The Cell1. What is the difference between a plant and animal cell

Plant Animal

Membrane and cell wall Plasma membrane

Mitochondria and chloroplast Mitochondria

Cytoplasm, nucleus Cytoplasm, nucleus

Most organelles(has a large central vacuole)

Most organelles (no large central vacuole)

2. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell– prokaryotic lacks a nucleus & most other organelles; smaller; circular DNA in nucleoid region- eukaryotic cell has a membrane bound nucleus and organelles; larger; linear DNA- both have DNA and ribosomes

3. Why is the phospholipid bilayer important- creates a barrier to regulate the transport of substances in and out of a cell; hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, transport proteins. Oxygen and water diffuse (although water more so by aquaporins), glucose by proteins (facilitated). Exocytosis / endocytosis- moving material out or into cell by vesicles made of membrane. Amphipathic means there is a water-loving and a water-hating side of one molecule. This allows a barrier when a bilayer is created.

4. Label the main parts of a cell membrane and discuss structure and functiona. carbohydrate chain (on a lipid – so glycolipid)b. glycoprotein (sugar on protein)c. glucose – monomer of carbo chaind. phospholipid head – hydrophilic areae. fatty acid tails – hydrophobic areaf. lipid bilayer – forms barrier for cellg. microfilaments – scaffolding of cellh. peripheral protein- moves and attachmenti. cholesterol – helps control fluidity of cell membranej. transmembrane/intergral protein- associated with active and passive transport through membrane

5. Passive and Active transport in a cella. Diffusion- which way do particles move in an experiment;

could be a general term for molecules to move from high to low concentration; if referring to a cell, these molecules of discussion move across the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane

What happens at equilibrium- reached when the movement of particles in one direction is equal to the number of particles moving in the other

b. Facilitated Diffusion - passive transport of a substance using a transmembrane/integral protein embedded in the semi-permeable lipid bilayer of a cell

1. glucose enters with the assistance of insulin through a carrier protein

2. water mostly uses an aquaporin (protein channel)

3. three possible types of Osmosis – an example of facilitated diffusion with water moving through an aquaporin in a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration

Plant cells: animal cells:

c. Active transport – 1. Can require ATP to move a substance through a carrier transmembrane protein from an area of

high to low concentration. See picture in the right hand corner of this page.2. Can be referring to endo/exocytosis…. Where a fluid or a solid is taken in by “in pocketing”

and being surrounded by the membrane. Endocytosis can also be receptor mediated….

6. Lab safety- be familiar with class rules for: fire use, acid use, glass breakage, etc.

7. What is the structure (look like) and function of following parts of cella. Nucleus: center of cell, circular; the part that houses the cell's genetic material in the form of DNAb. Nucleolus: ball-like mass of fibers and granules in a cell nucleus; makes ribosomal componentsc. Endoplasmic Reticulum: may be smooth (lipid synthesis, glycogen storage, Ca+2 storage, detox

alcohol) or rough ribbon-like (for protein synthesis); network of membranes within a cell's cytoplasm that produces a variety of molecules

d. Cell wall: box like structure; strong wall outside a plant cell's plasma membrane that protects the cell and maintains its shape; cellulose for plants, chitin for fungus, peptidoglycan for some bacteriae. Ribosomes: small dot structures- cluster of proteins and nucleic acids (rRNA) that constructs proteins

in a cell; either attached to ER or free floating in the cellf. Golgi apparatus: flattened stack of ovals; cellular organelle that modifies, stores, and routes cell productsg. Desmosomes: proteins that anchor cells together; much like a staple is used on two papers.h. Gap Junction: a channel for two animal cells to communicate (i.e.gab) with each otheri. Tight Junction: a barrier like substance that prevents cells from leaking (think about a bladder & what it holds)j. Cilia: short hair-like structures from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell

through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface k. Flagella: whip-like structure responsible for movement; much longer than cilial. Mitochondria: powerplant of cell- turns glucose into ATP; bean shaped; cristae folds to increased surface area for the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation (ETC & chemiosmosis)m. Central vacuole: large structure (bigger than nucleus) stores water to help hold plants upn. Chloroplast: green disk structure responsible to turn solar energy into glucose (photosynthesis)o. Vesicles: small packages that hold material taken into a cell or being released to outside of a cell

They allow movement of material within a cell. Microfilaments pull them as they walk on the microtubules (inner life of a cell video).

p. Microfilaments: Two actin (protein molecules) twisted like a candy cane. Allow for tension bearing activities within a cell (i.e. pulling vesicles around the cell)

q. Plasmodesmata – form of gap junction in plants… it is a channel that allows them to share materials and/or communicate with each other

r. Peroxisomes – contain enzymes that oxidize certain molecules normally found in the cell, notably fatty acids and amino acids. Those oxidation reactions produce hydrogen peroxide, which is the

basis of the name peroxisome. 8. Endomembrane system deals with mRNA sending its message from DNA (which is safely kept in the

nucleus) to a ribosome. As a protein is manufactured, it is stored inside the Rough ER. It then ‘buds’ off the Rough ER in the form of a vesicle that is pulled via microfilaments walking on microtubules tothe Golgi Apparatus. It is modified in the GA and the vesicle ‘buds’ off the GA as it eventually excreted via is to be excreted exocytosis.Both the mitochondria and chloroplast were once thought to be a prokaryotic organism (circular DNA and ribosomes are found in their inner fluids. Both were thought to be taken into a cell – at different times, of course—by endocytosis but not consumed. This is evident by their double membrane. It was a win – win situation as protection was provided by the cell that ‘ate’ it and it supplied energy to the cell- hence the name – endosymbiosis.

9. What are the principles of cell theory- All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living

things (life legos), cells come from pre-existing cells

10. How should one look at a slide on the microscope at high power: set in on low power and find the object, go to medium and then high keeping the organism in the center of the field of view, only use the fine adjustment on high power. Lab practical??? Can you do this? Review microscope lab….