VLSI TECHNOLOGYVLSI TECHNOLOGY

Presented byPresented byK.SANJEEVA DINESHK.SANJEEVA DINESH

dineshkota007@gmail.comdineshkota007@gmail.com

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3rd ECE :3rd ECE :

PrefacePreface Day-to-day the usage of the IC’s are increasing.With out Day-to-day the usage of the IC’s are increasing.With out

an IC no electronic device can work.an IC no electronic device can work. Such improtance came to our daily life.Then this IC’s can Such improtance came to our daily life.Then this IC’s can

be called as “Processor”be called as “Processor” Microprocessors are essential to many of the products Microprocessors are essential to many of the products

we use every day such as TVs, cars, radios, home we use every day such as TVs, cars, radios, home appliances and of course, computers. Transistors are the appliances and of course, computers. Transistors are the main components of microprocessors.main components of microprocessors.

One problem was the size of the circuits. A complex One problem was the size of the circuits. A complex circuit, like a computer, was dependent on speed. If the circuit, like a computer, was dependent on speed. If the components of the computer were too large or the wires components of the computer were too large or the wires interconnecting them too long, the electric signals interconnecting them too long, the electric signals couldn't travel fast enough through the circuit, thus couldn't travel fast enough through the circuit, thus making the computer too slow to be effectivemaking the computer too slow to be effective

ContentsContentsHistotyHistotyDevelopmentsDevelopmentsFabricationFabricationAdvantagesAdvantagesUtilizationUtilizationReferencesReferencesGreetingGreeting

HISTORYHISTORY

With the invention of transistors in BELL With the invention of transistors in BELL laboratories is the basic pillar of an IC.laboratories is the basic pillar of an IC.

Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments found a solution to this problem in 1958. Kilby presented his idea to his superiors, and was allowed to build a test version of his circuit. In September 1958, he had his first integrated circuit ready.Although the first integrated circuit was crude and had some problems, the idea was groundbreaking. By making all the parts out of the same block of material and adding the metal needed to connect them as a layer on top of it, there was no need for discrete components. No more wires and components had to be assembled manually. The circuits could be made smaller, and the manufacturing process could be automated.

DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTS

The first IC developed by JACK KILLBY The first IC developed by JACK KILLBY was 5 transistors on single board,but now was 5 transistors on single board,but now it was developed upto 976 million it was developed upto 976 million transistors in single processor(INTEL i7P)transistors in single processor(INTEL i7P)

Different technologies across IC’sDifferent technologies across IC’s

The first semiconductor chips held two transistors each. The first semiconductor chips held two transistors each. Subsequent advances added more transistors, and as a Subsequent advances added more transistors, and as a consequence, more individual functions or systems were consequence, more individual functions or systems were integrated over time. integrated over time.

The first integrated circuits held only a few devices, The first integrated circuits held only a few devices, perhaps as many as ten diodes, transistors, resistors and perhaps as many as ten diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors, making it possible to fabricate one or more capacitors, making it possible to fabricate one or more logic gates on a single device.logic gates on a single device.

Now known retrospectively as small-scale integration Now known retrospectively as small-scale integration (SSI), improvements in technique led to devices with (SSI), improvements in technique led to devices with hundreds of logic gates, known as medium-scale hundreds of logic gates, known as medium-scale integration (MSI). integration (MSI).

Further improvements led to large-scale integration (LSI), Further improvements led to large-scale integration (LSI), i.e. systems with at least a thousand logic gates. Current i.e. systems with at least a thousand logic gates. Current technology has moved far past this mark and today's technology has moved far past this mark and today's microprocessors have many millions of gates and billions microprocessors have many millions of gates and billions of individual transistors.of individual transistors.

As of early 2008, billion-transistor processors are As of early 2008, billion-transistor processors are commercially available. This became more commercially available. This became more commonplace as semiconductor fabrication advanced commonplace as semiconductor fabrication advanced from the then-current generation of 65 nm processes. from the then-current generation of 65 nm processes.

Current designs, unlike the earliest devices, use Current designs, unlike the earliest devices, use extensive design automation and automated logic extensive design automation and automated logic synthesis to lay out the transistors, enabling higher synthesis to lay out the transistors, enabling higher levels of complexity in the resulting logic functionality. levels of complexity in the resulting logic functionality. Certain high-performance logic blocks like the SRAM Certain high-performance logic blocks like the SRAM (static random-access memory) cell, are still designed by (static random-access memory) cell, are still designed by hand to ensure the highest efficiency.hand to ensure the highest efficiency.

VLSI technology may be moving toward further radical VLSI technology may be moving toward further radical miniaturization with introduction of NEMS technology.miniaturization with introduction of NEMS technology.

FABRICATION of an ICFABRICATION of an IC The IC fabrication is The IC fabrication is

done in highly done in highly resistive and 100 resistive and 100 times neater than times neater than hospitalshospitals

Based on IC ,there are many techniques Based on IC ,there are many techniques are used,in them the most commonly used are used,in them the most commonly used one is one is

N-well fabricationN-well fabrication

The fabrication steps that involving areThe fabrication steps that involving areEGS-Electronic Grade Silicon-99.999% EGS-Electronic Grade Silicon-99.999%

pure siliconpure siliconEvolving solid siliconeEvolving solid siliconeFinding defectsFinding defectsSiOSiO2 2 protected layerprotected layerPhoto lithographic layer Photo lithographic layer MetalisationMetalisation

SiOSiO2 2 layer protects the layer protects the substrate from substrate from involving chemical involving chemical reactions with reactions with atmosphereatmosphere

Photolithograpic layer Photolithograpic layer involves in protecting involves in protecting diffusionsdiffusions

Metalisations process Metalisations process uses for evolving uses for evolving terminalsterminals

PackagesPackages

This IC’s can be found in ceramic,metal This IC’s can be found in ceramic,metal can,dual pin packagescan,dual pin packages

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Minituring the size of Minituring the size of

equipmentequipment

Reduce power lossReduce power lossLow power Low power

consumptionconsumptionHighly realiableHighly realiable

Modern day computers are getting smaller, faster, and cheaper and more power efficient every progressing second.

UTILIZATIONUTILIZATION

Semi conductor manufacturingSemi conductor manufacturing 3D system integration technologies3D system integration technologies For space communicationsFor space communications As a processor in electronic devicesAs a processor in electronic devices

REFERENCESREFERENCES

www.vlsi.wikipedia.ac.in www.vlsi.Google images.blogwww.vlsi.Google images.blog

GreetingGreeting

Thanks for giving such a wonder ful Thanks for giving such a wonder ful opportunityopportunity