.
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At oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries a chain of volcanoes, volcanic arcs form.
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At divergent boundaries, magma is produced along ridges during sea floor spreading.
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Interplate igneous activity is associated with mantle plumes, or hot spots. Examples are Hawaiian Islands
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