ORIGINAL NAMES WITH ABBREVIATED OR ALTERNATIVE NAMES

Acharya Rajneesh:Osho

Adam Smith: Father of Economics

Adolf Hitler: Fuhrer (also fuehrer)

Alfred Hitchcock: Master of Suspense

Andrei D. Sakharov: Father of the (Soviet) Hydrogen Bomb

Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Lokmanya; Father of Indian Unrest

Bhagat Singh: Shahid - e - Azam

C. Rajagopalachari: C.R. Rajaji

C.F. Andrews: Deenabandhu

C.N. Annadurai: Anna

Chittaranjan Das: Deshbandhu

Dadabhai Naoroji: Grand Old Man of India; Father of Indian Politics and Economics.

Dadasaheb Phalke: Father of Indian Cinema.

Duke of Wellington: Iron Duke.

Dwight David Eisenhower: lke

Edmund Spencer: Poets' Poet

Eivis Presley; Elvis the Pelvis

Ernest Rutherford: Father of Nuclear Physics.

Erwin Rammel: Desert Fax.

Florence Nightingale: Lady with the Lamp.

Geoffrey Chaucer: Father of English Poetry.

George Bernard Show: 'G.B.S'

Giovanni Baccaccio: Father of the Novel

Gurcharan Singh: Ground Old Man of Indian Pottery, Daddyji.

Henrik J. Ibsen: Father of Modern Drama

Herodotus: Father of History

Hippocrates: Father of Medicine

Homi J. Bhabha: Father of Indian Nuclear Science

Indira Gandhi: Iron Lady of India

J.R.D. Tata: Father of Civil Aviation in India.

Jamshedji Tata: Father of Indian Industry

Jawaharlal Nehru: Chacha; Panditji

Jayaprakash Narayan: 'J.P'; Loknayak

Joan of Arc: Maid of Orleans

Joseph Priestley: Father of Soda Pop; Father of Modern Chemistry

K.M. Cariappa: Kipper, Grand Old Man of Indian Army.

K.V. Puttappa: Kuvempu

Kalidas: Indian Shakespeare, Shakespeare of India

Kato Ichire: Dr. Robot.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Badshah Khan; Frantier Gandhi; Fakhre-e Afghan,

Lala Lajpat Rai: Punjab Kesari (Lion of the Punjab or Sher-e-Punjab)

M.F. Robespierre: The Incorruptible

M.K. Gandhi: Bapu; Mahatma; Father of the Nation.

M.S. Golwalkar: Guruji

Madan Mohan Malaviya: Mahamana

Nandlal Base: Father of Modern Painting in India.

Napoleon Bonaparte: Little Corporol; Man of Density.

Otto Von Bismarck: Man of Blood and Iron; Iron Chancellor

Queen Elizabeth I; Maiden Queen

Rabindranath Tagore: Gurudev

Rajinder Singh: Sparrow

Raja Rammohan Roy: Father of Indian Renaissance.

Richard Cobden: Apostle of Free Trade

Samudragupta: Indian Napoleon.

S. Sathyamurthi: Firebrand of South India

Salim Ali: The Birdman of India

Sarojini Naidu: Nightingale of India

Shakti Chattapadhyaya: Robert Frost of West Bengal.

Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah: Lion of Kashmir (Sher-e-Kashmir)

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: Bangabandhu

St. Nicholas: Santa Claus

Subhash Chandra Bose: Netaji

Susruta: Father of Modern Plastic Surgery

T.T. Krishnamachari: T.T.K.'

Tanguturi Prakasam: Andhra Kesari

Tenzing Norgay: Tiger of Snows

Thomas Cook: Father of Modern Tourism

Thomas Edward Lawrence: Lawrence of Arabia

Tushar Kanti Ghosh; Grand Old Man of Indian Journalism

Vallabhbhai Patel: Iron Man of India, Bismarck of India.

Vinoba Bhave: Acharya

V.M. Basheer: Sultan of Beypore

Walter Scott: Wizard of the North

William Ewart Gladstone: Grand Old Man of British Politics.

William Pitt: The Younger Pitt, Grand Commoner

William Shakespeare: Bard of Avon.

Aircraft ID Mark

Afghanistan  YA

Algeria  7T

Argentina  LQ, LV

Australia  OE

Bangladesh  S2

Belgium  OO

Bolivia  CP

Brazil  PP, PT

Cameroon  TJ

Canada  C, CF

Chile  CC

China  B

Colombia  HK

Cuba  CU

Denmark  OY

Egypt  SU

Ethiopia  ET

Finland  OH

France  F

Germany  D

Greece  SX

India  VT

Indonesia  PK

Iran  EP

Iraq  YI

Israel  4X

Italy  I

Japan  JA

Kuwait  9K

Malaysia  9M

Netherlands  PH

Pakistan  AP

Saudi Arabia  HZ

Singapore  9V

South Africa  ZS, ZT, ZU

Spain  EC

Sri Lanka  4R

UK  G

USA  N

Venezuela  YV

Vietnam  VN

Yugoslavia  YU

Zaire  9Q, 9T

Zimbabwe  Z

Arabic & Roman

Arabic numerals and their corresponding Roman numerals.

1 I

2 II

3 III

4 IV

5 V

6 VI

7 VII

8 VIII

9 IX

10 X

11 XI

12 XII

13 XIII

14 XIV

15 XV

16 XVI

17 XVII

18 XVIII

19 XIX

20 XX

30 XXX

40 XL

42 XLII

50 L

60 LX

90 XC

100 C

200 CC

400 CD

500 D

600 DC

900 CM

1000 M

E-Mail - Short Cuts

AFK Away From KeyBoard

ASAP As Soon As Possible

BBL Be Back Later

BBN Bye Bye Now

BBS Be Back Soon

BEG Big Evil Grin

BF Boy Friend

BRB Be Right Back

BTW By The Way

BWL Bursting With Laughter

C & G Chuckle and Grin

CID Crying In Disgrace

CSG Chuckle Snicker Grin

CYA See You Again

CYALLR See You All Later

DLTBBB Don't Let The Bed Bugs Bite

EG Evil Grin

F2F Face to face, a personal meeting

FCOL For Crying Out Loud

FWIW For What It's Worth

FYI For Your Information

GF Girl Friend

GFN Gone For Now

GMTA Great MInds Think Alike

GOK God Only Knows

GTSY Great To See You

H&K Hugs and Kiss

HHIS Hanging Head In Shame

HHOK Ha, Ha-Only Kidding

HHOS Ha, Ha-Only Serious

IC I See

IMHO In My Humble Opioion

IMO In My Opinion

IWALU I Will Always Love You

JMO Just My Opinion

JTLYK Just To Let You Know

KIT Keep in Touch

L8R Later

LHU Lord Help Us

LMHO Laughing My Head Off

LOL Laughing out Loud

LTS Laughing to Self

LTNC Long Time to See

LUWAMH Love You With All My Heart

LY Love You

OIC Oh! I See

OTOH On the Other Hand

PDS Please Dont Shout

RTSM Read the Stupid Manual

SETE Smiling Ear to Ear

SYS See You Soon

TAFN That's All For Now

TOY Thinking Of You

TTYL Talk to You Later

TTYT Talk to You Tomorrow

WB Welcome Back

WTG Way to Go

Nobel Prize Winners Physics

Year Name Nations

1901 Wilhelm C.Roentgen Germany

1902 Hendrik A.Lorentz & Pieter Zeeman Dutch

1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie France

1904 John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Britain

1905 Philipp E.A.Von Lenard Germany

1906 Sir. Joseph J.Thomson Britain

1907 Albert A.Michelson U.S

1908 Gabriel Lippmann Franch

1909 Carl F. Braun Guglielmo Marconi

GermanyItaly

1910 Johannes D. Van der Waals Dutch

1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany

1912 Nils G. Dalen Sweden

1913 Heike kamerlingh Onnes Dutch

1914 Max von Laue Germany

1915 Sir William H. Bragg, Sir William H. Bragg Britain

1917 Charles G. Barkla Britain

1918 Max K.E.L. Planck Germany

1919 Johnnes Stark Germany

1920 Charles E.Guillaume France

1921 Albert Einstein Germany - U.S.

1922 Niels Bohr Danish

1923 Robert A. Millikan U.S

1924 Karl M.G. Siegbahn Sweden

1925 James Franck, Gustav Hertz Germany

1926 Jean B. Perrin France

1927 Arthur H.ComptonCharles T.R Wilson

U.SBritain

1928 Owen W. Richardson Britain

1929 Prince Louis-victor de Broglie France

1930 Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman India

1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany

1933 Paul A.M. DiracErwin Schrodinger

BritainAustralia

1935 Sir James Chadwick Britain

1936 Carl D. AndersonVictor F. Hess

U.SAustralia

1937 Cliton J. DavissonSir Geroge P. Thomson

U.S.Britain

1938 Enrico Fermi ItalyU.S

1939 Ernest O. Lawrence U.S.

1943 Otto Stern U.S

1944 Isidor Issac Rabi U.S.

1945 Wolfgang Pauli U.S

1946 Percy Williams Bridgman U.S.

1947 Sir Edward V. Appleton Britain

1948 Patrick M.S.Blackett Britain

1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan

1950 Cecil f. Powell Britain

1951 Sir John D. CockroftErnest T.S.Walton

BritainIran

1952 Felix BlochEdward M. Purcell U.S

1953 Frits Zernike Dutch

1954 Max BornWalter Bothe

BritainGermany

1955 Polykarp Kusch, Willis E.Lamb U.S

1956John BardeenWalter H. BrattainWilliam Shockley

U.S

1957 Tsung-dao-Lee U.S

Chenning Yang

1958Pavel CherenkovIlya Frank,Igor Y. Tamm

USSR

1959 Owen ChamberlainEmilio G.Segre U.S

1960 Donald A. Glaser U.S

1961 Robert HofstadterRudolf L. Mossbauer

U.SGermany

1962 Lev. D. Landau USSR

1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Eugene P. WignerJ. Hans D. Jensen

U.S

Germany

1964 Nikolai G. Basov, aleksander M. ProchorovCharles H. Townes

USSRU.S

1965 Richard P. Feynman Julian S. SchwingerShinichiro Tomonaga

U.SJapan

1966 Alfred Kastler Franch

1967 Hans A. Bethe U.S

1968 Luis W. Alvarez U.S

1969 Murray Gell-Mann U.S

1970 Louis Neel,br>Hammes Alfven FranceSwitzerland

1971 Dennis Gabor Britain

1972John Bardeen Leon N. CooperJohn R. Schrieffer

U.S

1973Ivar GiaeverLeo EsakiVrian D. Josephson

U.SJapanBritain

1974 Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish Britain

1975James RainwaterBen MottelsonAage Bohr

U.SU.S-DanishDanish

1976 Burton RichterSamuel C.C Ting U.S

1977 John H.Van Vleck,Philip W. Anderson Nevill F. Mott

U.SBritain

1978 Pyotr KapitsaArno Penzias, Robert Wilson

USSRU.S

1979 steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. GlashowAbdus Salam

U.SPakistan

1980 James W. CroninVal L. fitch U.S

1981 Nicolass Bloembergen, Arthur SchaalowKai M.Siegbahn

U.SSweden

1982 Kenneth G. Wilson U.S

1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Indian U.S Citizen

William a. Fowler U.S

1984 Carlo RubbiaSimonvan der Meer

ItalyDutch

1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany

1986 Ernest Ruska,br>Gerd BinnigHeinrich Rohrer

GermanyWest GermanySwiss

1987 K.Alex MullerJ. Georg Bednorz

SwitzerlandWest Germany

1988 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Jack Steinberger U.S

1989Norman F. RamseyHans G. DehmeltWo9lfgang Paul

U.S.Grmany-U.S.Germany

1990 Richard E. TaylorJerome I. Griedman, Hendry W.Kendall

CanadaU.S

1991 Pierre - Giles de Gennes France

1992 Georges Charpak Poland - France

1993 Joseph H. Taylor, Russell A. Hulse U.S.

1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull

Canada U.S

1995 Martin L. Perl of Standfrod University and Frederick Reins of the University of California

SwitzerlandU.S.

1996 David M.Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C.Richardson U.S

1997 Steven Chu, William D. PhillipsClaude Cohen Tannoudji

U.S. France

1998 Prof. Robert B. Laughlin, Prof Horst L. Stormer, Prof. Daniel C. Tsui U.S

1999 Gerardus T. Hooft, Martinus J.D. Veltman Netherland

2000Mr.Zhores I.AlferovHerbert KroemerJack Kilby

RussiaGerman 

2001Eric A. CornellWolfgang KetterleCarl E. Wieman

USAGermanUSA

2002Raymond Davis Jr.Riccardo GiacconiMasatoshi Koshiba

USAUSAJapan

Nobel Prize Winners - Chemistry

Year Name Country

1901 Jacobus H. Vant's Hoff Dutch

1902 Emil fischer Germany

1903 Svante A. Arrhenius Sweden

1904 Sir William Ramsay Britain

1905 Adolf von Beayer Germany

1906 Henri Moissan France

1907 Eduard Buchner Germany

1908 Ernest Rutherford Britain

1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany

1910 Otto Wallach Germany

1911 Marie Curie Poland Franch

1912 Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier Franch

1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland

1914 Theodore W. Richards U.S

1915 Richard M. Willstatter Germany

1918 Fritz Haber Germany

1920 Walther H. Nernst Germany

1921 Frederick Soddy Britain

1922 Francis W. Aston Britain

1923 Fritz Pregl Australia

1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy Germany

1926 theodor Svedberg sweden

1927 Heinrich O. Wieland Germany

1928 Adolf O. R. Windaus Germany

1929 Sir Arthur HardenHan von Euler-Chelpin

BritainSweden

1930 Hans Fischer Germany

1931 Friedrich Berguis, Karl Bosch Germany

1932 Irving Langmuir U.S

1934 Harold C. Urey U.S

1935 Frederic Joliot-Curie, Irene Joliot Curie Franch

1936 Peter J.W. Debyr Dutch

1937 Walter N. HaworthPaul Karrer

BritainSwistzerland

1938 Richard Kuhn Germany

1939 Adolf F.J. ButenandtLeopold Ruzicka

Britainswitzerland

1943 Georg de Hevesy Hungary

1944 Otto Hahn Germany

1945 Artturi I, Virtanen Finnish

1946 James B. Summer, John H.Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley U.S

1947 Sir Robert Robinson Britain

1948 Arne W.K. Tiselius Sweden

1949 William F. Giauque Switzerland

1950 Kurt Alder, Otto P.H. Diels Germany

1951 Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg U.S

1952 Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synjge U.S

1953 Hermann Staudinger Germany

1954 Linus C. Pauling U.S

1955 Vincent du Vigneaud U.S

1956 Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood,Nikolai N. Semenov

BritainUSSR

1957 Sir Alexander R. Todd Britain

1958 Frederick Sanger Britain

1959 Jarpslav Heyr9vsky Czech

1960 Willard F. Libby U.S

1961 Melvini calvin U.S

1962 John C. Kendrew, Max F. Perutz Britain

1963 Giulio NattaKal Ziegler

ItalyGermany

1964 Dorothy C. Hodgkin Britain

1965 Robert B. Woodward U.S.

1966 Robert S.Mulliken U.S

1967 Manfred EigenRonald G. W.Norrish, George Porter

GermanyBritain

1968 Lars Onsager U.S

1969 Derek H.R. Barton Odd Hassel

BritainNorway

1970 Luis F. Leloir  

1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada

1972 Chriistian B. Aninsen, Stanford Moore, William H.Stein U.S

1973 Ernst Otto FischerGeoffrey Wilkinson

West GermanyBritain

1974 Paul J. Flory U.S

1975 John Cornforth, AustralVladimir Prelog, Yugo

BritainSwitzerland

1976 William N. Lipscomb U.S

1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium

1978 Peter Mitchell Britain

1979 Herbert C. Brown Geroge Wittig

BritainU.S. Germany

1980 Paul Berg, Walter GilbertFrederick Sanger

U.SU.K

1981 Kenichi FukuiRoald Hoffmann

JapanU.S.

1982 Aaron Klug South Africa

1983 Henry Tabue Canada

1984 Bruce Merrifield U.S

1985 Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle U.S

1986 Dudley Herchbach, Yuan T. Lee,John C. Polanyi

U.S. Canada

1987 Donald J. Cram, Charles J. PepdersenJean-Marie Lehn

BritainU.S. French

1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel West Germany

1989 Thomas R. Cech, Sidney Altman BritainU.S

1990 Elias James Corey U.S

1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland

1992 RudolphA. Marcus Canada, U.S

1993 Kary B. Mullis Michael SmithU.S.Britain-Canada

1994 George A.Olah U.S

1995 Paul CrutzeenMario Molina, F. Sherwood Roland

NetherlandU.S

1996 Robert Curl Jr., Richard SmallerySir Harold Kroto

U.S. britain

1997Paul BoyerJohn WalkerDane Jensskou

U.SBritainDenmark

1998 Dr.Walter Kohn Dr. John A. Pople

Australia-U.SBritain-U.S

1999 Ahmed Zewail USA

2000Alan HeegerAlan G. MacidiarmidHideki Shirakawa

USAUSAJapan

2001William S. KnowlesRyoji NoyoriK. Barry Sharpless

USAJapanUSA

2002John B. FennKoichi TanakaKurt Wüthrich

USAJapanSwitzerland

Nobel Prize Winners-Medicine & Physiology

Year Name Country

1901 Emil A. Von Behring Germany

1902 Sir Ronald Ross Britain

1903 Niels R. Finsen Danish

1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia

1905 Robert Koch Germany

1906 Camillo GolgiSantiago Ramon Y Cajal

Italy Spain

1907 Charles L.A. Laveran France

1908 Paul EhrlichElie Metchnikoff

GermanyFrance

1909 Emil T. Kocher Switzerland

1910 Albrecht Kossel Grmany

1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden

1912 Alexis Carrel France

1913 Charles R. Richet France

1914 Robert Barany Australia

1919 Jules Border Belgium

1920 Schack A.S.Krogh Dan

1922 Archibald V. HillOtto F. Meyerhof

BritainGermany

1923 Frederick G. BantingJohn J.R.Macleod

CanadaScotland

1924 willem Einthoven Dutch

1926 Johannes A.G Fibiger Dan

1927 JUllius Wagner-Jauregg Australia

1928 Charles J.H. Nicolle France

1929 Christiaan EijkmanSir Frederick G.Hopkings

DutchBritain

1930 Karl Landsteiner U.S

1931 Otto H. Warburg Germany

1932 Edgar D. Adrian, Sir Charles S. Sherrington Britain

1933 Thomas H.organ U.S.

1934 George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, G.H. Whipple U.S.

1935 Hans Spemann Germany

1936 Sir Henry H. DaleOtto Lowei

BritainU.S.

1937 Albert Szent-Gyorgyl Honkong-U.S.

1938 Cornelle J.F. Heymans Belgium

1939 Gerhard Domagk Germany

1943 Henrik C.P. Dam Edward A. Doisy

DanU.S.

1944 Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S.Gasser U.S.

1945 Ernst B. Chain Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Howard W. Florey Britain

1946 Hermann J.Muller U.S.

1947 Carl F.Cori, Gerty T. CormbothBernardo A. Houssay

U.S.Aregentina

1948 Paul H. Muller Switzweland

1949 Walter R. Hess, Switzerland

1950 Philip S. Hench, Edward C. KendallTadeus reichstein

U.S.Switzerland

1951 Max Theiler U.S

1952 Selman A. Waksman U.S.

1953 Hans A. KrebsFritz A. Lipmann

BritainU.S.

1954 John F.Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas H. Weller U.S

1955 AlexH.T Theorell Sweden

1956 Andre F. Coumand,Dickinson W.Richards Jr. Wener Forssmann

U.S.Germany

1957 Daniel Bovet Italy

1958 George W. Beadle, Edward L. Tatum, Joshua Lederberg U.S.

1959 Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa U.S.

1960 Sir F MacFarlane BumentPeter B. Medawar

AustraliaBritain

1961 Georg von Bekesy U.S.

1962 Francis H.C.rick, Maurice H.F. WilkinsJames D. Wastson

BritainU.S.

1963 Sir John C.Eccles Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley

AustraliaBritain

1964 Konard E.BlochFeodor Letnen

U.SGermany

1965 Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff, Jsvquew Monod France

1966 Charles B. Huggins, Francis Peyton Rous U.S.

1967 Ragnar GranitHaldan Keffer Hartline, George Wals

SwedenU.S.

1968 Robert W. Holly, Marshall W. NirenbergH. Gobind Khorana

U.S.Indian U.S. citizen

1969 Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador Luria U.S.

1970Julius AxelrodSir Bernard KatzUlfvon Euler

U.S.BritainSweden

1971 Earl W. Sutherland Jr. U.S.

1972 Gerald M. Edelman,Rodney R.Porter

U.S.Britain

1973Karl Von FrischKonrad LorenzNikolass Tinbergen

GeramnyGermany-AustraliaBritain

1974Albert Claude, Lux George Emil PaladeChristian Rene De Duve

U.S. Rom-U.S.Belgium

1975 Davidaltimore, Howard Temin Renato Dulbecco U.S.Italy-U.S

1976 Baruch S.Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek U.S.

1977 Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C.L. Guilemin, Andrew V. Schaly U.S.

1978 Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O.Smith Werner Arber

U.S.Switzerland

1979 Alian M. CormackGeoffrey N. Hounsfield

U.S.Britain

1980 Baruj Benacerraf, George SnellJean Dausset

U.SFrance

1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Tosten N. Wisel U.S.

1982 Sune Bergstrom, Bengt SamuelssonJohn R.Vane

Sweden Britan

1983 Barbara McClintock U.S.

1984Cesar Milstein,Georges J.F. Koehler Niels K. Jerne,

Britain-ArgentinaGermanyBritain

1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein U.S.

1986 Rita Levi-MontalciniStanley Cohen

Italy-U.S.U.S.

1987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan

1988 Gertrude B. Elion, GEorge H. Hitchings Sir James Black

U.S.Britain

1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus U.S.

1990 Joseph E. Murray,E. Donnall Thomas U.S.

1991 Edwin Neher, Beryt Sakmann Germany

1992 Edmond H. Fisher, Edwin G. KrebsStanley Cohen U.S.

1993 Philip A.SharpRichard J. Roberts

U.S.Britain

1994 Alfred Q. Gilman, Martin Rodbell U.S.

1995 Edward Lewis, Eric Wieschaus Christiane Nusslein Volhard

U.S. Germany

1996 Peter DohertyRolf Zinkernagel

AustraliaSwitzerland

1997 Staneley Prusiner U.S.

1998 Robert F.Furchgott, Louis J.Ignarro, Ferid Murad U.S.

1999 Guenter Blobel USA

2000Dr.Arvid CarlssonDr.Paul GreengardDr.Eric Kandel

SwedenU.SU.S

2001 Leland H. HartwellTim Hunt

USAUK

Sir Paul Nurse UK

2002Sydney BrennerH. Robert HorvitzJohn E. Sulston

UKUSAUK

Nobel Prize Winners Peace

Year Name Country

1901 Jean H. DunantFrederic Paassy

SwitzerlandFrance

1902 Elie Ducommum, Chales A. Gobat Switzerland

1903 Sir William R. Cremer Britain

1904 Institute of International law  

1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner Australia

1906 Theodore Roosevelt U.S.

1907 Ernesto T. MonetaLouis Renault

ItalyFrance

1908 Klas P.ArnoldsonFredr5ik Bajer

SwedenDanish

1909 Auguste M.F. Beernaert Paul H.B.B.d'Estournelles de Constant

BelgiumFrance

1910 Permanent Internatiol Peace Bureau  

1911 Tobias M.C. AsserAlfred H.Fried

DutchAustralia

1912 Elihu Root U.S.

1913 Henri La Fontaine Belgium

1917 International Red Cross  

1919 Woodrow Wilson U.S.

1920 Leon V.A. Bourgeois France

1921 Karl H. Branting Christian L.Lange

SwedenNorway

1922 Fridtjof Nansen Norway

1925 Sir J. Austen ChamberlainChstlrd G. Dawes U.S.

1926 Aristide BriandGustav Stresemann

France Germany

1927 Ferdinand E. BuissonLudwig Quidde

FranceGermany

1929 Frank B. Kellogg U.S.

1930 Nathan Soderblom Sweden

1931 Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler U.S.

1933 Sir Norman Angell Britain

1934 Arthur Henderson Britain

1935 Carl von Ossietzky Germany

1936 Carlos de Saavedra Lamas Argentina

1937 Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Britain

1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees  

1944 International Red Cross  

1945 Cordell Hull U.S.

1946 Emily G. Balch, John R. Mott U.S.

1947 Friends Service CouncilAmerican Friends Service Committee

BritainU.S.

1949 Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin Mearns Britain

1950 Ralph J. Bunche U.S.

1951 Leon Jouhaux France

1952 Albert Schweitzer France

1953 George C. Marshall U.S.

1954 Office of the UN hign Commissioner of Refugees Sw

1957 Lester B. Pearson Canada

1958 Georges Pire Belgium

1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker Britain

1960 Albert J.Luthuil South African

1961 Dag Hammarskjold Sweden

1962 Linus C. Pauling U.S.

1963 International Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies  

1964 Martin Luther King Jordon-U.S.

1965 U.N. Children's Fund(UNICEF)  

1968 Rene Cassin Franch

1969 Internationa Labour Organisation  

1970 Norman E. Borlaug U.S.

1971 Willy Brandt West Germany

1973 Henry KissingerLe Due Tho, N.Vietmamese U.S.

1974 Eisaku Sato Sean MacBride

Japan Iran

1975 Andrei Sakharov USSR

1976 Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams N. Iran

1977 Amnesty International  

1978 Anwar Sadat,Menachem Begin

England Isreal

1979 Mother Teresa Albanian - Indian

1980 Adolfo Perez Esquivel Argentina

1981 Office of UN high Commissioner for Refugees  

1982 Alva MyrdalAlfonso Garcia Robles

SwedishMexico

1983 Lech Walesa Poland

1984 Bishop Desmond Tutu South Africa

1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War U.S.

1986 Elie Wiesel Romanian-U.S.

1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez Costa Rican

1988 United NationsPeace keeping Forces  

1989 Dalai Lama Tibetan

1990 Mikhail S. Gorbachev USSR

1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmarese

1992 Rigoberta Menchu Guatemalan

1993 Frederik W.de Klerk, Nelson Mandela South Arican

1994 Yasir ArafatShimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin

PalestineIsreal

1995 Joseph Rotblat U.K.

1996 Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Nelo East Tomor

1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)and its coordinator Jody Williams  

1998 David Trimble, Jonh Hume Netherland

2000 Kim Dae-Jung South Korea

2001 United Nations Kofi Annan  Ghana

2002 Jimmy Carter  

Nobel Prize Winners - Literature

Year Name Country

1901 Rene F.A. Sully Prudhomme Franch

1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany

1903 Bjornsterne Bjornson Norway

1904 Frederic Mistral Jose Echegaray

FranchSpain

1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland

1906 Giosue Carducci Italy

1907 Rudyard Kipling Britain

1908 Rudolf C. Eucken Germany

1909 Selma Lagerlof Sweden

1910 Paul J.L.Heyse Germany

1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium

1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany

1913 Rabindranath Tagore India

1915 Romain Rolland France

1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden

1917 Karl A. Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan Danish

1919 Carl F.G. Spitteler Switzerland

1920 Kunt Hamsun Norway

1921 Anatolle France France

1922 Jacinto Benavente Spanish

1923 William Butker Iran

1924 Wladyslaw S. Reymont Poland

1925 George Bernard Shaw Iran-Britain

1926 Grazia Deledda Itally

1927 Henri Bergson France

1928 Sigrid Undset Norway

1929 Thomas Mann German

1930 Sinclair Lewis U.S.

1931 Erik A. Karlfeldt Sweden

1932 John Galsworthy Britain

1933 Ivan A. Bunin USSR

1934 Luigi Pirandello Italy

1936 Eugene O'Neill U.S.

1937 Roger Martin de Gard France

1938 Pearl S.Buck U.S.

1939 Frans E. Sillanpa Finnish

1944 Johannes V. Jensen Danish

1945 Gabriels Mistral Chilean

1946 Hermann Hesse Switzwerland

1947 Andre Gide France

1948 T.S.Eliot Britain

1949 william Fauljner U.S.

1950 Bertrand Russell Britain

1951 RarF.Lagerkvist Sweden

1952 Francois Mauriac France

1953 Sir Winston Churchill Britain

1954 Ernest Hemingway U.S.

1955 Halldor K. Laxness Icelandic

1956 Juan Ramon Jimenez Spain

1957 Albert Camus France

1958 Boris L.Pasternak USSR

1959 Salvatore Quasimodo Italy

1960 Saint-John Perse France

1961 Ivo Andric Yugoslavia

1962 John Steinbeck U.S.

1963 Giorgos Seferis  

1964 Jean Paul Sartre France

1965 Mikhail Sholokhov USSR

1966 Samuel Joseph AgnonNelly Sachs

IsrealSweden

1967 Muguel Angel Asturias Guate

1968 Yasunari Kawabata Japan

1969 Samuel Beckett Iran

1970 Aleksandr I. Solzhenisyn USSR

1971 Pablo Neruda Chilean

1972 Heinrich Boll West Germany

1973 Patrick White Austral

1974 Eyvind Johnson, Harry Edmund Martinson Sweden

1975 Eugenio Montale Italy

1976 Saul Bellow U.S.

1977 Vicente Aleixandre Spain

1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer U.S.

1979 Odysseus Elytis Gk

1980 Czerslaw Milosz Poland-U.S.

1981 Elias Canetti Bulgium-Britain

1982 Gabriel HGarcia Marquez Colombian-Mexico

1983 William Golding Britain

1984 Jaroslav Siefert Czech

1985 Claude Simon France

1986 Wole Soyinka Nigerian

1987 Joseph Brodsky USSR-U.S.

1988 Naguib Mahfouz England

1989 Camilo Jose Cela Spain

1990 Octavio Paz Mexico

1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa

1992 Derek Walcott West India

1993 Toni Morrison U.S.

1994 Kenzaburo Oe Japan

1995 Seamus Heaney Iran

1996 Wislawa zymorska Poland

1997 Dario Fo Italy

1998 Jose Saramago Portugal

1999 Gunter Grass Germany

2000 Gao Xingjian China

2001 V.S. Naipaul  

2002 Imre Kertész  

Nobel Prize Winners - Economics

Year Name Country

1969 Ragnar Frisch Jan Tinbergen

Norwegian

Dutch

1970 Paul A.Samuelson U.S.

1971 Simon Kuznets U.S.

1972 Kenneth J. ArrowJohn R. Hicks

U.S.Britain

1973 Wassily Leontief U.S.

1974 Gunnar MyrdalFriedrich A.von Hayek

Sweden Australia

1975 Tjalling KoopmansLeonid Kantorovich

Dutch-U.S USSR

1976 Milton Friedman U.S.

1977 Bertil Ohlin James E. Meade

Swedish Britain

1978 Herbert A. Simon U.S.

1979 Theodore W. Schultz Sir Arthur Lewis

U.S. Britain

1980 Lawrence R. Klein U.S.

1981 James Tobin U.S.

1982 George J. Stigler U.S.

1983 Gerard Debreu France - U.S.

1984 Richard Stone Britain

1985 Franco Modigliani Italy - U.S.

1986 James M.Buchanan U.S.

1987 Robert M. Solow U.S.

1988 Maurice Allais France

1989 Trygve Haavelmo Norway

1990 Harry M. Markowitz William F. Sharpe, Merton H. Miller U.S.

1991 Ronald H.Coase Britain - U.S

1992 Gary S.Becker U.S.

1993 Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North U.S.

1994 John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash U.S.

1995 Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C.Norht U.S.

1996 James A. MirrleesWilliam Vickrey

UkCanada

1997 Robert C. Merton, Myron S.Scholes U.S.

1998 Amarty Sen India

1999 Robert Mundell Canada

2000 James J. HeckmanDaniel L. McFadden

USAUSA

2001George A. AkerlofA. Michael SpenceJoseph E. Stiglitz

USAUSAUSA

2002 Daniel KahnemanVernon L. Smith

USAUSA

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL TERMS

APARTHEID  Policy of racial segregation practiced by the South African Government.

ADJOURNMENT A motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjourn consideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgent public importance.

AMNESTY Grant of pardon or exemption from prosecution to political importance.

ARMISTICE Temporary cessation of hostilities pending formal negotiations for peace.

APPEASEMENT The policy of gratifying one's enemy with concession and special grants by sacrificing even principles.

AUTONOMY Power to control internal affairs.

BILATERAL AGREEMENT An agreement between two countries.

BLOCKADES Imposing closure of ports and waterways to prevent ships from reaching or leaving it.

BOLSHEVISM The doctrine of Proletarian Dictatorship as propounded by Lenin.

BOURGEOISE Capitalist class in Marxian terminology.

BUFFER STATE A small neutral state between two big states.

BY-ELECTION A mid term election to fill a seat rendered vacant.

CASTING VOTE A vote casting of which decides the tie.

CAUCUS A powerful group of party.

CHARGED AFFAIRS The senior most diplomat after the head of the mission, officiating in his absence.

COALITION Combination of two or more parties with the purpose of forming a composite government.

CONFEDERATION Alliance of nations for some specific purpose our retaining the respective individual nation sovereignty.

COLD WAR The state of ideological or wordy warfare between two countries or blocks.

ENVOY A diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position below that of an ambassador.

FIFTH COLUMN An anti-national clique of spies and saboteurs.

FLOOR CROSSING The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group.

FRANCHISE Right to cast vote in the public elections.

GALLUP POLL An opinion poll-may be with the help of interview.

GENOCIDE Intention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnic or political group.

GHERAO Encircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything till he/she concedes demands.

GLOSNOST Means openness. Term used for reforms introduced in Russian society by M.Gorbachov.

HABEAS CORPUS A type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court against illegal detention of a person.

HOT LINE A direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlin established in 1963.

IMPEACHMENT Trial by the Parliament.

LOBBYING Exercising influence or pressure on members of the legislative bodies in the lobby for supporting or opposing an issue in the House.

LOK PAL An official appointed by the President to investigate public complaints against ministers and high officials.

MANIFESTO A declaration of political party about its policies and programmes given at the time of elections.

NATIONALISATION  The act of taking business undertakings an institutions by the state and controlling them.

NAXALITEA movement violent in character believing in Maoism: the term was first used for the peasants of Naxalbari (West Bengal) who rose against the landlords demanding land for the landless.

NEW DEAL The name given to the policy of Franklin D.Roosevelt to revive and boost American economy .

ORDINANCE An Act or decree promulgated by the Head of State in an emergency or when the legislative body is not in session.

PERESTROIKA Used for Gorbachov's move to restructure political and economical structure of the Russian society.

PLEBISCITE Voting on regional or national issue.

PERSONALITY CULT Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure.

PRIVY PURSE Yearly allowances granted to the princes of Indian states after the merger of their states with the Indian Union. (New these purses are abolished).

PRIVILEGE MOTION A motion moved by a legislator drawing attention of the House towards a matter involving breach of privilege of the House or any of its members.

REFERENDUM People's verdict on some constitutional amendment and some other legislative issue of controversial nature.

SECULARISM Affirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to any religions or religions.

SANCTIONS Penalty or reward imposed for disobedience or obedience attached to the law.

SOCIALISM Control of production and means of distribution in the hands of the State.

STATUTE Law made by the Parliament, enshrined in the statue book, which are binding on al subjects, of a particular country.

SUFFRAGE Right of voting in political elections.

SELF-DETERMINATION

Right of a nation deciding its own form of government, its political destiny or independence.

TERRITORIAL WATERS

Areas of the sea up to 12 km measured from the low water mark of the coast and within the executive control of an adjacent State.

UNICAMERAL A legislature having only one House.

VETO Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature.

Economic , Commercial and Trade Terms

ARBITRATION Referring dispute to disinterested party called arbitrator for decision, which will be binding.

ANNUITYPayment of a fixed amount periodically for a limited time. It is an investment on which the owner receives not only interest on his money but also return of his capital.

BALANCE OF TRADEThe difference between the value of imports and exports. It is favourable when the value of exported goods exceeds the value of imported goods. If it is reverse balance is unfavourable.

BALANCE SHEETStatements of accounts, generally os a business house prepared at the end of a year, showing debits and credits under broad heads, in order to find out the profit and loss positions in the outgoing year.

BARTER Exchange of commodity with other commodities without the interface of any form of currency.

BOND Document by which a government, a company or a person agrees to pay a sum of money in a certain time.

BUDGET Annual estimate of expenditure and revenue of a country or a subordinate authority like a corporation.

BILL OF EXCHANGE Written order by a drawer to pay sum on given date ot named payee.

BUYER'S MARKET An economic phenomenon where there are more goods in market than demanded and so the buyers can dictate the prices of goods.

CLEARING HOUSE Place where officials of the banks meet daily to exchange cheques drawn on the respective banks and settle the account by the payment of balances only.

COOPERATIVE FARMING Joint farming wherein farmers pool their land, capital and resources and divide the produce at the end of the harvest in proportion to their land put in the pool. The

farmers retain their proprietary rights.

CEILING ON LAND AND HOLDING

Imposition of a maximum limit of the land which an individual should have. Its purpose is rational distribution of land.

DEATH DUTY (ESTATE DUTY) A sort of tax imposed on the property inherited at death of its previous owner.

DEVALUATION Government's step to reduce the value of its own currency relatively to a foreign currency. It aims to increase exports and reduce imports.

DEFLATIONA monetary state characterised by decrease in the supply of money and bank deposits and falling profits, wages, incomes and employment accompanied by unemployment and falling prices.

DEMONETISATIONThe governmental measure of depriving metallic coins or paper currency od specified denominations of its status money. It is meant to unearth the hidden money which is unaccounted for purpose of income tax assessment.

EXCISE DUTY Duty levied on goods manufactured within the country.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE Transfer of money of one country to another.

INFLATION Increase in the quality of money in circulation without any corresponding increase in goods; so, it leads to rising prices spiral.

LAISSEZ FAIRE An individualistic theory advocating private initiative in trade and non-interference by State in commercial or business ventures.

LOCKOUT  Closure of a factory by owners to force the workers to accept the imposed terms.

MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION

It states that the food supply increase in arithmetical progression while population increase by geometrical progression resulting in over-population.

OCTROI Tax imposed on articles coming inside a city.

PUBLIC SECTOR Applies to State enterprises or undertaking.

RECESSION An economic phenomenon characterised by excessive production, less demand, tight money market.

SOFT CURRENCY Currency of a country with which we have favourable balance of trade.

STERLING AREA Group of countries of Commonwealth (except Canada) keeping their reserves in sterling and not gold or dollars.

TARIFFS Measures undertaking by one country to protect industry against trade competition from outside.

Legal Terms

AFFIDAVIT  A statement on oath for use as evidence in legal proceedings.

CONTEMPT OF COURT  Any disobedience of the court verdict.

COPYRIGHT  Exclusive right of an author in his works, 

COVENANT  An agreement under seal between two or more persons.

DECREE  Judgement or decision having the force of law.

DETENU  Persons who dies without making any will.

INTESTATE  A person who dies without making any will.

LIBEL  A published statement damaging to a person's reputation or business.

MANDAMUS  A writ issued by a higher court to a lower court directing it to perform a specified act pertaining to its office.

PLAINTIFF  A person who, as complainant, brings a suit in a court of law.

SUMMONS  A directive from a court of law ordering a person to appear before it at a specified date, time and place.

WRIT  A written order by a Supreme Court or High Court directing the State or a lowest court to act or abstain from acting in a particular case.

Military ,Aviation And Naval Terms

ARSENAL Place where arms and ammunition are manufactured and stored.

BATTALION An army unit consisting of 1,000 combatants led by a Lieutenant Colonel.

BATTERY A unit of a number of artillery guns, mobile or fixed.

BULL'S EYE The point of target that has t be aimed or hit while practicing shooting.

COCKPIT Pilot's seat in the fuselage of an aeroplane.

CAMOUFLAGE Hiding of objects by various means to deceive or bamboozle the enemy about their real location thereby protecting them from air and ground attacks.

COMMANDO A mobile body of guerilla fighters.

CONSCRIPTION Compulsory recruitment of personnel for service in the armed forces.

DIVISIONNormally, a division has 20,000 troops commanded by a Major General equipped with two or more brigades of infantry with befitting artillery and engineering equipment.

DOGFIGHT An aerial duel between two or more aircraft's at a close range.

FLOTILLA A fleet of boats or small ships.

GUIDED MISSILESPowered by rockets or jet propulsion, they are unmanned, self propelled air or space vehicle fitted with explosive warheads. Guided missiles are either self directed with inlaid controls or under remote controls based on the firing range.

ICBMInter Continental Ballistic Missile is a rocket propelled surface to surface guided missile carrying a nuclear warhead which can reach a destined city or installation in the world and destroy it entirely.

INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE (IRBM)

It is of three types, viz, air to air, surface to air, and air to surface. Air to air guided missile, launched from an aircraft is employed to hit target in the battlefield. Surface to surface and air to air guided missiles are employed against enemy missiles or targets.

JUMBO JET A large passenger jet aircraft having the capacity to life nearly 447 passengers.

NUCLEAR UMBRELLA Giving air shield to a city or by nuclear weapons. It is also called parasol or Sombrero.

STAR WARS Deployment of weapons on satellites in space with a view to destroy inter-continental ballistic missiles in space coming from the enemy.

SQUADRON Air Force formation consisting of 20 aircraft's commanded by a Squadron Leader. 

Military ,Aviation And Naval Terms

ARSENAL Place where arms and ammunition are manufactured and stored.

BATTALION An army unit consisting of 1,000 combatants led by a Lieutenant Colonel.

BATTERY A unit of a number of artillery guns, mobile or fixed.

BULL'S EYE The point of target that has t be aimed or hit while practicing shooting.

COCKPIT Pilot's seat in the fuselage of an aeroplane.

CAMOUFLAGE Hiding of objects by various means to deceive or bamboozle the enemy about their real location thereby protecting them from air and ground attacks.

COMMANDO A mobile body of guerilla fighters.

CONSCRIPTION Compulsory recruitment of personnel for service in the armed forces.

DIVISIONNormally, a division has 20,000 troops commanded by a Major General equipped with two or more brigades of infantry with befitting artillery and engineering equipment.

DOGFIGHT An aerial duel between two or more aircraft's at a close range.

FLOTILLA A fleet of boats or small ships.

GUIDED MISSILESPowered by rockets or jet propulsion, they are unmanned, self propelled air or space vehicle fitted with explosive warheads. Guided missiles are either self directed with inlaid controls or under remote controls based on the firing range.

ICBMInter Continental Ballistic Missile is a rocket propelled surface to surface guided missile carrying a nuclear warhead which can reach a destined city or installation in the world and destroy it entirely.

INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE (IRBM)

It is of three types, viz, air to air, surface to air, and air to surface. Air to air guided missile, launched from an aircraft is employed to hit target in the battlefield. Surface to surface and air to air guided missiles are employed against enemy missiles or targets.

JUMBO JET A large passenger jet aircraft having the capacity to life nearly 447 passengers.

NUCLEAR UMBRELLA Giving air shield to a city or by nuclear weapons. It is also called parasol or Sombrero.

STAR WARS Deployment of weapons on satellites in space with a view to destroy inter-continental ballistic missiles in space coming from the enemy.

SQUADRON Air Force formation consisting of 20 aircraft's commanded by a Squadron Leader. 

LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD Languages spoken by the most people (Native speakers only)

Chinese Mandarin 1 billion +

English 512 million

Hindustania 498 million

Spanish 391 million

Russian 280 million

Arabic 245 million

Bengali 211 million

Portuguese 192 million

Malay-Indonesian 160 million

Japanese 125 million

German 100 million

Korean 78 million

French 77 million

Chinese, Wu 77 million

Javanese 75 million

LARGEST CITIES ON THE PLANET

Mumbai, India 12.15 million

Buenos Aires, Argentina 11.96 million

Seoul, South Korea 11.2 million

Karachi, Pakistan 11.3 million

Manila, Philippines 10.13 million

Sao Paulo, Brazil 10.06 million

New Delhi, India 10.01 million

Istanbul, Turkey 9.29 million

Shanghai, China 8.9 million

Jakarta, Indonesia 8.68 million

Mexico City, Mexico 8.66 million

Dhaka, Bangladesh 8.54 million

Moscow, Russian Fed. 8.37 million

Tokyo, Japan 8.2 million

New York City, USA 8.04 million

Industries in India

1 Cotton Textile

Most important industry in terms of employment and production of export goods. In Maharashtra (Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Kolhapur, Satara, Wardha, Hajipur), Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Surat, Bhavnagar), Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore Manchestor of South India). Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton textile mills in India

2 JuteIndia manufactures the largest quantity of jute goods in the world. Mainly located in West Bengal, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, UP, MP

3 Silk TextileThe location of silk industry is governed by two factors - prevalence of sericulture practices and availability of skilled labour. Karnataka is the leading producer, followed by West Bengal, Bihar, etc

4 Woollen Textiles In Punjab (Dhariwal, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Ferozpur), Maharashtra (Mumbai), UP (Kanpur, Mirzapur, Agra, Tanakpur), etc

5 Iron and steelLocated near the sources of raw materials and fuel (coal). In Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Durgapur, Burnpur (W.B.), Bhadrwati (Karnataka), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Orissa), Bhilai (Chhatisgarh), Salem (T.N.), Vishakhapatnam (A.P.)

6 Aluminium SmeltingLocated mainly near the sources of raw materials, means of transport and cheap electricity. In Hirakud, Koraput (Orissa), Renukoot (UP), Korba (MP), Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Mettur (TN), Alwaye

7 Copper Smelting In Khetri, Alwar, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan), Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Agnigundala (A.P.)

8 Heavy Machinery Machine Tools Industry

In Ranchi, Vishakapattnam, Durgapur, Tiruchirapalli, Mumbai, Naini it forms the basis for the manufacturing of industrial, defence equipments, automobiles, railway engines and electrical machinery. In

Bangalore, Pinjore (Haryana), Kalamassery (Kerala), Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Srinagar, Ajmer.

9 Heavy Electrical Equipments

Power generation equipments. In Bhopal, Tiruchirapalli, Jammu, Ramchandrapuram (Hyderabad), Hardwar, Bangalore, and Jagdishpur (UP).

10 Railway EquipmentsLocomotives: In Chittaranjan (WB), Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Bhopal. Coaches: Perambur(TN), Kapurthala (Punjab), also at Bangalore and Kolkata.

11 Ship BuildingHindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam, Cochin Shipyard, Mumbai (Mazgaon Dock) and Kolkata (Garden Reach Workshop). For Indian Navy, only at Mazgaon

12 Cycles In Mumbai, Asansol, Sonepat, Delhi, Chennai, Jalandhar and Ludhiana

13 Tractors At Faridabad, Pinjore, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai

14 Fertilizers

The location of fertilizer industry is closely related to petro-chemicals. About 70% of the plants producing nitrogenous fertilizers use naphtha as raw material Naphtha is a by-product of oil refiners. Phosphate plants are dependent on mineral phosphate found in UP and MP. Now natural gas based fertilizer plants are also being set up. The Fertilizer Corporation of India (FCL) was setup up in 1961. National Fertilizer Limited (NFL) was set up in 1974. In Sindri (Bihar), Nangal, Trombay, Gorakhpur, Durgapur, Namrup, Cochin, Rourkela, Neyveli, Varanasi, Vadodara, Vishakhapattnam, Kota and Kanpur

15 Pharmaceuticals and Drugs

Antibiotics are prepared at Pimpri and Rishikesh. The Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited has 5 plants at Hyderabad, Rishikesh, Chennai, Gurgaon and Muzaffarpur. A number of other units are concentrated in Mumbai, Baroda, Delhi, Kolkata and Kanpur.

16 Pesticides Delhi and Alwaye

17 Sugar Industry UP, Maharashtra, AP, TN, Karnataka and Bihar

18 AircraftHindustan Aeronautics India Ltd. Was formed by merging two aircraft factories at Bangalore and Kanpur. Four other factories are at Nasik, Hyderabad, Koraput (Orissa), Lucknow

19 Rubber Industry Bareilly (UP), Baroda (Gujarat) - Synthetic Rubber Units, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Amritsar - Reclaimed Rubber Units

Five Year Plans1 First Plan

(1951 - 56)It was based on Harrod-Domar Model.Community Development Program was launched in 1952.

Emphasized on agriculture, price stability, power & transport.It was more than a success, because of good harvests in the last two years.

2 Second Plan (1956 - 61)

Also called Mahalanobis Plan after its chief architect.Its objective was rapid industrialization.Advocated huge imports which led to emptying of funds leading to foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30%, against a decline of 13% during the First Plan.

3 Third Plan (1961 - 66)

At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a take-off stage. Therefore, its aim was to make India a 'self-reliant' and 'self-generating' economy.Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirement of export and industry.Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, viz. Chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), severest drought in 100 years (1965-66).

4Three Annual Plans (1966-69)

Plan holiday for 3years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage necessitated the emhasis on agriculture during the Annual Plans.During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving wide-spread distribution of High-Yielding Varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was put into action to tide-over the crisis in agricultural production.During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.

5 Fourth Plan (1969 - 74)

Main emphasis on agriculture's growth rate so that a chain reaction can start.Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years failure because of poor monsoon.Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo-Pak war.

6 Fifth Plan(1974-79)

The fifth plan prepared and launched by D.D. Dhar proposed to achieve two main objectives viz, 'removal of poverty' (Garibi Hatao) and 'attainment of self reliance', through promotion of high rate of growth, better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the domestic rate of savings. The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta Govt.came to power.

7 Rolling Plan (1978 - 80)

There were 2 Sixth Plans. One by Janta Govt. (for 78-83) which was in operation for 2 years only and the other by the Congress Govt. when it returned to power in 1980.

8 Sixth Plan (1980 - 85)

Objectives: Increase in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning, etc.

9 Seventh Plan The Seventh plan emphasized policies and programs which aimed at rapid

(1985 - 90)growth in food-grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of planning.It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%.

10 Eighth Plan (1992 - 97)

The eighth plan was postponed by two years because of political upheavals at the Centre and it was launched after a worsening Balance of Payment position and inflation during 1990-91.The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6%Some of the main economic performances during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit.

11 Ninth Plan (1997- 2002)

It was developed in the context of four important dimensions: Quality of life, generation of productive employment, regional balance and self-reliance.

12 Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007)

To achieve the growth rate of GDP @ 8%.Reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and to 10% by 2012.Providing gainful high quality employment to the addition to the labour force over the tenth plan period.Universal access to primary education by 2007.Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007.Reduction in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%.Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012.Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012.Increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012.All villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water by 2012.Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012.

Growth During Five Year PlansPlan Target Actual

First Plan (1951 - 56) 2.9% 3.6%

Second Plan (1956 - 61) 4.5% 4.3%

Third Plan (1961 - 66) 5.6% 2.8%

Fourth Plan (1969 - 1974) 5.7% 3.3%

Fifth Plan (1974 - 79) 4.4% 4.8%

Sixth Plan (1980 - 85) 5.2% 6.0%

Seventh Plan (1985 - 90) 5.0% 6.0%

Eighth Plan (1992 - 97) 5.6% 6.8%

Ninth Plan (1997 - 2002) 6.5% 5.4%

Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007) 8.0% -

Important Antipoverty Employment Generation Programs

1Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGRY)

Started on April 1, 1999. It has replaced the following programs:Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) : Started in 1978 - 79). Training Rural Youth for Self -Employment (TRYSEM): Started in 1978-79. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA): Started in 1978 -79. Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY): Started in 1997. Million Wells Scheme (MWS): Started in 1989. Supply of Improved Tool-kits to Rural Artisans (SITRA). The yojana takes into account all the strengths and weaknesses of the earlier self-employment programs. Every assisted family will be brought above the poverty line. It is proposed to cover 30% of the rural poor in each block. To Target at atleast 50% Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 40% women and 3% disabled.

2Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)

It was introduced in 2000-01 with the objective of focusing on village level development in five critical areas I.e., primary health, primary education, housing, rural roads and drinking water and nutrition with the overall objective of improving the quality of life of people in rural areas. Rural electrification was added as an additional component from 2001-02. It has the following components: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Gramin Awas). Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Rural Drinking Water Project).

3 Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

It was started on Sept. 25,2001, with the mergence of the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and the Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY). Earlier Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, which started in 1989, was merged with Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana.

The objective of the program is to provide additional wage employment in rural areas and also to provide food security.

4Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

The SJSRY came into operation in Dec, 1997, through a restructuring and streamlining of the earlier urban poverty alleviation programs, the Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), the Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) and the Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty alleviation Program (PMIUPEP). It seeks to provide employment to the urban employed or underemployed living below poverty line and educated up to IX standard through encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment.

5 Antyodaya Anna Yojana

Launched on Dec. 25,2000. The scheme aims at providing food security to poor families. The scheme contemplates identification of 10 million 'poorest of the poor' families and providing the \m with 25kg of food grains per family per month at a low price of Rs.2 per Kg for wheat and Rs.3 per Kg for rice.

6 Annapurna Yojana

Inaugurated on March 19, 1999. Initially the scheme provided 10 kg food grains to senior citizens who were eligible fore old age pension but could not get it due to one reason or the other. Later on, it was extended to cover those people who get old age pensions. Food grains are provided to the beneficiaries at subsidized rates of Rs.2 per kg of wheat and Rs.3 per kg of rice.

Railway ZonesSNo Railway Zones Head Quarters

1 Central Mumbai VT

2 Eastern Kolkata

3 Northern New Delhi

4 North Eastern Gorakhpur

5 North-East Frontier Maligaon - Guwahati

6 Southern Chennai

7 South Central Secunderabad

8 South Eastern Kolkata

9 Western Mumbai Churchgate

10 East Coast Bhubaneshwar

11 East Central Hajipur

12 North Central Allahabad

13 North Western Jaipur

14 South Western Bangalore (Hubli)

15 West Central Jabalpur

16 SouthEast Central Bilaspur

BuddhismThe Buddha:

The Buddha also known as Sakyamuni or Tathagata.

Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in Nepal.

His father Suddhodana was the Saka ruler.

His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up by stepmother Gautami.

Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13years and had a son named Rahula.

After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a wanderer.

Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great Renunication) and wandered for 6 years.

Attained ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.

Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first sermon is called ‘Dharmachakrapracartan’ or ‘Turning of the Wheel of Law’.

Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district of UP) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Malla republic.

Buddhist Councils: First Council: At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the Chairmanship of Mehakassaapa (king was

Ajatshatru). Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas-Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka.

Second Council: At Vaishali, in 383 BC under Sabakami (King was Kalasoka).Followers divided into Sthavirmadins and Mahasanghikas.

Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka) In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.

Fourth council: At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72 AD under Vasumitra (King was Kanishka, Vice-Chairman was Ashwaghosha). Divided Buddhism into Mahayana and Hinayana sects.

Buddist Literature: In Pali language.

Vinaya Pitaka: Rules of discipline in the Buddhist monasteries.

Sutta Pitaka: Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s sermons.

Abhidhamma Pitaka: Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion

Newspaper JournalsNewspaper/Journal Founder/Editor

Bengal Gazette(1780) (India’s first newspaper) J.K.Hikki

Kesari B.G.Tilak

Maharatta B.G.Tilak

Sudharak G.K.Gokhale

Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh

Vande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh

Native Opinion V.N.Mandalik

Kavivachan Sudha Bhartendu Harishchandra

Rast Goftar (First newspaper in Gujarati) Dadabhai Naoroji

New India (Weekly) Bipin Chandra Pal

Statesman Robert Knight

Hindu Vir Raghavacharya and G.S.Aiyar

Sandhya B.B.Upadhyaya

Vichar Lahiri Krishnashastri Chiplunkar

Hindu Patriot Girish Chandra Ghosh (later Harish Chandra Mukherji)

Som Prakash Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Yugantar Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar Ghosh

Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta

Hindustan M.M.Malviya

Mooknayak B.R.Ambedkar

Comrade Mohammed Ali

Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan

Al-Hilal Abdul Kalam Azad

Al-Balagh Abdul Kalam Azad

Independent Motilal Nehru

Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai

New India (Daily) Annie Besant

Commonweal Annie Besant

Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi

Essays in Indian Economics M.G.Ranade

Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Ram Mohan Roy

Mirat-ul-Akhbar Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper)

Indian Mirror Devendra Nath Tagore

Nav Jeevan M.K.Gandhi

Young India M.K.Gandhi

Harijan M.K.Gandhi

Prabudha Bharat Swami Vivekananda

Udbodhana Swami Vivekananda

Indian Socialist Shyamji Krishna Verma

Talwar (in Berlin) Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya

Free Hindustan (in Vancouver) Tarak Nath Das

Hindustan Times K.M.Pannikar

Kranti Mirajkar, Joglekar, Ghate

Jainism Jainism founded by Rishabha.

There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kshatriyas. First was Rishabhnath (Emblem: Bull).

The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of Banaras.

The 24th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was born in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.

His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan.

His mother was Trishla, sister of Lichchavi Prince Chetak of Vaishali.

Mahavira was related to Bimbisara.

Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali became his first disciple.

At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.

In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).

From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.

At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.

Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more, Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.

Social and Cultural UprisingBrahmo Samaj:

Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828. Criticized Sati Pratha, casteism and advocated widow remarriage.

He was opposed to Sanskrit system of education, because he thought it would keep the country in darkness.

Other important leaders were Devendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) and Keshap Chandra Sen.

Arya Samaj:

Founded by Swami Dayanand (or, Moolshankar) in 1875. His motto was ‘Go back to the vedas’ & ‘India for the Indians’. He disregarded Puranas, idol

worship, casteism and untouchability. He advocated widow remarriage.

Dayanand’s views were published in his famous work, Satyarth Prakash. He also wrote Veda Bhashya Bhumika and Veda Bhashya.

Ramakrishna Mission:

Founded by Vivekanand (earlier, Narendranath Dutta) (1863 – 1902) in 1897, 11 years after the death of his guru Ram Krishna Paramhans.

Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religion at Chicago in 1893.

Irish woman Margaret Nobel (Known as sister Nivedita) popularized it.

Young Bengal Movement:

Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31). He was a teacher in Hindu College in Calcutta.

He urged the students to live and die for truth. He also supported women’s education and their rights.

Veda Samaj:

Veda Samaj called Brahmo Samaj of South. Started by Sridharalu Naidu. He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into Tamil and Telegu.

Dharma Sabha:

Initiated by Radhakant Deb in 1830. Was opposed to reforms and protected orthodoxy, but played an active role in promoting

western education even to girls.

Lokahitawadi: Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Advocated western education and a rational outlook. He

advocated female education for the upliftment of women. As a votary of national self-reliance, he attended Delhi durbar in 1876, wearing handspun

khadi cloth.

Servants of India Society:

Formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1915. It did notable work in providing famine relief and in improving the condition of the tribal.

Radhaswami Movement:

Founded in 1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi Ram, popularly known as Shiv Dayal Saheb or Swami Maharaj.

The sect preached belief in one supreme being, the Guru’s supreme position and a simple social life for the believers (the Satsangis).

Theosophical Society:

Founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture. Madam H P Blavatsky laid the foundation of the movement in US in 1875. Later, Col.M.S.

Olcott of the US Army joined her.

In 1882, it was shifted to India at Adyar (Tamil Nadu).

Annie Besant was elected its president in 1907. She founded the Central Hindu College in 1898, which became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.

The Governor

1 Qualification

Citizen of India

Completed 35 yrs of age.

Shouldn't be a member of either house of parliament or the State legislature.

Must possess the qualification for membership of State Legislature.

Mustn't hold any office of profit.

2 Status Nominal executive in States.

Normally each State has its own Governor, but under the Seventh Amendment Act 1956, the same person can be appointed as Governor of one or more States or Lt. Governor of the Union Territory.

Appointed by the President on the recommendations of Union Council of Ministers.

His usual term of office is 5 yrs but he holds office during the pleasure of the President. He can be asked to continue for more time until his successor takes the charge.

Can give his resignation or can be removed earlier by the President. The legislature of a State or a High Court has no role in the removal of a Governor.

Salary from the Consolidated Fund of the State (Rs.36,000 per month) and is not subject to the vote of the State Legislature. When the same person is appointed as the Governor of two or more States, the emoluments and allowances payable to him shall be allocated among the States in such proportion as determined by the President of India.

His oath is administrated by the Chief Justice of the concerned State High Court and in his absence, the senior - most of that Court.

3 Powers

Appoints Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, Chairman & members of State Public Service Commission, Advocate General of the State and Election Commissioner of the State.

Summons, Prorogues & dissolves the State Legislature.

President consults Governor while appointing Chief Justice and other judges of High Court. Appoints judges of courts below the High Court.

Reports to the President if the State Government is not running constitutionally and recommends the President's rule (Article 356). When the President's Rule is in progress, he becomes the 'Agent of the Union Government in the State'. He takes over the reigns of administration directly into his own hands and runs the State with the aid of the Civil Servants.

President1 Qualification Must be a citizen of India.

Completed 35 yrs in age.Eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha.

Must not hold any Government post. Exceptions:President and Vice-President.Governor of any State.Minister of Union or State.

2 Election

Indirectly elected through 'Electoral College' consisting of Elected members of both the Houses of Parliament & Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. (No nominated members).Security deposit - 15,000/-Supreme Court inquires all disputes regarding President's election.Takes OATH in presence of Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, senior most judge of Supreme Court.

3 Term & Emoluments

5 year termArticle 57 says that there is no upper limit on the no. of times a person can ecome President.Can give resignation to Vice President before full-term.Present Salary - 50,000/month (including allowances & emoluments).

4 ImpeachmentQuasi-judicial procedure.Can be impeached only on the ground of violation of Constitution.The impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the Parliament.

5 VacancyIn case the office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the Vice-President acts as President. If he is not available then Chief Justice, if not then senior-most judge of Supreme Court shall act as the President of India.The election is to be held within 6 months of the vacancy.

7 Powers

Appoints PM, ministers, Chief Justice & Judges of Supreme Court & High courts, Chairman & members of UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General, Attorney General, Chief Election Commissioner and other members of Election Commission, Governors, Members of Finance Commission, Ambassadors, etc.Can summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses & can dissolve Lok Sabha.Appoints Finance Commission (after every 5 yrs) that recommends distribution of taxes between Union & State govts.Appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.The President can promulgate 3 types of Emergencies:National Emergency (Article 352)State Emergency (President's Rule) (Article 356)Financial Emergency (Article 360)He is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of India.President appoints Chiefs of Army, Navy & Air Force.Declares wars & concludes peace subject to the approval of the Parliament.

Prime Ministers of IndiaJawahar Lal Nehru 15.08.1947 27.05.1964

Gulzari Lal Nanda 27.05.1964 09.06.1964

Lal Bahadur Shastri 09.06.1964 11.01.1966

Gulzari Lal Nanda 11.01.1966 24.01.1966

Indira Gandhi 24.01.1966 24.03.1977

Morarji Desai 24.03.1977 28.07.1979

Charan Singh 28.07.1979 14.01.1980

Indira Gandhi 14.01.1980 31.10.1984

Rajiv Gandhi 31.10.1984 01.12.1989

V.P.Singh 02.12.1989 10.11.1990

Chandra Shekhar 10.11.1990 21.06.1991

P.V.Narsimha Rao 21.06.1991 16.05.1996

Atal Bihari Vajpayee 16.05.1996 01.06.1996

H.D. Deve Gowda 01.06.1996 21.04.1997

I.K.Gujral 21.04.1997 18.03.1998

Atal Bihari Vajpayee 19.03.1998 12.10.1999

Atal Bihari Vajpayee 13.10.1999 21.05.2004

Dr.Manmohan Singh 22.05.2004 Till Date

Supreme Court of India

1 Status Stands at the apex of the judicial system of India.

Consists of Chief Justice & 25 other judges.

2 Appointment The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the Chief Justice of India. Other judges are appointed by the President after consultation with such judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court as the President may deem necessary.

3 Qualification

Citizen of India

Have been a judge of High Court for 5 yrs or An advocate of High Court for 10 yrs minimum or In President's view, a distinguished jurist of the country.

4 Term & Salary

The Chief Justice & other judges hold office till 65 yrs of age.

Can give resignation to President.

Can be removed by the Parliament.

After retirement, a judge of Supreme Court cannot plead or act before any authority.

Salary: Chief Justice - 33,000/- per month, Other Judges - 30,000/- per month

5 Removal of Judges

A motion seeking the removal of the judge can be preferred before either House of the Parliament.

The resolution should be supported by a majority of total membership of both houses & by 2/3 majority of the members present & voting.

6 Jurisdiction of The Supreme Court

Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court settles all disputes between Centre - State, State - State, etc.

Writ Jurisdiction: Every individual has the right to move the Supreme Court directly by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of his Fundamental Rights.

Advisory Jurisdiction: If the President seeks the advice of Supreme Court, it is duty bound to give its opinion. (Its opinion isn't a binding of President).

Revisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court under Article 137 is empowered to review any judgement or order made by it with a view to removing any mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or order.

It is a court of record as its decisions are of evidentiary value & cannot be questioned in any court.

The Supreme Court also enjoys the power of Judicial review as it can ensure that the laws passed by legislature and orders issued by the executive do not contravene any provision of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court decides disputes regarding the election of the President and the Vice President.

The Supreme Court recommends the removal of members of UPSC to the President.

Strength of State LegislaturesSNo State / UTs Legislative Assembly Legislative Council

1 Andhra Pradesh 294 Nil

2 Arunachal Pradesh 40 Nil

3 Assam 126 Nil

4 Delhi 70 Nil

5 Bihar 243 75

6 Jharkhand 81 Nil

7 Goa 40 Nil

8 Gujarat 182 Nil

9 Haryana 90 Nil

10 Himachal Pradesh 68 Nil

11 Jammu & Kashmir 76 36

12 Karnataka 224 75

13 Kerala 140 Nil

14 Madhya Pradesh 230 Nil

15 Chhatisgarh 90 Nil

16 Maharashtra 288 78

17 Manipur 60 Nil

18 Meghalaya 60 Nil

19 Mizoram 40 Nil

20 Nagaland 60 Nil

21 Orissa 147 Nil

22 Pondicherry 30 Nil

23 Punjab 117 Nil

24 Rajasthan 200 Nil

25 Sikkim 32 Nil

26 Tamil Nadu 234 Nil

27 Tripura 60 Nil

28 Uttar Pradesh 403 104

29 Uttaranchal 70 Nil

30 West Bengal 294 Nil

Attorney General of IndiaStatus:

Highest legal officer of the Union Govt.

Appointed by the President.

The person should be qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court.

He is entitled to audience in all courts of the country & can take part in the proceedings of the Parliament & its committees. However, he is not given the right to vote.

He is also allowed to take up private practice provided the other party is not the State. Because of this, he is not paid salary but a retainer to be determined by the President.

In England, the Attorney General is a member of the Cabinet, but in India he is not. It is a political appointment and therefore, whenever there is a change in the party in power, the Attorney General resigns from his post to enable the new Government to appoint a nominee of his choice.

The Attorney General is assisted by two Solicitors-General and four Additional Solicitors -

General.

The Attorney General gets a retainer equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court.

Gives advice on all such legal matters which may be referred or assigned to him by the President.

Appears before the Supreme Court and various High Courts in cases involving the govt. of India.

Vice President

1 Election

Elected by both the houses (Electoral College) in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and the vote being secret. Nominated members also participate in his election.

The Supreme Court has the final and exclusive jurisdiction for resolving disputes and doubts relating to the election of the Vice-President.

2 Criteria

Citizen of India.

More than 35 yrs of age

Possess the qualification for membership of Rajya Sabha.

Not hold any office of profit under union, state or local authority. However, for this purpose, the President, Vice-President, Governor of a State and a Minister of the Union or a State, are not held to be holding an office of profit.

3 Other Points

Holds office for 5 yrs. Can be re-elected.

Term can be cut short if he resigns or by a resolution of the Raja Sabha passed by a majority of all the then members of the Rajya Sabha and agreed to by the Lok Sabha.

He is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. Since he is not a member of Rajya Sabha, he has no right to vote.

Being the Vice President of India, he is not entitled for any salary, but he is entitled to the salary and allowances payable to the Chairman of the Rajya

Sabha.

All bills, resolution, motion can be taken in Rajya Sabha after his consent.

Can discharge the function of President if the post falls vacant. (For maximum 6 months).

When he discharges the functions of the President, the Vice President shall not perform the duties of the office of the Chairman of Rajya Sabha and shall not be entitled to receive the salary of the Chairman. During this period, he is entitled for the salary and privileges of the President of India.

Present salary is Rs.40,000/- per month.

Vice Presidents of IndiaSNo Name Year

1 1952 - 1962 S. Radhakrishnan

2 1962 - 1977 Zakir Hussain

3 1967 - 1969 V.V.Giri

4 1969 - 1974 G.S. Pathak

5 1974 - 1979 B.D. Jatti

6 1979 - 1984 Md. Hidayatullah

7 1984 - 1987 R. Venkataraman

8 1987 - 1992 Dr. S.D. Sharma

9 1992 - 1997 K.R. Narayanan

10 1997 - 2002 Krishna Kanth

11 2002 - Bhairon Singh Shekawat

Parts of the ConstitutionPart - I (Article 1 - 4)

Deals with territory of India formation of new states, alterations, names of existing states.

Part - II (Art. 5 - 11) Deals with various rights of citizenship.

Part - III (Art. 12 - 35)

Deals with fundamental rights of Indian citizens. (Art. 31 - dealing with the right to property was deleted by 44th amendment).

Part - IV (Art. 36-51) Deals with Directive Principles of State Policy.

Part - IV - A (Art. 51A) Added by 42nd amendment in 1976. Contains the duties of the citizens.

Part - V (Art. 52 - 151)

Deals with govt. at the Union Level. (Duties & Function of PM, Ministers, Presidents, Attorney General, Parliament - Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha, Comptroller & Auditor General).

Part - VI (Art. 152 - 237)

Deals with govt. at the State Level. (Duties & functions of Chief Minister & his ministers, Governor, State legislature, High Court, Advocate General of the State).

Part - VII (Art. 238) Deals with States, was replaced in 1956 by the 7th amendment.

Part - VIII (Art. 239 - 241) Deals with Union Territories.

Part - IX

Consists of 2 parts:1. Added by 73rd amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule 'SCHEDULE ELEVEN'. It contains 29 subjects related to Panchayati Raj. (They have been given administrative powers). 2. Added by 74th amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule 'SCHEDULE TWELVE'. It contains 18 subjects related to Municipalities. (They have been given administrative powers).

Part - X (Art. 244, 244A) Deals with Scheduled & Tribal Areas.

Part - XI (Art. 245 - 263) Deals with relation between Union & States.

Part - XII (Art. 264 - 300A)

Deals with distribution of revenue between Union & States, appointment of Finance Commission (Article 280), contracts, liabilities etc.

Part - XIII (Art.301 Relates to trade, commerce & intercourse within the Territory of India.

- 307)

Part - XIV (Art.308 - 323) Deals with UPSC and Public Service Commissions.

Part - XV (Art.324 - 329) Deals with elections (Also Election Commission)

Part - XVI (Art.330 - 342)

Deals with special provisions for Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribed & Anglo - Indian Representation.

Part - XVII (Art. 343 - 351) Relates to official language.

Part, XVIII (Art.352 - 360) Deals with emergency provisions.

Part - XIX (Art.361 - 367)

Exemption of criminal proceedings for their official acts as President & Governors.

Part - XX (Art. 368) Deals with Amendment of Constitution.

Part - XXI (Art.369 - 392)

(Art-369 gives temporary powers to the Parliament to make laws for State list).(Art -370 contains temporary provisions of J & K - Restricts the parliament to make laws for that State).

Part - XXII (Art.393 - 395) Concerns the short title, commencement and repeal of the Constitution.

Part - XIV - A (Art.323A, 323B)

By 42nd amendment in 1976. Deals with administrative tribunals set up by parliament to hear disputes & complaints regarding Union, States or local govt.Employees.

Parliament of IndiaLOK SABHA:

Maximum strength - 550 + 2 nominated members. (530 - States/ 20 - Union Territories)

Present strength of Lok Sabha - 545.

The Eighty Fourth Amendment, 2001, extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats till 2026.

The normal tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years, but it may be dissolved earlier by the President. The life of the Lok Sabha can be extended by the Parliament beyond the five year term, when a proclamation of emergency under Article 352 is in force. But the Parliament cannot extend the normal life of the Lok Sabha for more than one year at a time (no limit on the number of times in the Constitution).

The Candidate must be: (a) Citizen of India. (b) Atleast 25 yrs of age. (c ) Mustn't hold any office of profit. (d) No unsound mind/ insolvent. (e) Has registered as voter in any Parliamentary Constituency.

Oath of MPs is conducted by the Speaker. Can resign, by writing to Speaker.

Presiding officer is Speaker (In his absence Deputy Speaker). The members among themselves elect him.

The Speaker continues in office even after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha till a newly elected Lok Sabha meets.

Usually the Speaker, after his election cuts-off all connection with his party & acts in an impartial manner. He does not vote in the first instance, but exercises his casting vote only to remove a deadlock.

Charges his salary from Consolidated Fund of India.

Speaker sends his resignation to deputy Speaker.

The Majority of the total membership can remove Speaker after giving a 14 days notice. (During this time, he doesn't preside over the meetings). After his removal, continues in office till his successor takes charge.

RAJYA SABHA

Maximum Strength - 250 {Out of these, President nominates 12 amongst persons having special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art and social service}.

Presently, the Parliament, by law, has provided for 233 seats for the States and the Union Territories. The total membership of Rajya Sabha is thus 245.

All the States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry are represented in the Rajya Sabha.

Representatives of the State are elected by members of State legislative assemblies on the basis of proportional representation through a single transferable vote.

There are no seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Rajya Sabha.

The candidate must be:  (a) Citizen of India.  (b) 30 yrs of age. (c ) Be a parliamentary elector in the State in which he is seeking election. (d) Others as prescribed by parliament from time-to-time.

The Rajya Sabha MPs are elected for a term of 6 years, as 1/3rd members retire every 2 years.

Vice-President is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. He presides over the proceedings of the Rajya Sabha as long as he does not act as the President of India during a vacancy in the office of the President of India.

Also a deputy chairman is elected from its members.

In Rajya Sabha any bill can originate, apart from money bill (including budget).

 

The New States Created After 1950

1 Andhra Pradesh

Created by the State of Andhra Pradesh Act, 1953 by carving out some areas from the State of Madras

2 Gujarat and Maharashtra

The State of Bombay was divided into two States, I.e., Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act, 1960

3 KeralaCreated by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. Te comprised Travancor and Cochin areas.

4 KarnatakaCreated from the Princely State of Mysore by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It was renamed Karnataka in 1973.

5 Nagaland It was carved out from the State of Assam by the State of Nagaland Act, 1962.

6 Haryana It was carved out from the State of Punjab by the Punjab (Reorganisation) Act, 1966

7 Himachal Pradesh

The Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of State by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970

8 Meghalaya

First carved out as a sub-State within the State of Assam by 23rd Constitutional Amendment, 1969. Later in 1971, it received the status of a full-fledged State by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971

9 Manipur and Tripura

Both these States were elevated from the status of Union Territories by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.

10 SikkimSikkim was first given the Status of Associate State by the 35th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1974. It got the status of a full State in 1975 by the 36th Amendment Act, 1975.

11 Mizoram It was elevated to the Status of a full State by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986.

12 Arunachal Pradesh

It received the status of a full State by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986.

13 Goa

Goa was separated from the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu and was made a full-fledged State by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987. But Daman and Diu remained as Union Territory

14 ChhattisgarhFormed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 2000

15 UttaranchalFormed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Uttar Pradesh on November 9, 2000

16 Jharkhand Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Bihar on November 15,2000.

Important Constitutional Amendments

1First Amendment 1951

Added Ninth Schedule.

2Seventh Amendment 1956

Necessitated on account of reorganisation of States on a linguistic basis

3Eighth Amendment 1959

Extended special provisions for reservations of seats for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indian in Lok Sabha and Leg. Assemblies for a period of 10 years from1960 to 1970.

4The Ninth Amendment 1960

Gave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the 1958 Indo-Pak agreement.

5The Tenth Amendment 1961

Incorporated Dadra & Nagar Haveli as a UT.

6Twelfth Amendment 1962

Incorporated Goa, Daman & Diu as a UT.

7Thirteenth Amendment 1962

Created Nagaland as a State.

8Fourteenth Amendment 1963

Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam, the former French territories were included in the I schedules as UT of Pondicherry.

9Eighteenth Amendment 1966

Reorganised Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and UT of Chandigarh.

10 Twenty first Included Sindhi as the Fifteenth

Amendment 1967 Regional language.

11Twenty second Amendment 1969

Created a sub-state of Meghalaya with in Assam.

12Twenty third Amendment 1969

Extended the reservation of seats for SC/ST and nomination of Anglo-Indians for a further period of 10 years (till 1980).

13Twenty sixth Amendment 1971

Abolished the titles and special privileges of former rulers of princely states.

14Twenty seventh Amendment 1971

Established Manipur and Tripura as States and Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh as UTs.

15Thirty first Amendment 1973

Increased the elective Strength of LS from 525 to 545. The upper limit of representatives of States went up from 500 to 525.

16Thirty sixth Amendments 1975

Made Sikkim a State

17Thirty eight Amendment 1975

Provided that the President can make a declaration of emergency, and the promulgation of ordinances by the President, Governors and the Administrative Heads of Uts would be final and could not be challenged in any court. It also authorised the President to declare different kinds of emergencies.

18Thirty ninth Amendment 1975

Placed beyond challenge in courts, the election to Parliament of a person holding the office of PM or Speaker and election of the President and Prime Minister.

19Forty fourth Amendment 1978

The Right to Property was deleted from Part III. Article 352 was amended to provide 'Armed Rebellion' as one of the circumstances for declaration of emergency.

20Forty fifth Amendment 1985

Extended reservation for SC/ST by another 10 years (till 1990)

21Fifty second Amendment 1985

Added the Tenth Schedule (regarding anti-defection)

22Fifty third Amendment 1986

Mizoram was made a state

23Fifty fifth Amendment 1986

Conferred state hood to Arunchal Pradesh

24Fifty sixth Amendment 1987

Hindi version of the Constitution of India was accepted for all purposes. The UT of Goa, Daman and Diu was divided and Goa was made a State. Daman and Diu remained as a UT.

25Sixty first Amendment 1989

Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years for the LS as well as Assemblies

26Sixty first Amendment 1989

Also extended reservation of seats for SC/ST till 2000 AD.

27Seventy first Amendment 1992

Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in the VIII Schedule.

28Seventy third Amendment 1993

(Panchayati Raj Bill) Provided among other things Gram Sabha in Villages, constitution of panchayats at the village and other levels, direct elections to all seats in panchayats and reservations of seats for the SC and ST and fixing of tenure of 5 years for panchayats.

29Seventy Fourth Amendment 1993

(Nagarpalika Bill) Provides for, among other things, constitution of three types of municipalities, reservation of seats in every municipality for the SC and ST, women and the backward classes.

30Eighty second Amendment 2000

Reinstaled the provision of reservation of SC and STs in matters related to promotion. Besides, the qualifying marks for passing an examination for them has also been lowered.

31Eighty fourth Amendment 2001

Extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats till 2026.

32Eighty sixth Amendment 2002

Makes education a fundamental right for children in the age group of 6 - 14 years.

33Eighty seventh Amendment 2003

Made the 2001 census the basis for delimitation of constituencies of the Lower House of Parliament (Lok Sabha) and State assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas)

34Ninety first Amendment 2003

Amended the Anti - Defection Law and also made a provision that the number of ministers in the Central & State Govts. Cannot be more than 15% of the strength of Lok Sabha & respected Vidhan Sabha.

35Ninety second Amendment 2003

Bodo, Maithili, Santhali and Added into the VIII Schedule.

Jurisdiction and Seats of High Courts High Court

Status:

Each State has a High Court; it is the highest judicial organ of the State.

However, there can be a common High Court like Punjab, Haryana & Union Territory of Chandigarh.

Presently there are 21 High Courts in India.

Consists of Chief Justice & other such judges as appointed by the President.

The Constitution, unlike in the case of the Supreme Court, does not fix any maximum number of judges for a High Court. (Allahabad High Court has 37 judges while J & K High Court has only 5).

A judge of a High Court can be transferred to another High Court without his consent by the President. In this the Chief Justice of India is also consulted. The opinion provided by him shall have primacy and is binding on the President.

Appointment of Judges:

The appointment of Chief Justice is made after consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court & the Governor of the State by the President. In case of appointment of a judge, the chief justice of the High Court concerned is also consulted in addition to chief Justice of Supreme Court & Governor of the State concerned.

Qualifications:

Must be a citizen of India

Should have been an advocate of a High Court or of two such Courts in succession for atleast 10 yrs; or should have held judicial office in India for a period of atleast 10yrs.

Term:

A judge of High Court continues his office till 62 yrs of age. Term can be cut short due to resignation or removal by the President.

Removal:

The President can remove a judge of High Court only if the Parliament passes the resolution by a 2/3 majority of its members present & voting in each house.

The conduct of the judges of the High Court cannot be discussed in Parliament, except on a motion for the removal of a judge.

Jurisdiction Seats High Courts:

NameEstd.in

the yearTerritorial Jurisdiction Seat

Allahabad 1866 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad (Bench at Lucknow)

Andhra Pradesh 1954 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad

Mumbai 1862 Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa, Daman and Diu

Mumbai (Bench at Nagpur, Panaji and Aurangabad)

Kolkata 1862 West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar

Kolkata (Circuit Bench at Port Blair)

Delhi 1966 Delhi Delhi

Guwahati 1948Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh

Guwahati (Bench at Kohima and Circuit Benches at Imphal, Agartala & Shillong)

Gujarat 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad

Himachal Pradesh 1971 Himachal Pradesh Shimla

J & K 1957 J & K Srinagar and Jammu

Karnataka 1884 Karnataka Bangalore

Kerala 1956 Kerala and Lakshadweep Ernakulam

Madhya Pradesh 1956 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur (Benches at Gwalior and

Indore)

Chennai 1862 Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry Chennai

Orissa 1948 Orissa Cuttack

Patna 1916 Bihar Patna

Punjab & Haryana 1966 Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh Chandigarh

Rajasthan 1950 Rajasthan Jodhpur (Bench at Jaipur)

Sikkim 1975 Sikkim Gangtok

Bilaspur 2000 Chhattisgarh Bilaspur

Nainital 2000 Uttaranchal Nainital

Ranchi 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi

Fundamental Rights Right to Equality

Article 14 Equality before law and equal protection of law

Article 15

Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

Article 16

Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

Article 17 End of untouchability

Article 18

Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are, however, exempted.

Right to Freedom of ReligionArticle 25

Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.

Article 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs

Article 27 Prohibits taxes on religious grounds

Article 28

Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions

Right Against Exploitation

Article 23 Traffic in human beings prohibited

Article 24 No child below the age of 14 can be employed

Right to Freedom of ReligionArticle 25

Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.

Article 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs

Article 27 Prohibits taxes on religious grounds

Article 28

Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions

Cultural and Educational RightsArticle 29 Protection of interests of minorities

Article 30

Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.

Article 31 Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act.

Right to Constitutional Remedies

Article 32

The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (called Soul and heart of the Constitution by DR Ambedkar).

Election Commission (Article 324)Status:

The Constitution provides for an independent election commission to ensure free and fair election to the Parliament, the State legislature and the offices of President and Vice-President.

Consists of Chief Election Commissioner +2 Election Commissioners. They all enjoy equal

powers.

The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President and the other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Election Commissioner. Article 324 also provides for the appointment of Regional Commissioners at the time of General Elections after consultation with the Election Commission.

Election Commissioners are appointed for a term of 5yrs.

They are not eligible for re-appointment. Also, they cannot hold any office of profit after their retirement.

The term of 5yrs can by cut short by resignation or removal by President on recommendation of the Parliament (Same as that of Judge of the Supreme Court).

Functions: Preparation of electoral rolls & keeping voters list updated.

Preparation of code of conductor for all political parties.

Recognition of various political parties & allotment of election symbols.

Appointment of election officers to look into disputes concerning election arrangements.

To examine the returns of election expenses filed by the candidate.

Comptroller Auditor General India CAGStatus:

Appointed by the President.

A person with long administrative experience & knowledge of accounts is appointed.

Holds office for 6 yrs or till 65 yrs of age.

The President can remove him only on the recommendation of the 2 houses of Parliament (as in case of judge of Supreme Court).

Powers:

He is the guardian of the public purse. His duties are to audit the accounts of the Union and the States and to ensure that nothing is spent out of the Consolidated Fund of India or of the States without the sanction of the Parliament or the respective State Legislature.

He submits an audit report of the Union to the President who shall lay it before the Parliamentary and the audit reports of the States to the respective Governors who shall lay it before the respective State Legislature.

In short the CAG acts as the custodian & trustee of public money.

Election Commission (Article 324)Status:

The Constitution provides for an independent election commission to ensure free and fair election to the Parliament, the State legislature and the offices of President and Vice-President.

Consists of Chief Election Commissioner +2 Election Commissioners. They all enjoy equal powers.

The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President and the other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Election Commissioner. Article 324 also provides for the appointment of Regional Commissioners at the time of General Elections after consultation with the Election Commission.

Election Commissioners are appointed for a term of 5yrs.

They are not eligible for re-appointment. Also, they cannot hold any office of profit after their retirement.

The term of 5yrs can by cut short by resignation or removal by President on recommendation of the Parliament (Same as that of Judge of the Supreme Court).

Functions: Preparation of electoral rolls & keeping voters list updated.

Preparation of code of conductor for all political parties.

Recognition of various political parties & allotment of election symbols.

Appointment of election officers to look into disputes concerning election arrangements.

To examine the returns of election expenses filed by the candidate.

Chief MinisterStatus

Real executive head of the Govt at the State level.

The position of Chief Minister at the State level is analogous to the position of the Prime Minister at the Centre.

Appointed by Governor. Other Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister.

If CM resigns. Entire ministry resigns.

Generally, the leader of the majority party is appointed.

A person who is not a member of State Legislature can be appointed, but he has to get himself elected within 6 months otherwise he is removed.

Presidents of India1 Dr. Rajendra Prasad 26.01.1950 13.05.1962

2 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 13.05.1962 13.05.1967

3 Dr. Zakir Hussain 13.05.1967 03.05.1969

4 V.V.Giri (Vice President)# 03.05.1969 20.07.1969

5 Justice M. Hidayatullah*# 20.07.1969 24.08.1969

6 V.V. Giri 24.08.1969 24.08.1974

7 F. Ali Ahmed 24.08.1974 11.02.1977

8 B.D. Jatti# 11.02.1977 25.07.1977

9 N. Sanjiva Reddy 25.07.1977 25.07.1982

10 Gaini Jail Singh 25.07.1982 25.07.1987

11 R. Venkataraman 25.07.1987 25.071992

12 Dr.S.D. Sharma 25.07.1992 25.07.1997

13 K.R. Narayanan 25.07.1997 25.07.2002

14 Dr.A.P. J. Abdul Kalam 25.07.2002 25.07.2007

15 Pratibha Patil 25.07.2007 Till Date

Independence Days of Various CountriesSNo Country Date

1 Afghanistan 19th August

2 Armenia 28th May

3 Australia 4th January

4 U.S.A. 4th July

5 Bangladesh 16th December

6 Belgium 21st July

7 Brazil 7th September

8 Canada 1st July

9 China 10th October

10 Chile 18th September

11 Colombia 20th July

12 Finland 6th December

13 France 14th July

14 Greece 25th March

15 India 15th August

16 Indonesia 17th August

17 Israel 3rd April

18 Italy 26th March

19 Japan 29th April

20 Korea 15th August

21 Mexico 16th September

22 Myanmar 4th January

23 Maldives 26th July

24 Norway 17th May

25 Philippines 12th June

26 Peru 28th July

27 Poland 3rd May

28 Portugal 5th October

29 Pakistan 14th August

30 Rwanda 5th July

31 Sri Lanka 4th February

32 Switzerland 1st August

33 Spain 10th April

34 Thailand 24th June

35 Turkey 1st November

36 Uzbekistan 1st September

37 Ukraine 24th August

38 Uganda 9th October

39 Zimbabwe 18th April

Important DaysImportant Days Days

National Youth Day January 12

Army Day January 21

Desh Prem Diwas January 23

International Customs Day January 26

Republic Day January 26

Martyrs' Day January 30

Valentine's Day February 14

Arunachal Day February 20

Central Excise Day February 24

National Science Day February 28

International Women's Day March 8

World Consumers Rights Day March 15

World Disabled Day March 15

International Day for the Elimination of Racial March 21

Discrimination Racial Discrimination

World Forestry Day March 21

World Day for Water March 22

World Meteorological Day March 23

Bangladesh Day March 26

National Maritime Day April 5

Samta Diwas April 5

World Health Day April 7

Railway week April 10-16

World Aviation and Cosmonautics Day April 12

Jallianwala Day April 13

World Heritage Day April 18

Earth Day April 22

World Book Day April 23

Manav Ekta Divas April 24

May Day (Workers' Day; International Labour Day) May 1

World Press Freedom Day May 3

V-E Day May 8

World Red Cross Day May 8

Mothers' Day May 9

National Solidarity Day May 13

Anti-terrorism Day May 21

Commonwealth Day May 24

International Day of Families May 15

World Telecommunication Day May 17

Everest Day May 29

Mount Everest Day May 29

No-Tobacco Day May 31

International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression June 4

World Environment Day June 15

Goa Liberation Day June 18

UN Charter Signing Day June 25

Anti-Emergency Day June 26

International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking June 26

World Diabetes Day June 27

Poors' Day June 28

Doctors Day July 1

World Population Day July 11

World Breast Feeding Day August 1

Breast Feeding Week August 1-7

Hiroshima Day August 6

Nagasaki Day August 9

Quit India Day August 9

Independence Day August 15

Sadhbhavana Divas August 20

National Sports Day August 29

Teachers' Day September 5

World Literacy Day September 8

World Ozone Day September 16

World Tourism Day September 27

International Day for the Elderly October 1

World Vegetarian Day October 2

World Habitat Day October 5

International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction October 7

Air Force Day October 8

Post Office Day October 9

World Post Day October 9

World Standards Day October 14

World Food Day October 16

Police Commemoration Day October 21

UN Day October 24

Foreign Towns and IndustriesTown Country Industry

Aberdeen Scotland (UK) Granite mining

Abadan Iran Oil refineries

Baku Azerbaijan Petroleum

Bangkok Thailand Shipping

Belfast N.Ireland (Ulster) Ship-building, linen

Buenos Aires Argentina Dairy products

Cadiz Spain Cork

Chicago USA Gramophone, agricultural implements, meat products

Dhaka Bangladesh Jute

Detroit USA Automobiles

Dresden Germany Optical and photographic instruments

Dundee Scotland(UK) Jute, linen

Essex England (UK) Engineering works

Geneva Switzerland Watches

Glassgow Scotland(UK) Machinery, Textiles

Havana Cuba Cigars, Sugar

Hollywood USA Films

Johannesbourg South Africa Gold mines

Kansas USA Meat packing

Leeds England(UK) Woollen garments

Los Angeles USA Films, Oil mining

Lyons France Silk

Melbourne Australia Chocolate

Milan Italy Silk

New Orleans USA Cotton

Northampton UK Leather goods

Oporto Portugal Wine

Oslo Norway Paper

Ottawa Canada Paper

Pittsburgh USA Iron and Steel

Plymouth England (UK) Ship - building

Port Louis Mauritius Sugar

Sheffield England (UK) Cutlery

Rotterdam Netherlands Ship - building

Teheran Iran Carpets

Tokyo Japan Rayon and Textiles

Venice Italy Glass

Vienna Austria Glass

Wellington New Zealand Diary products

Yenang Yaung Myanmar Oil fields

Flower EmblemsCountry Name Flower Name

Canada Maple

Japan Chrysanthemum

France Lily

Scotland Thistle

Germany Cornflower

Spain Pomegranate

India Lotus

United Kingdom Rose

Ireland Shamrock