silicon retina usin vlsi technology
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----E.Prabhakar (10H62D5720)
M.Tech -VLSI System Design
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INTRODUCTION:
In this era of transplants and implants, a new annotation that
is in research process happens to be the silicon implants.
If this silicon is used for the sake of blindnessis there
anything more to say!!! This is real, and is happening,
because of a miracle, in the field of electronics called
Artificial silicon retina (ASR).
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What is Silicon Retina?
The artificial silicon retina (ASR) chip contains
approximately 5,000 microscopic solar cells that convert
light into electrical impulses. The purpose of the chip is toreplace damaged photoreceptors, the "light-sensing" cells of
the eye, which normally convert light into electrical signals
within the retina. The chip could be embedded directly intothe eye and connected to the nerves that carry signals to the
brain's visual cortex.
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H ow Our Retina Works:
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helps to perform the function of vision:
Rods are able to function in low light (they can detect a
single photon) and can create black and white images
without much light.
Cones give us the ability to see color and detail of objects.
The information received by the rods and cones are then
transmitted to the nearly 1 million ganglion cells in the
retina. These ganglion cells interpret the messages from the
rods and cones and send the information on to the brain by
way of the optic nerve.
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Imp lantation :
Age old technique of i mp lantation : The patient would wear
goggles mounted with a small video camera, which then sends
the image to a wireless wallet-sized computer for prossesing.
The computer trasmitts this information to an infrared LED
screen on the goggles.
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The new surgical procedure:
The modern microsurgical procedure replaces the need
for goggles, camera and external computer altogether.
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H ow Artificial Vision Will Work?The ASR is powered solely by incident light and does not
require the use of external wires or batteries. When surgically
implanted under the retina, in a location known as the subretinal space, the ASR is designed to produce visual signals
similar to those produced by the photoreceptor layer.
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The silicon chip & its fabrication:In general, the following fabrication steps are used to fabricate
the biochip
Substrate preparation
wet etching
drillingbonding
packaging
Adhesive removal.
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Substrate Pre p aration:
Th e bioc h ips were fabricated using commercially
available 50 x 45 x 0.17 mm3 (LxWxH) microscopic
glass cover slips.
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Wet etching:
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Access Ports:
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UV- Cured Adhesive Bonding
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B iochip Packaging:C ommercially available connectors were used to
package the biochip.
Adhesive Removal:
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O ther applications of silicon retina:
Walking robots
Sm art sensors
Tracking the objects
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CONCLUSION :
C ontinuing advances in several key fields such as micro-electronics, semiconductors and cybernetics have opened the
door for tremendous growth in artificial vision research. In
fact, there are already devices being tested in human trials
that can provide rudimentary "vision" for individuals who are
completely blind. The research and development in this field
provides a welcome glimmer of hope for blind and low-vision
individuals around the world. What would be the better contribution, than to m ake
blind to see, for silicon retina using VL SI
technology????????
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ANY
QUERIES ???