vhcp bapjw scert kerala 1.pdf · scert kerala textbook development committee chairperson, advisory...

SCERT Ker

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kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn\vHcp BapJw

(kaq-l-im-kvXw)

XI

`mKw ˛ 1

tIc-f-k¿°m¿

hnZym- ym-k-h-Ip∏v

Xbm-dm-°n-bXvkwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2018

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State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, KeralaWebsite : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : [email protected] : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869Typesetting and Layout : SCERTPrinted at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi

© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

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FOREWORD

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005, recommends thatchildren’s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. Thisprinciple marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which con-tinues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home andcommunity. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signifyan attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discouragerote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between differentsubject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further inthe direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the NationalPolicy on Education (1986).

The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principalsand teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learn-ing and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognisethat, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge byengaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating theprescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key rea-sons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating cre-ativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as partici-pants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.

These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode offunctioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour inimplementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teachingdays are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching andevaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for makingchildren’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stressor boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricu-lar burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stageswith greater consideration for child psychology and the time available forteaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higherpriority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discus-sion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) ap-preciates the hard work done by the textbook development committee re-sponsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisorygroup in Social Sciences, Professor Hari Vasudevan and the Chief Advisorfor this book, Professor Yogendra Singh for guiding the work of this commit-tee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; weare grateful to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted tothe institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us todraw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grate-ful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by theDepartment of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human ResourceDevelopment under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Profes-sor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As anorganisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvementin the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestionswhich will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement.

Director

New Delhi National Council of Educational20 December 2005 Research and Training

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TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

CHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS AT THE HIGHER SECOND-

ARY LEVEL

Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of Kolkata, Kolkata

CHIEF ADVISOR

Yogendra Singh, Emeritus Porfessor, Centre for the Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru

University, New Delhi

MEMBERS

Anjan Ghosh, Fellow, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata

Arshad Alam, Lecturer, Centre for Jawaharlal Nehru Studies, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi

Arvind Chouhan, Professor, Department of Sociology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal

Debal Singh Roy, Professor, Department of Sociology, Indira Gandhi National Open Univer-

sity, New Delhi

Dinesh Kumar Sharma, Professor, Department of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities,

NCERT

Jitendra Prasad, Professor, Department of Sociology, Mahrishi Dayanand University, Rohtak

M.N. Karna, Professor (Retd.), Department of Sociology, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong

Maitrayee Chaudhuri, Professor, Centre for the Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru


Manju Bhatt, Professor, Department of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities, NCERT

Pushpesh Kumar, Doctoral Fellow, Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi, Delhi

Rajesh Mishra, Professor, Department of Sociology, Lucknow University, Lucknow

Rajiv Gupta, Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

S. Srinivasa Rao, Assistant Professor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, Jawaharlal

Nehru University, New Delhi

Satish Deshpande, Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Delhi, Delhi

Soumendra Mohan Patnayak, Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi,

Delhi

Subhangi Vaidya, Assistant Director, Regional Service Division, Indira Gandhi National Open


MEMBER-COORDINATOR

Sarika Chandrawanshi Saju, Assistant Professor, Department of Education in Social Sciences

and Humanities, NCERT

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BapJw

Hcp hnZym¿Yn-bpsS ]T\w hnZym-e-b-Øn\v ]pd-Øp≈ temI-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°-W-sa∂v tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°qSv (2005) ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p.Cu \bw ]c-º-c-mKX ]pkvXItIµo-Ir-X- ]-T-\-Øn¬\n∂p≈ Hcp amdn-\-S-Ø-am-Wv. hnZym-e-bhpw hoSpw kap-Zm-bhpw XΩn-ep≈ hnS-hp-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp \o°wIqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu Bibw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠vhnI-kn-∏n-°-s∏´ ]mTy]-≤-Xnbpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ°-∏p-d-Øp≈ ]T-\-sØ t]m’-mln-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kmaq-ln-I-t_m[w krjvSn-°m\pX-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 1986˛se tZiob hnZym- ymk\bw Nq≠n-°m- p-∂-Xp-t]mse, hnZym-`ymkkº-Zm-bsØ CXp IqSp-X¬ hnZym¿Yn-tI-µnXam-°p∂pap-≠v.

hnZyme-bhpw ]n≥kn-∏epw A[ym-]-Icpw Ipń-Isf tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-°m\pwInbm-fl-I-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw klm-bn-®m¬am-Xta ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-\p-≈nse ]h¿Ø-\ßƒ hnPbn°p-I-bp-≈q. ]h¿Øn-°m≥ kzmX-¥yhpw kabhpw ÿehpw \¬In-bm¬ e`n® Adn-hp-Iƒ D]-bp-‡-am°nIpń-Iƒ°v ]pXnb Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fn-te°pw ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-bn-te°pw FØn-t®-cm≥ Ignbpw. Ipń-Iƒ Adn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-h¿ amX-a√, ]T-\-]-In-b-bnse ]¶m-fn-IƒIq-Sn-bm-Wv.

]T-\-k-a-b-hpw inip-a-\»m-kvX-hpw ]cn-K-Wn-®mWv Cu ]pkvXIßƒ cNn-°-s∏´Xv. ]T-\-`mcw Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw ChnsS kzoI-cn-®n-´p≠v.]cym-tem-Nn-°m\pw AZv p-X-s∏-Sm\pw sNdp-kw-L-ß-fmbn N¿®-sN-øm\pw t\cn-´p≈ A\p- -h-ßƒ t\Sm\pw Gsd Ah-k-c-ßƒ Cu ]mT- m-K-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p.

F≥.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn. Xbm-dm-°nb Cu ]pkvXIw Fkv.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn. ae-bm-f-Ønte°p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn ]pd-Øn-d-°p-I-bm-Wv. amXr-`m-j-bn-eq-sS-bp≈hn⁄m-\-k-ºm-Z\w Gsd kpK-l-am-Wv. hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ßƒ amXr- mj ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-Øp-S-ßn-bn v Gsd°me-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-ep≈ an° a’-c∏-co-£-Ifpw ]mtZinI`mj-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-∂-Xv AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Ønep≈ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw A\n-hm-cy-amWv. tIc-f-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsSamXr-`m-j-bn¬Øs∂ ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-bn¬ G¿s∏Ss´. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w\n¬°mw.

tUm. sP. ]kmZv

Ub-d-IvS¿, Fkv.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

SCERT Ker

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A°m-Z-anIv tIm¿Un-t\-‰¿

ARvP\ hn. B¿. Nµ≥, dnk¿®v Hmô-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.

]mT-]p-kvXI hnh¿Ø\winev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

APnXv B¿. ]n≈

F®v-.F-kv.-F-kv.Sn, Un._n.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.

]Ø-\w-Xn´

]hoÏpam¿ kn.Un.

F®v-.F-kv.-F-kv.Sn., ]n.Sn-.Fw.-F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv.

Xmtg-t°m-Sv, ae-∏pdw

P≥tI-jv sI.

F®v-.F-kv.-F-kv.Sn., Ccnń F-®v-.F-kv-.Fkv.

IÆq¿

ss^k¬ sI.

F®v-.F-kv.-F-kv.Sn., C.Fw.-C.F.-F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv.

sImt≠m- n, ae-∏pdw

km\p sI. kpK-X≥

F®v-.F-kv.-F-kv.Sn., Sn.sI-.Fw-.F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv.

hmWn-bw-Ipfw

A_vZp¬ kaZv sI. kn.

F®v-.F-kv.-F-kv.Sn., Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv.,

hS-I-c, ]pØq¿

a[p-kq-Z-\-≥ Fw.

F®v-.F-kv.-F-kv.Sn., Pn.hn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv.

CS-b-\q¿, IÆq¿

hnZ-Kv[¿

tUm. kPn ]n. tP°_v]n≥kn-∏¬, etbmf tImtfPv Hm^v tkmjy¬ kb≥kvXncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tUm. kpµ¿cm-Pv Sn.Akn-. ] -k¿, Un]m¿´v-sa‚v Hm^v tkmtjym-fPns]cn-bm¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n, tkew

tUm. ]pjv]w Fw.Un]m¿´v-sa‚v Hm^v tkmtjym-fPnbpWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v tIcf

]q v

]n. blnbPn.Pn.-Fw.-Pn-. F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Nme-∏pdw, tImgn-t°mSv

NnX-ßƒkt¥mjv shfn-b-∂q¿

SCERT Ker

alaDDDDD ≈≈≈≈≈ -S-S-S-S-S °w°w°w°w°w

1. kaq-l-im-kvXhpw kaq-lhpw.......................................................... 1˛29

2. ]Zßfpw k-¶-¬∏-\ßfpw A-h-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Khpwkaq-li-mkv-X-Øn¬........................................................................... 30˛47

3. kmaq-lnIÿm]-\ßsf a\- n-em-°¬ ..................................... 48˛71

4. kwkvIm-chpw kmaq-lo-I-c-Whpw................................................ 72˛94

5. kaqlimkvX]T\w ˛ KthjWcoXnIƒ..............................95˛119

SCERT Ker

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]Zm-hen

tNmZy-ßƒ

B[m-c-KŸßƒ

Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn

Nne apZ-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

SCERT Ker

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kaq-l-im-kvXhpwkaq-lhpw

SOCIOLOGY AND

SOCIETY1

"]T-\-ta-Je' Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºm-ƒ \mw t\cn-Sp∂ Nne tNmZy-ßfpw\n¿tZi-ßfpamWt√m Ch.

I

BapJw

1\∂mbn ]Tn-®m¬ \nßƒ°v\s√mcp Pohn-X-ap-≠mIpw.

2Nne -]-tXyI hnjbßsfSpØv

]Tn-®mte \√ tPmene`n-°p-I-bp-≈q...

3Cu hnjbw B¨Ip- n-Iƒ

]Tn-t°-≠-Xn√! CXv s]¨Ip- n-Iƒ°v ]d-™n- p-≈-Xm-Wv.

4\nßƒ°v hfsc thK-Øn¬ Hcp tPmenIn´p-I-sb-∂-XmWv IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Bh-

iyw. Cu ka-b-Øv, Gsd\mƒ ]Tn-t°≠hnjbw Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xpt≠m?

5\msf F¥m-bmepw IpSpw_w

\S-Øp∂ hym]m-c-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-tI≠ \nßƒ, F¥n-\mWv AXp-

ambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√mØ Cuhnjbw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv?

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2 kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn\v Hcp BapJw

Cu \n¿tZi-ßƒ \ap°p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.BZysØ \n¿tZiw ASpØ aq∂v A`n-]m-b-ß-tfmSpw tbmPn-°p-∂-h-bmtWm? H∂m-a-tØXv DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øßƒ apgp-h≥ ]Tn-Xm-hn¬ \n¿Øp-∂n-t√? c≠m-a-tØXv sXmgn¬hn]-Wn-bpsS ]m[m\yw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.ASpØ c≠p \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw Imcy-ßƒIqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Wam-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb Ign-hp-Itfm sXmgn¬hn]-Wn-bpsSXm¬∏-cy-ßtfm amX-a√ enwK-t -Zw, IpSpw-_w, kmaqlnI]›m-Ø-ew F∂n -hsbms°t®¿∂mWv \Ωƒ F¥p ]Tn-°-W-sa-∂-Xns\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv.

ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn hy‡n-ti-jn-IƒamX-a√, kmaq-lnIL-S-I-ßfpw ]mTy-hn-jbXnc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ kzm[o-\n -°p∂][m\ LS-I-ß-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.sXmgn¬hn]Wn, kmaqlnI˛kmº-ØnIkml-N-cy-ßƒ, enwK-t`Zw F∂n-h-b-√mØa‰p kzm[o\LS-I-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-´m≥\nßƒ°v Ign-bptam?

"\√ sXmgn¬' F∂Xv Bcp Xocp-am\n°p∂p? F√m kaq-l-Ønepw "\√sXmgn¬' F∂-Xn\v Htc hne-bn-cp-Ø-emtWm D≈-Xv? \√ sXmgn¬ F∂-Xns‚am\-Zfiw ]W-am-tWm, kmaqlnI AwKo-Im-chpw ]Z-hnbptam? As√-¶n¬ hy‡n-]-c-amb kwXr-]vXn-am-Xtam? kwkvIm-c-Øn\pwkmaqlnIIa-Øn\pw Xocp -am-\-sa-Sp -°p∂Xn-¬ Fs¥-¶nepw ]¶v \n¿h-ln-°m-\pt≠m?

anI® hnPbw e`y-am-Im≥ Hcp hnZym¿Yn\√ coXn-bn¬ ]bXv\n-°-Ww. ]bXv\wFX-amXw anI-®-XmsW∂v \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv \nc-h[n kmaqlnILS-I-ßƒ tN¿∂m-Wv. kº-Zvhy-hÿ sXmgn¬hn]-Wnsb\n¿h-Nn-°p-∂p. kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv AXXv k¿°mcpI-fpsS kmº-ØnI˛cmjv-Sob\b-ß-fmWv.Hcp hy‡n-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ \ΩpsS km[y-

X-Isf hnim-e-amb kmº-ØnI˛cmjvSob\b-ßfpw kz¥w IpSpw -_-Øns‚kmaqlnI]›m-Ø-ehpw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.Cu hne-bn -cp -Ø¬ kaq-l-imkvXwFßs\ a\pjykaq-lsØ ]mY-an-I-ambnHcp ]c-kv]c_‘nX ]q¿W-Xbmbn ImWp-∂p F∂-Xns‚ GI-tZicq]w \¬Ip-∂p.AtXm-sSm∏w hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw ]c-kv]cw Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°pIbpwkzm[o-\w sNep-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂pwImWmw.

]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]mTy-hn-jb Xnc-s™-Sp∏v FX-amXw hy‡n-]-c-amb ]iv\-sa-∂-Xp-t]mseØs∂ s]mXp-]iv\w IqSn-bmsW∂v hy‡-am-Wv. hy‡n-K-X]iv\hpw (Personal Problem) s]mXp]iv\hpw (Public Issues) XΩn-ep≈ _‘wXpd∂pIm´pI F∂Xv kaql imkvX-Øns‚ IS-a-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. CXmWv Cu ]mT-`m-K-Øns‚ ]Ya ]Xn-]m-Zyhn-j-bw.

"\√ sXmgn¬' (Good Job) F∂Xn¬hnhn[ kaq-lßƒ°v hyXykvX k¶¬∏-\amsW∂p \Ωƒ I≠p-I-gn-™p. HcpsXmgn-en\v kaq-l-Øn-ep≈ am\yX hy‡nDƒs∏-Sp∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ kwkvImcw\n¿W-bn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv sXmgn¬am\yX\n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv Hcp hy‡nsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Abmƒ°v ]k-‡-amb kaq-l-amWv (Relevant Society). F¥mWv ]k-‡amb- kaqlw? hy‡nbpsS kaq-l-sØ-bmtWm AXv A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv? AtXmAb¬]-°sØ BtWm? At±-l-Øns‚kap-Zmb (Community) sØtbm? PmXntbmh¿Ktam GXmWv ]k-‡-amb kaqlw?c£n-Xm-hns‚ sXmgn¬taJe \n¿-h-Nn®]Zhn kaq-l-amtWm, tZiamtWm? GXm-WXv?

c≠m-a -Xmbn, Hcp hy‡n B[p -\nIImeØv Fßs\ Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-

SCERT Ker

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3kaq-l-im-kvXhpw kaq-lhpw

Itam kaq-lßfn¬ AwK-am-Ip∂p F∂pwkaq-l-ßƒ Fßs\ hyXn-cn-‡-am-Ip∂pF∂pw Cu ]mT- mKw t\m°n°mWp-∂p.

aq∂-ma-Xmbn, kaq-l-imkvXw kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp Nn -bmb imkvXob]T-\-am-sW∂v Cu bqWn-‰n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Z¿i-\-ßƒ, XØz-imkvXßƒ, aX-]-c-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pwkaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam\y\nco-£-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw kaq -l-imkvX]T\wFßs\ thdn´p \n¬°p-∂p F∂v ChnsSN¿®-sN-øp-∂p. \mem-a-Xmbn hni-I-e\wsNøp-∂Xv kaq-l-imkvXw P∑-sa-Sp-°m-\n-S-bmb uXnIkml-N-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw ss[j-WnIhf¿®-bpsS NcnX]›m-Ø-e -sØbpamWv. Cu Bi-b-ßfpw uXn-I-hn-Im-k-ßfpw ]m›-mXy-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepwAhbv°v BtKm-f- -e-ß-fp-≠v.

A©m-a -Xmbn C¥y-bnse kaqlimkvX-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS coXnbpwAXn\p- k-lm-bn® BtKmfkml-N-cy-ßfpwhni-I-e\w sN-øp-∂p. Hmtcm ]mTy-hn-j-b-Øn\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb Hcp Bfl-I-Y-bp-≠mIpw (Biography). AhbpsS hni-I-e\whnj-bsØ Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m≥klm-bn-°pw. bqWn-‰ns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn\v a‰p am\-hnIhnj-b-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]T-\-ta-J-e-Isf°pdn®pw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.

IIkaq-l-im-kvX-k-¶¬∏w: hy‡n-K-X-

]-iv\hpw s]mXp-]-iv\hpw(The Sociological Imagination: The

Personal Problem and the Public

Issue)

hy‡n-]-c-amb ]iv\-ßfpw kmaq-lnI]-iv\-ßfpw hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩnep≈sshcp-[ym-flI_‘-Øn-te°p \sΩ

FØn-°p∂ Nne \n¿tZ-i-ß-fmWv Bcw- -Øn¬ \Ωƒ I≠-Xv. kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿Gsd-°m-e-ambn N¿®-sN-bvXn-cp∂ Bi-b-am-WnXv. hy‡n-K-Xhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb]iv\-ßƒ Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂pF∂-Xns‚ cl-kyw Npcp-f-gn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v"kaq-l-im-kvX-k-¶¬∏w' (Sociological

Imagination) F∂ Bibw ]ikvX kaqlimkvX-⁄-\mb kn. Uªyq. an¬kv(C. W. Mills) ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn.

kaq-l-imkvXk¶¬∏-Øn\vAXn-cp-I-fn√.

kaq-l-imkvXw ]hrØn-]-Y-Øn¬

]m¿∏n-S-an-√mbva F∂ ]iv\sØ kaq-l-imkvXk¶¬∏w D]-tbm-Kn®v Fßs\]Tn-°m-sa∂p t\m°mw. kaqlimkvXk¶¬∏w `h-\-cm-ln-XysØ Hcp s]mXp]iv\-ambn a\- n-em-°m\pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw klm-bn-°p∂p.

SCERT Ker

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`h-\-cm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßƒFs¥√mambn-cn°pw?

1. sXmgn-en-√mbva

2. sXmgn¬km[y-X-Iƒ

3. Kma˛\-Kc IpSn-tb‰w

4. ............................................ \w ˛ 1

tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ KmaoWhnI-k\a¥m-e-bw 1999˛2000Øn¬ Bcw-`n®Cµncm Bhmkv tbmP\ F∂]≤Xn, AXp-t]mse tIc-f-Øn¬

1970se Fw.F≥. e£whoSv ]≤Xn2009˛10¬ Bcw -`n® C.Fw. -Fkvkºq¿W -`-h\]≤Xn F∂nh ]mh-s∏-

´-h¿°pw hoSn-√m-Ø-h¿°pw kuP-\y-ambn hoSp-h®v \¬In.hy‡n-KX]iv\-ßfpw kmaq-lnI ]iv-\-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßƒ°v tIcf-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-ep≈ DZm-l-cWw Is≠--Øp-I.Cu taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-I. sNdp-Kq-∏p-I-fm-bn Ah N¿®-sN-øp-I. Hcp s]mXp-hn-jbw F∂ coXn-bn¬`h-\-cm-ln-XysØ cmPyw Fß-s\-bmWvkaK\S-]-Sn-I-fp-ambn kao-]n-°p-∂XvF∂p i≤n-°p-I. DZm: Cµncm BhmkvtbmP-\.

kn.U-ªyp. an¬kns‚ teJ-\-`mK-amWv Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv hmbn-®-tijwNnXhpw dnt∏m¿´pw ImWp-I. `h\cln-Xcpw Zcn-Z-cp-ambhcpsS NnXw i≤n-°pI.

Ncn-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw Poh-N-cn-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw (His-

tory and Biography) [mcW Df-hm-°m\pw Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘w a\- n-em-°m\pw kaq-l-imkvXk¶¬∏w \sΩ klm-bn -°p -∂p F∂-XmWvCXns‚ I¿Ø-hyhpw hmKvZm-\-hpw. kaq-l-imkvXk¶¬∏-Øns‚ G‰hpw ^e-h-Ømb hyXn-cn‡]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-KX]iv\-ßƒ°pw kaqlLS-\-bnse s]mXp-]-iv\-ßƒ°pw CS-bn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.]iv\-ßƒ D≠m-hp-∂Xv hy‡n-bpsS kz`m-h-Ønepw G‰hpw ASpØ _‘-ß-fpsS hym]vXn-bnepamWv. Cu ]iv\-ßƒ Ah-scbpw Ah-cpsSNp‰p-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw _m[n-°p-∂p-sh∂v Ah¿ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

kaqlw hyh-km-b-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ I¿j-I≥ sXmgn-em-fn-bmbn amdp-∂p. ^yqU¬ ]`p- ]m-∏-cm-hp-Itbm I®-h-S-°m-c-\mhp-Itbm sNøp-∂p.h¿KLS-\-bn¬ am‰w hcp-tºmƒ Hcp hy‡n sXmgn-

em-fntbm sXmgn¬cln-Xt\m BIp-∂p. \nt£-]-Øns‚ \nc°v Db-cp-tºmtgm Xmgp-tºmtgm Hcmƒ Bthiw sIm≈p-Itbm \ncm-i-\m-hp-Itbm sNøp-∂p. bp≤-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ C≥jp-d≥kv hn]-Wn-Im-c≥ tdm°‰v -hn-t£-]-I-\m-bn-am-dp-∂p. tÃm¿ kq£n-∏p-Im-c≥ dUm¿ hnZ-Kv[-\mbn ]cn--W-an-°p-∂p. mcy°v H‰bv°v Pohn-t°≠nhcp-∂p. Ip´n°v]nXm-hn-√msX hf-tc≠nhcp-∂p. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-sØtbm kaq-l-Øns‚ Ncn-X-sØtbm a\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬ c≠pw IqSn a\- n-em-°msX ]‰n√.

(an¬kv 1959)

SCERT Ker

ala


III

kaq-l-ßfnse _lp-kz-c-X-bpwAk-a-Xz-ßfpw

(Pluralities and inequalities among

societies)

B[p-\nIImeØv \Ωƒ HtckabwH∂n-e-[nIw kaq-l-ß-fn¬ AwK-ß-fm-Wv.\ΩpsS kaqlw F∂p ]tbm-Kn-°p--tºmƒhyXykvX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ hyXy-kvX-ambA¿Y-amWv Df-hm-°p-∂-Xv. hntZinIƒs°m∏w \n¬°ptºmƒ, \Ωƒ "\ΩpsSkaqlw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv C¥y≥ kaq-l-sØ-bm-W.v F∂m¬ C¥y°m¿s°m-∏-am-Ip-tºmƒ AXv `mjmhn`mKsØtbm As√-¶n¬ hwiobkap-Zm-b-sØtbm AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ aX-sØ-tbm PmXn-sbtbm tKmX-sØtbm kqNn-∏n-t®°mw.

\Ωƒ GXp kaq-l-sØ-bmWv Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv Cu sshhn[yw]bm-k-I-c-am-°p-∂p. CXp kaq-l-im-kvX-Imsc amX-a√ Ipg-°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬ FhnsS i≤- tI-µo-I-cn-°WwF∂Xv kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ G‰hpw][m\ hnj-b-am-Wv.

alm-\mb Ne®n-X-Im-c≥ kXy-PnØvdmbv Xs‚ Ne-®n-X-ß-fn¬ kaq-l-Ønse F¥p khn-ti-j-X-I-fnemWvi≤-tI-µo-I-cn-t°-≠Xv F∂p ]e-t∏mgpw Bi-¶-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

\nßƒ \nß-fpsS kn\n-a-bpsS ]ta-b-ambn F¥p Xnc-s™-Sp°pw? Fs¥√mwHgn-hm°pw? ]ip-°ƒ ta™p-\-S-°p∂,Bń-S-b-∑m¿ HmS-°p-g¬ ao´p∂, A\¥-ambn \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ hb-ep-I-fp≈ Kma-Øn-te°v \K-csØ Dt]-£n®v \nßƒt]mIptam? tXmWn-°m-cs‚ arZp-e-Xm-f-Øn-ep≈ ]m´p-I-f-S-ßnb ip≤-am-sbmcpkn\na \nßƒ°v \n¿an-°m-\m-hptam?

As√-¶n¬ CXn-lm-k-ß-fnepw ]pc-mW-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ ssZh-ßfpw Zp¿tZ-h-X-I-fpw,ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ bp≤-Øn¬]£w-]n-Sn-°p∂ kn\na FSp-°mw. As√-¶n¬ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn¬ ss]im-Nn-I-X-\n-d™, A‘m-fn-∏n-°p∂ \K-c-Øns‚lrZ-b-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ImgvN-bpsSk¥pen-Xm-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-°m≥ ian -°ptam?

Kma-Ønse Hme-ta™ sNdnb Nmb-°-S-bpsS apºn-ep≈ s]mSn-]-Sew \nd™tdmUn¬ Ah-\n-cn-°p-∂Xv Rm≥ I≠p.Hcp I∏pw tkm dpw hy‡-ambn ImW-Ø-°-co-Xn-bn¬ Ah-s‚-b-SpØv h®n-cn-°p-∂p. Akv]riy-\mb Hcp hy‡n Nmbhmßm≥ h∂p F∂p-≈-Xn\v IS-°m-c-\p≈ \n»-_vZ-amb AS-bm-f-am-bn-cp∂pAXv. apdp°n®ph∂, Id-]n-Sn® ]√p-I-fp≈, \m¬∏Xp hb- p≈ ‘aqen’ Bbn-cp∂p AXv. Ahs‚ apSn \ońhf¿Ø-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

(Freeman: 1978).

kaq-l-ßƒ°n-S-bnse hyXym-k-ßƒ°vAk-a-Xz-ßƒ Fßs\ tIµ-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂psh∂v Aa¿Xym- sk≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p: C¥y-°m-cn¬ Nne¿ kº-∂-cm-Wv,_lp- q-cn-]-£hpw Zcn-Z-cmWv. Nne¿ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h¿, a‰p Nne¿ \nc-£-c-cpw.Nne¿ IjvS-s∏ v ]Wn-sb-SpØp Pohn-°p-∂p,a‰p Nne¿ kpJ-tem-ep-]-X-bn¬ PohnXwBkz-Zn-°p-∂p. Ipd-®p-t]¿ cmjvSo-b-ambn i‡-cm-sW-¶n¬ a‰p -≈-h¿Xosc kzm[o-\-an-√m-Ø-h¿. hf-cm\pwapt∂-dm\pw km[y-

Aa¿Xym- sk≥

SCERT Ker

ala


C¥y≥ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 31 iX-am\Øn\p amXta ipNo-I-cWkuIcywe`y-am-bn-´p≈q F∂v C¥ym Kh¨-sa‚ns‚ Ct°m-W-anIv k¿th Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. kmaq-lnI Ak-a-Xz-Øns‚a‰p kqN-I-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw,sXmgn¬ XpS-ßn-b-h.

NnX-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ \m\mXz-ß-sfbpw Ak-a-Xz-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v N¿®sNøpI.

XpeyX kaX bYm¿∞yw(equality) (equity) (reality)

]ńWntemIsØ sIm√p∂p$ Zo¿LImew \o≠p-\n∂ ]ńWn 2005¬ temI-

amsI 6 aney¨ BfpIsf sIm∂p.$ FbvUkpw ate-dn-bbpw £b-tcm-Khpw Imc-

Wap≈ ac-WtØ°mƒ ]ń-Wnbpw A\p-_-‘-tcm-K-ßfpw IqSp-X¬ Poh-\p-Iƒ FSp-°p-∂p.

$ t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-d-hn-\m¬ slbvØn-bn¬aWn-°q-dn¬ A©p hb- n¬ Xmsgbp≈Hcp Ipń hoXw acn-°p-∂p.

$ temI-Øns‚ ]ńWn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Ipń-I-fpsS hni∏v ian-∏n-®m¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.

taZ v XI¿°pI.....temI-Ønse XSn-b-∑m-cpsS cmPy-ß-fn¬ BZy ]sØ-Æ-Øn¬ C¥ybpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. U¬lnbn-ep≈h¿ ico-c- mcw h¿[n-∏n-°p∂ £Ww Gsd AI-Øm-°p-∂p-sh∂ sRń°p∂ hnhcw ‘U¬ln ssSwkv ’]pdØp sIm≠p-h-∂p.

SCERT Ker

ala


X-I-fp-≈-h-cmbn Nne¿, Hcp km[yX-bp-an-√msX a‰p ]e¿, \nb-a-]m-e-I-cm¬ _lp-am-\n-X-cmbn Nne¿, a‰p-Nn-e¿ Agp-°n\v kam-\-amb]-cn-K-W\ amX-ap-≈-h¿. Ak-a-Xz-Øns‚ hnhn-[-X-c-ß-fmWv Ch. Chbv°vHmtcm-∂n\pw Kuc-h-ta-dnb i≤-th-≠Xp≠v.(Aa¿Xym sk≥ 2005:210˛11)

IV

kaq-limkvXsØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬(Introducing Sociology)

]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-]q¿WX F∂ \ne-bn¬ kaq-lsØ ]Tn-°p-I F∂-XmWv kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ][m\ Xm¬∏cyw F∂pwkaq-l-imkvX k¶¬∏-sØ-°p-dn®pw \mwa\- n-em-°n. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-°epw sXmgn¬hn]-Wnbpw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-bn¬ kmº-Øn-I, cmjvSo-b,IpSpw-_, kmwkvIm-cn-I, hnZym-`ymk, kaq-lnIÿm-]-\-ßƒ Fß-s\-bmWv ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv F∂p Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p. Hcp hy‡n Ch-aqew kaq-

l-Øn¬ FX-amXw \nb-¥n-°-s∏-Sp-∂psh∂pw Ahsb FX-amXw am‰n-sb-Sp-°m-sa∂pw a\- n-em-°n. hcpw]mT-`m-K-ß-fn¬ kaq -l-imkvXk¶¬∏-\-ßfpwAXnse Nne ]Z-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Spw. kaq-l-im-kvX-sa-∂Xv kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw kwL-ß-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-ß-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-am-Wv. CXns‚ ]T-\-hn-jbwkmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-I-sf∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ \Ω-psSs]cp-am-‰-ß-fm-Wv.

a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬Xß-fpsS kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn®v X\-Xmb coXn-bn¬ Hmtcm kaqlhpw \nco-£-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. hyXy-kvX kwkvIm-cß-fn-sebpw Ime-L- -ß-fn-sebpw XØz-Nn-¥-I-cp-sSbpw aX]p-tcm-ln-X-cp-sSbpw \nb-a-\n¿am-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw cN-\-Iƒ CXn\v sXfn-hm-Wv.

kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn®v aX-ß-fp-sSbpw Zm¿i-\n-I-cp-sSbpw ImgvN-∏mSv [m¿an-I-XbpwA[m¿an-I-Xbpw AS-ßnb a\p-jy-s]-cp-am-‰-sØ-°p-dn®pw A\p-Kp-Wamb Pohn-X-co-Xn-

e

ad-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cpI F∂-XmWv

GXv imkvX-sØ-bpw-t]mse

kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpw [¿aw

SCERT Ker

ala


I-sf-°p-dn®pw Hcp \√ kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn®pamIp-tºmƒ, kaq-lsØ kaq-l-imkvXw t\m°n°mWp-∂-Xv hyXy-kvX-am-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v "aqey-ßfpw' "hg-°-ßfpw' ]cn-tim-[n°mw. ta¬∏-d-™-h¿aqey-ßsfbpw hg-°-ßsfbpw ]n¥p-S-tc≠e£y-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bne√, Ah kaq-l-Øn¬ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ ]mh¿Øn-Iam-Ip∂coXn-°mWv ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂Xv.

cmPyßƒ XΩnep≈tXm cmjvSobambtXm Bb kwL¿jßƒ°nSbn¬FXn¿tNcnbpsS clkyßƒ tNm¿ØnsbSp°pI Ft∏mgpw KpWambn hn°mdp≠v.Aßs\bmIWsa¶n¬ ]£]mXclnXamb hnhcßƒ e`yamtI≠XvA\nhmcyamWv. Nmc≥ Xs‚ taeptZymKÿs‚ Xm¬∏cyßƒ°\pkrXambtXmlnXIcambtXm Bb hnhcßƒamXamWv \¬Ip∂sX¶n¬ B hnhcßƒXs‚ ]£Øn\v D]tbmKiq\yambnamdp∂p.

]o‰¿ _¿Pdns‚ A`n]mbØn¬,kaqlimkvX⁄≥ Hcp Nmcs\t∏mse]h¿Øn°Ww. Hcp ]tXyI kw`hsØ°pdn®v FXamXw IrXyXtbmSpIqSndnt∏m¿´v sNømtam, AXbpw IrXyambn

dnt∏m¿´v sNøWw. (]o‰¿ F¬. _¿P¿1963:16˛17)

V

kaq-l-im-kvXhpw kmam\y⁄m\hpw(Sociology and Common Sense

Knowledge)

aX-Øn-s‚bpw XØz-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpw\nco-£-W-ßƒ kaq-l-imkvX \nco-£-W-ß-fn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, kaq-l-imkvX\nco-£-W-ßƒkmam\y⁄m\ (Common Sense Knowl-

edge)- Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb \nco-£-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. kmam\yt_m[- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\wkzm`m-hn-Itam (Naturalistic) hy‡n-]-ctam(Individualistic) Bb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fmWv.kmam-\y-⁄m-\-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Nne \nK-a-\-ßƒ GsXmcp hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®pw\ap°v D≠m-tb-°mw. Ah icntbm sXt‰mBtb-°mw. Chbv°v bmsXmcp imkvXobASnØ-dbpw D≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-√.

kmam\y⁄m\\nco-£-W-ßƒ hy‡n-]-c-am-b-Xn-\mepw imkvXo-b-amb ASn-ØdC√m-Ø-Xn-\mepw kaq-l-imkvXw AhsbAwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.

$ imkvXo-b-amb coXn-imkvXw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.

$ Nn´-bm¿∂ tNmZy-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.$ ]T-\-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hnh-c-ti-J-cWØn

s‚bpw Hcp N´-°qSv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.$ Is≠-Ø-ep-Isf ho≠pw imkvXo-b-amb

]cn-tim-[-\bv°p hnt[-b-am°mw.$ F√m Adn-hp-I-sfbpw tNmZyw sNøm≥

A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p.$ Adn-hns‚ bmYm¿YysØ Adn-bm≥ ian-

°p∂p.

$ imkvXo-b-Xtbm N´-°qtSm ]p\∏-cn-tim-[-\tbm C√.

$ kzbw]Xn-^e\ (Self reflexivity)km[y-X-bn√.

$ kmam-\y-⁄m-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpsS D¬∏Øn tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-dn-√.

$ F¥n\v CXn¬ hniz-kn-°-W-sa∂tNmZy-an-√.

kaq-l-imkvXw kmam\y⁄m\w

SCERT Ker

ala


`h-\-c-mln-Xyhpambn _‘-s∏ v Zmcn-ZysØ-°p-dn®v \Ωƒ t\ctØ N¿®sNbvXn-cp-∂-t√m. a‰p kmaq-ln-I-]-iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-I. Ah Fßs\kaq-limkv-X-]-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-sa∂p Is≠-Øp-I.

$ P\-ßƒ°p tPmensNøm≥Xm¬∏cy-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v.

$ IpSpw_]iv\-ßƒ aqew.

$ IrXy-ambn hchpsNe-hp-Iƒk¥p-en-X-am-°m≥ Ign-hn√.

$ _p≤n-°p-dhpw kq£vaXbn-√m-bvabpw

$ kaq-l-Ønse h¿K Ak-a-Xz-amWv CXn\p Imc-Ww.

$ ÿnc-amb sXmgn -en -√m-ØXpsIm≠v

$ Ipd™ thX\w

$ Ah-k-c-ß-fn-√mbva

hni-Zo-I-cWw km-am-\y-⁄m\ hni-Zo-I-cWw kaq-l-imkvX hni-Zo-I-cWw

$ ZmcnZyw

kaq-l-imkvXw XØz-imkvXNn¥-bn¬\n∂pw aX-Nn-¥-bn¬\n∂pw kmam-\y-

⁄m\ [mc-W-I-fn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-ambn \n¬°p-∂p.

Hcp DZm-l-cWw t\m°mw:

Adn-hns‚ tkmX- p-Iƒ

⁄m\-\n¿anXn

A[n-Im-chpw]mc-º-cyhpw

kmam-\y-⁄m\w

tIkv ]T\w

sFXnlyßfpwA‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw

kz¥w A\p- -h-ßƒ

imkvXw

kzbw ]Xy-£-ambkzXzw

AwKo-Ir-X XØzw

SCERT Ker

ala


k¶¬∏\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-co-Xn--I-fp-sSbpw ZØ-ß-fp-sSbpw N -°qSv kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn-\p-≠v. Ahbv°v ]Icwhbv°m≥kmam-\y-⁄m-\-Øn\mhn-√. kmam-\y-⁄m\w kzbw-]-Xn-ê-\-Øn\v (Self Re-

flexivity) hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂n-√. F¥n\v \mw CXvhniz-kn-°-W-sa-∂ tNmZyw sNø-ep-≠m-Ip-∂n-√. F∂m¬ kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿ kz¥whnizmkw FX hne-s∏- -Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bmepw AXns\ tNmZyw sNøp-∂-hcm-bn-cn-°pw. imkvXob At\z-j-W-Øns‚hnim-e-X-bn¬\n-∂mWv kaq-l-imkv-X-Øns‚ Ia-_-≤-Xbpw tNmZyw-sN-ø-ep-Ifpw\n¿h-Nn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. B[p-\nIimkvX-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS kzm[o\w kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv sNep-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂pw kaq-l-im-kvX-ho-£-W-Øns‚ DZ-bsØ kzm[o-\n® kmaq-lnIkm-l-N-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw a\- n-em-t°-≠Xv kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ D¤-hw ]Tn-°m≥ A\n-hm-cy-amWv.

VI

kaq-l-imkvX \n¿an-Xn-bn¬_u≤nI Bi-b-ßfpsS ]¶v

(The Intellectual Ideas that went intothe making of Sociology)

kl-P-]-cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ (Natural Evolu-

tion) imkvXX-Øz-ßfpw ]q¿hm-[p-\nI

A]-Xo-£nX _‘-ßƒA—-\n¬\n-∂p aI-\n-te°p ]mc-ºcykzØv ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-SpI F∂XmWv C¥y≥kaq-l-Øn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn I≠ph-cp-∂Xv. ]nXr-Zm-bIIaw F∂ \ne-bn-emWvCXv a\- n-em-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kvXoIƒ°v ]mc-ºcykzØh-Imiw \¬I-s∏-Sn√ F∂pa\- n-em°n C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v Im¿Kn¬ bp≤-Øn¬ ac-W-s∏-´-h¿°p≈ \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-ØpI hn[-h-Iƒ°pXs∂ \¬Im≥ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn®p.

A]-Xo-£n-X-amb NneXp kw`-hn-®p. Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ hn[-h-Isf \n¿_-‘n-X-ambnacn-®-bm-fpsS ktlm-Z-c-ßsfs°m≠v hnhmlw Ign-∏n-®p. ]mb-Øn¬ Ipd-™-hcpwIpń-I-fp-ambnt∏mepw hnhmlw \S-Ø-s∏-´p. \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-ØpI acn® Bfp-I-fpsSIpSpw-_-Øn¬Øs∂ e`n-°m-\p≈ X¥-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. CØ-c-Øn¬ k¿°m-cn-s‚tbm kaq-l-Øn-s‚tbm ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS A]-Xo-£nX ]cn-WXêßƒ°va‰v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Is≠-Ømtam?

kaq-l-(Pre-modern Societies) sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ k©m-cn-I-fp-sSbpw tImf\n- -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄-scbpw \c-hw-i-im-kvX-⁄-tcbpwhf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o-\n-®p. kaq-lsØ ]ehn`m-K-ß-fmbn h¿Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kmaq-lnIhnI-k-\-Ønse L´-ßƒ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xn\pw CXv Ahsc klm-bn-®p. CXns‚ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kaq-lsØ ]e-X-c-Øn¬hn -Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-ßsf°p-dn®v19˛mw\q‰m-≠nse AKkvXv tImwtX, ImƒamIvkv, sl¿_¿ v kvs]≥k¿ F∂n-h-cpsSIrXn-I-ƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-p∂p.

$ \mbmSn kam-l-cWkaq-l-ßƒ, CSb˛ Im¿jnIkaq-l-ßƒ, Im¿jn-I˛hymh-km-bn-tI-Xc kaqlßƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ -]q¿hm[p\nI kaq-l-ß-fpwhymh-km-bnIkaq-l-ßsf t]mse-bp≈B[p-\nIkaq-l-ßfpw Ch-bv°p-Zm-l-c-WßfmWv.

Cu ho£Ww h®p]pe¿Øn-b-h¿,]m›m-Xy¿ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]ptcm-KXn ]m]n-®-hcpw kwkvImckº-∂-cp-am-sW∂p hniz-kn-®p. ]m›m-tXy-Xc kaq-l-ßsf A]-cn-jvIr-Xhpw Ahn-I-kn-X-hp-am-bmWv Ah¿I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. C¥y-bpsS sImtfm-Wn-b¬A\p- -h-sØbpw Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv

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]cn-jvIrX ]uc-k-aqlwF∂Xv \nb-X-a-√mØ, Cgp-In-

t®-cmØ kPm-Xo-b-ambH∂n¬\n∂p \nb-X-amb

Cg-pIn-t®¿∂ sshPm-Xy-Øn-te-°p≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bmWv.

˛sl¿_¿ v kvs]≥k¿

ImtW-≠-Xv. C¥y-bnse P\-ßsf A]-cn-jvIr-X-cm-bmWv sImtfm-Wn-b¬`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ I≠Xv (Singh, 2004: 19). ‘kaq-lsØ a\- n-em-°¬’ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬(NCERT - 2006) C¥y≥ kaq-l-imkvXNn¥-Iƒ, kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ Xm¬∏cy-ßfpw ioe-ßfpw hni-Z-ambn N¿®sNøp-∂p(Chowdary, 2003).

kaqlim-kv X -Øns‚ BZy -ImeNn¥sb G‰hpw kzm[o-\n-®Xv Um¿hns‚]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv.

Um¿hns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-am°nkaq-lsØ ]ecpw Hcp ssPh-h-kvXp-hmbnXmc-Xayw sNøm≥ XpS-ßn. Hcp ssPh-h-kvXp-hns‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]e L´-ß-fpap-≈Xpt]mse kaq-l-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Ønepw ]e L -ßƒ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ ia-ßƒ \S∂p.

\nch[n mKß-f-S-ßnb hyh-ÿn-Xn-bmbn

kaq-lsØ ImWp-∂Xpw Hmtcm `mK-hpwAh-c-h-cpsS [¿a-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xp-ambImgvN-∏mSv IpSpw-_w, hnZym-e-b-ßƒ, kmaq-lnIÿm-]-\-ßƒ F∂nh-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\sØ kzm[o-\n-®p. tiWo-I-c-W-sØ-t∏m-se-bp≈ LS-\m-]-c-amb Ah-ÿ-I-ƒ a\- n-em-°m\pw Ch Gsd klm-bn-®p. kaq-l-im-kvX -\n¿an-Xnbn-te°p \bn® uXn-Im-i-b-ß-fpsS ]¶v kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚

A\p- -hkn≤bmYm¿Yy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ (Em-

pirical Reality) ]T-\-Øn\v KpW-I-c-ambn amdn.

⁄mt\m -Z -bhpw (Enlightenment) ,

^©v hnπhw sIm≠p-h∂ kmaq-lnI-am-‰-ßfpw hnπ-hm-\-¥-c-ap-≠mb Acm-P-I-Xzhpw ^©v Nn¥-Icmb sk‚ vkntam-Wn-t\bpw AKkvXv tImwtXsb-bpw Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-®p. Cu am‰-ßsf ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-cpsS ]cn-i-a-ßƒ kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ D¤-h-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn.

SCERT Ker

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imkvX-hn-π-hhpw kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚\n¿an-Xnsb klm-bn® ss[j-WnI Bi-b-ß-fm-Wv.

]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Ønepw18˛mw \q‰m-≠nepw bqtdm-∏n-ep-≠mb Hcpss[j-WnI]ÿm-\-amWv ‘⁄mt\m-Z-bw.’bp‡n-°pw hy‡n-hm-Z-Øn\pw (Reason and In-

dividualism) AXv Du∂¬ \¬In. IqSmsXimkvXo-b-am-sbmcp kao-]\w AXp apt∂m-´ph-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C°m-eØv imkvX-hn-⁄m-\-Ønepwhenb apt∂-‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-ß-fpsS ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠va\p-jys‚ Ah-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®p ]Tn-°m≥Ign-bp-sa∂ [mcW CtXmsS hf¿∂p-h-∂p.DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, AXp-hsc Hcp "]mIr-XnI]Xn- m-k-ambn' I≠n-cp∂ Zmcn-ZysØ a\p-jys‚ A⁄-X-bpw Nqj-Whpw hcp-Øn-hbv°p∂ Hcp kmaqlnI]iv\-ambnImWm≥ XpS-ßn. AXn-\m¬ Zmcn-Zy-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m\pw ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øm\pwkm[n-®p.

⁄mt\m-ZbImeØv kmaq-ln-I-ambAh-ÿ-Iƒ (D-Zm. Zmcn-Zyw) a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n k¿th \S-Øp∂ kº-ZmbwBcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. am\-hnI]Xn-`m-k-ßsfAf-°m\pw Xcw-Xn-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-sa∂hnizm-k-amWv kmaq-lnIk¿th-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\w. F√m kmaq-lnIXn∑-Iƒ°p-ap≈]cn-lmcw Adn-hn-ep≈ ]ptcmK-Xn-bm-sW∂vB[p-\n-I-bp-K-Ønse BZy-Ime Nn¥-I¿hniz-kn-®p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\p kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmbn Icp-Xp∂ AKkvXvtImwtX (Auguste Comte) kaq-l-imkvXwa\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-sh∂p hniz-kn-®p.

VII

kaqlimkvX-Øns‚ \n¿an-Xnsbklm-bn® uXnI]iv\-ßƒ

(The Material Issues that went into

the making of Sociology)

hymh-km-bnIhnπhw apX-em-fn-Ø-sa∂Ne-\m-fl-I-]-h¿Ø-\sØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xm-Wv. hymhkmbnI D¬∏m-Z\hf¿®-bpsS Nme-I-i-‡n-bmbn apX-em-fnØhyh-ÿnXn amdn. apX-em-fn-ØØn¬ ]pXnbat\m-`m-h-ßfpw kmaq-lnI-ÿm-]-\-ßfpwDƒs∏-´p. ChnsS hyh-km-bn-Iƒ ÿnc-Xbm¿∂, em -Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Iam-\p-KXia-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏- p. e-]-Z-amb Pohn-X-Øn-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-ambn hn]Wn hf¿∂p.D¬∏-∂-ßƒ, tkh\-ßƒ, sXmgn¬ F∂nhIb-h-kvXp-°-fmbn (Commodities) Ah-bpsSD]-tbm-KsØ bp‡-amb IW-°p-Iq- -ep-I-fn-eqsS \n¿W-bn-®p.

hymh-km-bnIhnπ-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\wapX-em-fn-Ø-am-Wv. apX-em-fnØw kmº-ØnI]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v Du¿P-kz-eX]I¿∂p. AXv hymh-km-bnI D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v ]nd-Inse Nme-I-i-‡n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

kaq-l-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-Ifnepwhenb am‰-ßƒ sIm≠p-h∂ ]pXnb hymh-

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km-bnI kº-Zvhy-hÿ ]g-b-Xn¬\n∂phfsc hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. Cw•-≠m-bn-cp-∂p hymh-km-bnIhnπ-h-Øns‚ tIµw. hyh-km-b-h¬°-cWw sIm≠p-h∂ Zqc-hym-]-I-amb am‰-ßƒ a\ n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬ hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p apºp≈ Cw•-≠nsePohnXw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww.

hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p apºv _nń-jp-Im-cpsS ][m\ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ IrjnbpwhkvX-hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. P\-ß-fn¬ qcn-`m-Khpw Kma-ß-fn-emWv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.\ΩpsS C¥y≥ Kma-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-t]mseI¿j-Icpw qhp-S-a-I-fpw sIm√-\pw sNcp-∏p-Ip-Øn-bpw s\bvØp-Im-c-\pw Ipw`m-c-\pwBń-S-b-\pw aZy-hn¬∏-\-°m-c\pw Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kaqlw hfsc sNdpXpwtiWo-_-≤hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ P\-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS ]Z-hnbpw h¿Kÿm-\hpw hy‡-ambn \n¿hNn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. a‰p ]c-º-cm-KXkaq-l-ß-sft∏mse P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ASpØ ]c-kv]c_‘hpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-tØmsS Cu khn-ti-j-X-Iƒs°√mw am‰wh∂p.

hyh-kmbh¬°-c-W-tØmsS sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Xcw-Xm-gvØ-s∏-´p. hmWn-Py-a-fi-e-ßfnepw (Guild) Kma-Ønepw IpSpw-_-Øn-ep-sa√mw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°p e`n-®n-cp∂kwc-£Ww \jvS-am-bn. km[m-cW sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]Z-hn-bn-ep-≠mb Cu XI¿®]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fmb Nn¥-I-scbpw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cmb Nn¥-I-scbpw Hcp-t]mse\Sp°n.

hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ê-ambn\KctIµ-ßƒ hf-cm\pw hnI-kn-°m\pwXpS-ßn. AhnsS apºv \K-c-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂√, hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p-

apºv Ah-bpsS kz`mhw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv ][m\w. hymh-km-bnI \K-c-ßƒ XnI®pw ]pXp-a-bm¿∂ Hcp\mK-cnItemI-Øn\v P∑-ta-In. mIvS-dn-Iƒ,]pXnb hymh-km-bnI sXmfn-em-fn-h¿KwXnßn-∏m¿°p∂ tNcn-Iƒ, tami-s∏´ ipNo-I-cW kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ, amen\y°qºm-c-ßƒF∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ ][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. ]pXnb Xc-Øn-ep≈ kmaq-lnI_‘-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏- p.

Cw•-≠n¬ hyh-kmbh¬°-cWwkrjvSn® Hcp ][m\ am‰w apX-em-fnØhyh-ÿ-nXn-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-am-Wv. apX-em-fnØw ]pXnb at\m-`m-h-ßfpw h≥InSD¬∏m-Z-\hpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. CXv BcmPyØv ]pXnb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnIIa-Øn\v (Social Order) cq]w \¬In. apX-em-fnØ D¬∏m-Z\]In-b-bpsS ][m\khn-ti-j-X-I-fn¬ H∂mWv sXmgn¬ A]-N-bw (Degradation of Labour). em`w amXwe£y-am-°nb apX-em-fnØhyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬sXmgnepw sXmgn-em-fnbpw XΩn-ep≈ Bfl-_-‘mwiw C√m-Xm-hp-∂p.

hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ as‰mcpêw bm¥n-I-amb sXmgn¬hn`-P-\-am-Wv(Division of Labour). ]´m-f-Iym-ºp-Iƒ°pwImcm-Kr-l-ßƒ°pw kam-\-amb H∂mbn]pØ≥ kmº-ØnIhyh-ÿsb Nne¿I≠p. Imƒ amIvkv, mIvS-dnsb Hcp ]oU-t\m-]m-[n-bm-bmWp I≠-Xv. AtX- k-abwXs∂ hntam-N\kw -hy-hp-am-Wv (Poten-

tially Liberating). ChnsS sXmgn-em-fn-IƒIq´mb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚bpw anI® kml-N-cy-ßƒ°mbn kwL-Sn-X-amb ]cn-i-a-ß-fpsS A\n-h-mcy-X-sbbpw Ipdn®v ]Tn-®p.B[p-\nIkaq-l-Øns‚ kqN-I-ambnkmaqlnI-kw-L-mS-\-Øn\v LSn-Imckabw(Clock-Time) Db¿∂p-h-∂p. hymh-km-bnIapX-em-fn-Ø-Øn\p apºv sXmgn¬ Xmf-Iaw

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sXmgn-emfnh¿Kw Ab¬]°-ß-fn¬\n∂p tNcn-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v

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\n¿W-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv ]I¬shfn-®-am-bn-cp-∂p.apX-em-fnØw hymh-km-bnI D¬∏m-Z\wIrXy-\n-jvTamb ]h¿Ø-\-am-°n.

"kabw ]W-am-Wv, AXv ]mgm-°m-\p-≈-X√, sNe-h-gn-°m-\p-≈-XmsW∂' k¶¬∏wsXmgn¬ZmXmhpw sXmgn-em-fnbpw h®p]pe¿Øm≥ XpS-ßn. hyh-km-bhnπhwAßs\ kmaq-lnIcw-KØv henb Ne-\-ß-fp-≠m-°n.

][m-\-ambpw Hcp KmaoWkaq-l-am -bn -cp∂ _n´¨ hyh-kmbhnπ-h-Øn-eqsS FX s]s -

∂mWv \mK-cnIkaq-l-ambn amdn-b-Xv.Cu ]Inb C¥y-bn-te-Xn\v kam-\-am-bn-cpt∂m?

1810˛ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS Ccp-]XpiX-am-\hpw ] -W-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepwPohn-®n-cp∂p.

1910˛ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS F¨]-Xp-i-X-am-\hpw ] -W-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepwPohn-°p∂p.

]c-º-cm-KX Kma-Ønepwhyh-km-b-im-e-bnepw Imƒsk‚-dnepw sXmgn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏- n-cn -°p-∂Xv F∂p Is≠-ØpI.

hyh-kmbapX-em-fnØwKma-ß-fn-sebpw \K-c-ß-fn-sebpw C¥y≥ Pohn -XsØ Fßs\ am‰n-a-dn®pF∂p Is≠-Øp-I.

VIII

bqtdm-∏nse kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚Bcw- hpw hf¿®bpwF¥n\v ]Tn-°Ww?

(Why should we study the beginning

and growth of Sociology in Europe?)

]Xn-s\ v ]sØm≥]Xv \q‰m-≠nse apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw hyh-km-b-h-¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw hf¿®-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv bqtdm-]y≥ kaq-l-Øn¬ henb am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-®-Xv. Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ \K-c-h-¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw hymh-km-bnID¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]iv\-ßƒ F√m B[p-\nI kaq-l-Ønepw hyXykvXcoXn-bn¬]Xn-^-en-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥y≥kaq-lhpwCXn-s\mcp A-]-hm-Z-a√. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ c-W-Im-e-Øm-Wv C¥y≥ kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn -bmb ]T\w Bcw- n-®Xv . sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØns°m≠pamXta C¥y≥ kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚hf¿®-sb-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.sImtfm-Wn-b-en-kw hyh-km-bhnπ-h-Øn-s‚bpw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw k¥-Xn-bm-Wv. Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ bqtdm-∏nse kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ Bcw-`hpw hf¿®bpw ]Tn-®p-sIm-≠p- amXta \ap°v C¥y-bnse kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ D¤-h-sØ-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bq.

C¥y-bpsS NcnXw _n´njv apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-Øn-s‚bpwNcn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- -Xm-Wv.

]m›mXyapX-em-fnØw temI-sam- msIhym]n-°p-Ibpw temIsØ BsI kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¥ybpw tImf\n-hm-gvN-bpsS ImeØv BtKmfkº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-am -bn. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂kaqlimkvX]T\w bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂p XpS-tß≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p.

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]Xn-t\gpw ]sØm-ºXpw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ 24 Zi-e£w B^n-°-°m¿ ASn-a-I-fm-°-s∏- p. B[p-\nINcn-X-Ønse Ata-cn-°-bn-te-°p≈ henb P\-kwLß-fpsS am‰-Øn¬Cu ASn-a-I-fn¬ ]Xn-s\m∂p e£w t]¿ AXn-Po-hn®p. Chsc Ah-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬\n∂pw kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]dn -s®-SpØvtemI-Øns‚ hnhn[ CS-ß-fn¬ òI-c-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn\pth≠n tPmensbSp-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ASn-a-h-¬°-cWw B[p-\n -I-X-bpsShf¿®-bv°p-th≠n ASn-a-I-fm-°-s∏- -h-cpsS BK-l-ßƒ°vhncp-≤-ambn \S-Ø-s∏-´-h-bmWv.

1800˛Ifn¬ ASn-aØw F∂ ÿm]\w £bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. F∂m¬ CtX Ime-L-´-ØnemWv C¥y-bn¬\n∂p≈ Icm¿sØmgn-em-fn-Isf I∏-ep-I-fn¬ Ib‰n sXt° Ata-cn-°-bnepw shÃn≥Uoknepw ^nPn--Zzo]nepap≈ ]cpØntØm´-ß-fn-te°pw Icn-ºn≥tXm´-ß-fn-te°pw sIm≠p-t]m-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-®Xv. Cßs\ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\pt]¿ Ah¿ Hcn-°epw I≠n-ń-√mØ \mSp-I-fn¬ FØn-t®-cp-Ibpw \mń-te°p aS-ßm≥Ign-bmsX AhnsS h®p-Xs∂ acn-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. t\m_¬ ]pc-kvImctPXmhpwCw•ojv Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\p-amb hn.-F-kv.- s\-bvt]mƒ Ch-cn¬ Hcm-fpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-c-\m-Wv.

B¿.-sI. e£-va-Wns‚ bmX-°p-dn -∏p-Iƒ audojy-knseBtKmf tImf\n`qX-Im-ew ]cma¿in-°p-∂p:

“ChnsS B^n-°-°mcpw ssN\-°mcpw U®p-Imcpw t]¿jy-°mcpw Ad-_n-Ifpw ^©p-Imcpw Cw•o-jp--Imcpw _nlm-cn-IfpwXan-gcpw kt¥m-j-tØmsS Pohn-°p-∂p. Xang\v tamln-∏n-°p∂sXt° C¥y-≥ apJ-—m-bbpw H∏w AXn\p tbmPn® Hcpt]cpap≠m-Ipw. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, tKmhn-µ≥ F∂n-h¿ Xo¿®-bmbpw aZn-cm-in-I-fm-Wv. Rm≥ Xan-gn¬ kwkm-cn-®-t∏mƒ ^©vD®m-c-W-t`Z (Accent) Cw•o-jn¬ kwkm-cn®v Ah¿ Fs∂ AZv p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. tKmhn-µs‚ \mhn\v Ime-ß-fmbn ]dbmXn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Xangv Adn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.” (Laxman, 2003)

apX-em-fn-Øw; BtKm-fkz`m-hhpw Ak-a-Xz-am¿∂ kmaq-lnI]cn-h¿Ø-\hpw

SCERT Ker

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IX

C¥y-bn¬ kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚hf¿®

(The Growth of Sociology in India)

sImtfmWnbenkw B[p-\nIapX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp ][m\ mK-am-Wv. apX-em-fn-Ø-sØ-°p-dn®pw B[p-\nIkaq-l-Øns‚ ]eXe-ß-sf-°p-dn®pap≈ ]m›mXy kaq-l-im-kv X -⁄-cpsS IrXn -Iƒ C¥y-≥kmaqlnIam‰-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\vhfsc D]-Im-c-]-Z-ambn´p-≠v.

sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw C¥y-bn¬ FØn®hyh-km-b-h¬°-cWw ]m›m-Xy-tem-IsØhyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amsW∂p ImWmw.

Xt±-iob ]c-º-cm-KXhyh-km-b-ßsfkwc-£n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-amWv ]m›mXycmPy-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°nbXv. F∂m¬ C¥y≥ ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-ßsf XI¿Øp-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-amWv sImtfm-Wn-b-enkwChnsS sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. CuÃn¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ amIvkns‚A`n-]mbw Cu sshcp-[yw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p-.

kz¥w D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn\pth≠n C¥y-bnse Ic-Iu-i-e-˛-Ip-Sn¬hyh-km-b-ßsf \in-∏n-°p-s∂mcp \b-amWv CuÃn-¥ym- I-º\n kzoI-cn-®-Xv. ]cp-Øn-bpsS \mSmb C-¥y-bn-te°v Ah¿Ipd™ \nIp-Xn-\n-c-°n¬ ]cp-Øn-h-kvX-ßƒ Cd-°p-aXnsNbvXp. b¥-\n¿an-X-amb _n´njv ]cpØnhkvX-ß-fpsS ]f-b -Øn¬s∏´v C¥y-bnse ]cpØnhkvXhyh-kmbw XI¿∂-Sn -™XvamIvkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, ]m›mXyhyh-km-b-h¬°-cWwC¥y-bnse hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS hf¿® apc-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv.(Marx 1853, cited in Desai 1975)

sX‰n -≤m-cW \nd™ Bi-bßƒDƒs°m-≈p∂hbm-bn-cp∂p C¥y≥ kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]m›m-Xy-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ.AXpsIm-≠p -Xs∂ C¥y-≥ kaq -l-imkvXw Ahsb kq£va-X-tbmSpIqSnssIImcyw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. sImtfm-Wn-b¬DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw ]m›mXy]finX--cp-sSbpw hnh-c-W-ß-fn-emWv Ch ]I-Sn-∏n-°s∏-´-Xv. Ah-¿ ]ecpw C¥y≥kaq-lsØ "am‰-an-√mØ' H∂m-bmWv NnXo-I-cn-®-Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚ ssii-h-Z-i-bnep≈Hcp Ah-in-jvS-am-bmWv ]m›mXy Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Kma-ßsf I≠Xv. AtXkabw]m›mXykaq-l-Ønse Kma-ßsf Du¿P-kz-ehpw Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-ambn Ah¿ NnXo-I-cn-®p.

C¥ysb t]mep≈ cmPy-ß-fnsesImtfm-Wn-b¬ kzm[o-\-Øns‚ as‰mcpsXfn-hmWv kaq-l-im-kvXhpw (Sociology)

kmaql\c-hw-i-im-kvXhpw (Social Anthro-

pology) XΩnep≈ th¿Xn-cnhv. hymh-km-bnItemI-Øns‚ hni-I-e-\-Øn\v ]tXyIDu∂¬ \¬In-s°m-≠p≈ a\pjykwL-ß-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-ß-fp-sSbpw ]T\ambmWv]m›m-Xy¿ kaq-l-im-kvXsØ \n¿h-Nn-®Xv(Giddens, 2001). ""efnXkaq-l-ß-fp-sSbpw]m›m-tXyc kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ("CXc'kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sS)]T\''sØbmWv kmaq-lnI -\-c-hw-i-im-kvXsa∂p ]m›m-Xy¿th¿Xn-cn-®Xv.

Fw.F≥. io\n-hmkv Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p:""sshPm-Xy-ßfpw hep∏hpw Gsd-bp≈C¥y-sb-t∏m-ep≈ Hcp cmPyØv ]mtZinI-X, mj, aXw, hwiw, \K-c -Km-a-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ A\-h[n ‘a‰p-≈-h-cp-≠v’ (Others). C¥y-sb-t∏m-ep≈ Hcpkaq-l-Øn¬ B ‘a‰p-≈-h¿’ Ab¬]-°-Øp-Xs∂ D≠m-hpw...’’ (io\n-hmkv: 1966 :205)

SCERT Ker

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^mj≥, hkvX-[m-c-Ww, hn]-Wn-bn-S-ßƒ, \K-c-Ønse sXcp-hp-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v NcnXw,kaq-l-im-kvXw, cmjvS-ao-amw-k, [\-X-Øz-imkvXw F∂o imkvX-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-∂sX-ß-s\-sb-

√m-am-bn-cn°pw? N¿®sNøpI.

SCERT Ker

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]m‡\ (Primitive People) P\-hn- m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂pI¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-sfbpw hwi-kw-L-S-\-I-sfbpw kmaq-lnIh¿K-ß-sfbpw ]mNo-\-kw-kvIm-c-ß-sf-bpw B[p-\nI hymh-km-bnIkaq-l-sØ-bpw Ip-dn®v ]Tn-°p∂ hnj-b-ambn C¥y≥ \c-hw-iimkvXw kmh-[m\wamdn. C¥y≥ kaq-l-im-kvXhpw \c-hw-i-im-kvXhpw XΩn¬ Ab-hn-√mØ hyXym-k-ßƒ H∂pw-X-s∂-bn-√. B[p-\n-I-Xbpw]mc-º-cyhpw XΩnepw Kmahpw alm-\-K-chpwXΩnepw \ne-\n¬°p∂ hyXym-k-ß-fmImwCXn-\p -Im-c-Ww.

X

kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ hym]vXn(Scope of Sociology)

hn]p-e-amb hym]vXn-bp-≈- ]T-\-hn-j-b-amWv kaq-l-im-kvXw. kaq-l-imkvXwi≤-tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-Øns‚ hni-I-e-\-Ønem-Wv. I®-h-S-°m-c\pw D]-t`m-‡mhpw ,hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw A[ym-]-Icpw, kplr-Øp-°ƒ XΩn¬, IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ°nS-bn¬ ˛Chn-S-ß-fn-sems° \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]mc-kv]-cysØ kaq-l-imkvXw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

tZiob]iv\-ß-fmb sXmgn-en-√m-bva,PmXn, hnhn[ kwL¿jßƒ, tKmX-P-\-X-bpsS h\-Øn-t∑-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬cmjvSo-b-\-b-ßƒ hcp-Ønb am‰-ßƒ,KmaoW]iv\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h ]Tn-°m\pwkaq-l-im-kvX-Øn\p Ign-bpw.

BtKmf]iv\-ß-fmb sXmgn¬\nb-¥-W-ßƒ, \h-am-[y-a-ß-ƒ°v bph-P-\-ß-fnep≈ kzm[o-\w, hnZym-`ymkkº-Zm-b-Øn-te°p hntZi k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fpsS IS-

∂p-h-chv F∂n-hsbms° kaq-l-imkvXhni-I-e-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-amhpw. kaq-l-imkvXw F∂Xv F¥p- ]-Tn-°p∂p F∂p-≈-X√, -hn-j-bsØ Fßs\ ]Tn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv.

XI

kaq-l-imkvXØn\v a‰pkmaq-lyimkvX

hnj-b-ß-fp-ambp≈ _‘w(Its Relationship to other Social

Science Disciplines)

kmaqlyimkvX hnj-b-ß-fn¬ H∂p-am-X-amWv kaq-l-im-kvXw. \c-hw-i-im-kvXw,kmº-ØnIimkvXw, cmjvS-ao-amw-k,NcnXw F∂n-hbpw kmaq-ly-im-kvX-ß-fn¬Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. hnhn[ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-ßƒXΩn-ep≈ hn`-P\w IrXy-a-√. ]e Bi-b-ßfpw ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂p-s≠¶nepw AhXΩn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb hyXym-k-ßfp≠v.

kmaqlyimkvX-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂XvAhbv°nS-bn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ s]cp-∏n®pImWn-°p-Ibpw kmay-ßƒ ad-®p-hbv°p-IbpwsNøpw. AXn-\m¬ A¥¿hn-j-bmflI-amb(Interdisciplinary) Hcp kao-]-\-amWv \ap-°m-h-iyw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, enwK-]Z-hnbpw ]¶pw(Gender Status and Role) F∂-Xns‚ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn-sebpw cmjvS-ao-amw-k-bn-sebpwkzm[o-\sØ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ IpSpw-_-Øns‚kaq-l-im-kvXhpw sXmgn¬hn- -P-\-hpw ]cn-K-Wn-°mXn-cn-°m≥ km[n-°n√.

kaq-l-im-kvXhpwkmº-Øn-I-im-kvXhpw(Sociology and Economics)

kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXw km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpwtkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw D¬∏m-Z-\˛hnX-cW

SCERT Ker

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XØz-ß-sf -°p -dn -®p≈ ]T-\ -amWv .]mamWnI kmº-Øn-I-imkvXw ( Classi-

cal Economics) hne, tNmZ-\w, hnX-c-Ww,]W-Øns‚ Hgp°v, kºm-Zyw, \nt£]w XpS-ßnb ]Xn- m-k-ßƒ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p.kº-Øn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-amWv kmº-ØnIimkvX-Øns‚ tIµ-_n-µp. ]c-º-cmKX kmº-ØnIimkvXw hnc-f-amb Nc-°p-I-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw kmº-ØnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse Adn-hp-I-fnte°vi≤ tIµo-I-cn®ncp∂p. cmjvSob kmº-ØnIimkvX (Political Economics) kao-]-\-Øm¬ kzm[o-\n-°-s∏´ kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿ kmº-Øn-I-]-h¿Ø-\sØ (Eco-

nomic Acitivity) D¬∏m-Z\ D]m-[n-bp-am-bp≈_‘-Øn-s‚bpw DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚bpwhnime N´-°q-ń¬ ImWm≥ ian-°p-∂p.

P\-ßƒ Fßs\ Xnc-s™-Sp -°p∂p F∂-XmWvkmº-Øn-I-imkvXwN¿® -sN -øp -∂ -sX -¶n¬, F¥p-sIm≠vP\-ßƒ°p Xnc -s™-Sp-°m≥ H∂p-an-√m-Xm-hp-∂Xv F∂-XmWv kaq-l-imkvXØns‚ Xm¬∏-cy-ta-Je.

s_¿S‚ v sd ¬

^mIvS-dn-Iƒ, _m¶p-Iƒ, hym]m-cw, KXm-KXw XpS-ßnb kmº-ØnIÿm]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Cu hn⁄m-\-imJ ]T\w \S-Øp-∂p. kmº-ØnI s]cp-am-‰-Øns‚ IrXy-amb\nb-a-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-XmWv kmº-ØnIhni-I-e-\-Øns‚ ][m\ e£yßfn¬ H∂v.

$ ]c-ky-ßƒ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ P\-ß-fpsS D]-t`m-K-I-asØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xmbn \nßƒ°p tXm∂n-bn-´pt≠m?

$ '\√ PohnXw' F∂Xp kmº-Øn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ amXw \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m?

$ sNe-hm-°epw an®w-h-bv-°epwkmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn \n¿an-°-s∏íoe-ß-fmsW∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pthm?

kmº-ØnIimkvXØns‚ hym]vXnhfsc hep-XmWv. kml-N-cy-ßƒ°v A\p-k-cn®v kmº-ØnIimkvX-Øn\v D≈-S-°-Ønepw am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p≠v.kaq-l-imkvX kao-]\w kmº-ØnI s]cp-am-‰-ßsf kmaq-ln-I-I-a-ßƒ, aqey-ßƒ,ioe-ßƒ, Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ XpS-ßnb hn]p-e-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p.tIm¿]td‰v hn`m-K-Ønse amt\-P¿am¿tImSn-Iƒ apX¬ap-S°n ]ckyw sNøp-∂XvI≠n-´p-≠t√m. P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-ssi-enbpw D]-t`m-K-Xm¬∏-cy-ßfpw Ah¿ ]c-ky-ß-fn-eqsS am‰n-sb-SpØv Xß-fpsS D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hn]-W\w sNøp-∂p. kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXhpw kaq-l-im-kvXhpw CXn\vAh¿°v ]tbm-P-\-Ic-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p.kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-Øn¬ Nne ]pØ≥]h-W-X-Iƒ DS-se-Sp-Øhbn¬ -H∂mWvsân-\nÃv kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXw. kaq-l-Øns‚ kwLm-S-\-Øn¬ kvXoIƒ°p≈]¶ns\ AXv ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, Fßs\-bmWv ho´p-tPmen ]pd-Øp≈D¬∏m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Ah¿ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.

kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX⁄cpsS kmt¶-XnI ]Z-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep≈ IrXy-Xbpw Af-

SCERT Ker

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hp-I-fpsS kq£v-a-Xbpw kaq-l-imkvX⁄-cn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw Akqb Df-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.Xß-fpsS kn≤m-¥-ßsf ]mtbm-KnIXe-Øn-te°p am‰p-∂-Xn¬ kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-⁄-¿°p Ign-hp-≠v. CXv s]mXp-\-b-cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p.

IrXy-amb ]h-N-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬Nnes∏msgms° kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-⁄-¿°p ]mfn® ]‰mdp≠v. kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿]Tn-°p∂ Nne taJ-e-Isf (hy-‡n-]-c-ambs]cp-am-‰w, kmwkvIm-cnI amXr-I-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-]-c-amb sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v) Ah¿ Ah-K-Wn-°p∂-XmWv CXn\p ImcWw.

]obdn t_mUntbm (Pierre Bourdieu)1998˛¬ FgpXn: Hcp icn-bmb kmº-Øn-I-imkvXw Iº-\n-I-fpsS aqeyßsfkw_-‘n® DXvIWvT-Isf amX-a√,kºZvLS-\-bpsS F√mX-e-Øn-ep≈aqey-sØbpw ImWm≥ ian-°p-∂p. H∏wIp‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ, Bfl-l-Xy-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh-bpw.

kaq-l-imkvXw kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-sØ-t∏mse kmt¶-Xn-I-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ\¬Im-dn-√. F∂m¬ tNmZyw sNøm\pwhna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m\pw AXv t]m’m-l-\w \¬Ip-∂-Xp-aqew ASn-ÿm\[mc-W-Isf tNmZyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p.

kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ Cu \ne-]mSv Hcp-\n-›nX e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ kmt¶-XnIam¿K-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈ N¿®bv°v CS-\¬Ip-Ibpw B e£y-Øns‚, kmaq-lnI A`n-e-j-Wo-b-Xbpw N¿®mhnt[-b-am-°pIbpwsNøp-∂p. ka-Im-eo-\-]-h-W-X-Iƒ kmº-ØnI kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-∞m\wkqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXn-\p-Im-cWw Hcp-]t£kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnim-ehpw hna¿i-\mfl-I-hp-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sm-Wv.

ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambnkaq-l-imkvXw kmaq-lnIkm-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS aXn-bmb hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Ip-∂p.AXv hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Adn-hn-eq-sStbmF¥p-sIm-≠Xv kw -hn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ssk≤m-¥nI Adn-hp-I-fn-eq-sStbm(Theoritical Knowledge) Bbn-cn-°pw.

kaq-l-im-kvXhpw cmjvS-ao-amw-kbpw(Sociology and Political Science)

kaqlimkvX-Øn-s‚bpw cmjvS-ao-amw-k-bp-sSbpw coXn-Ifpwkao-]-\-ßfpw XΩn¬_‘-ap-≠v. ]c-º-cm-KX cmjvS-ao-amwkapJy-ambpw cmjvSobkn≤m-¥w, Kh¨sa‚ v`c-W-w F∂o c≠p-hn-j-b-ß-fn-emWv i≤]Xn -∏ n -® n - c p∂ -X v .cmjvSob s]cp-am-‰-Øn\v (Political Behaviour)

AXv Hcp ]m[m-\yhpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√.tπt‰m apX¬ amIvkv hsc-bp -≈-h¿Kh¨sa‚n-s\-°p-dn®v h®p]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂Bi-b-ß-fn-emWv "cmjvSobkn≤m¥w'i≤tIµo-I-cn-®-Xv. k¿°mcns‚ Hu]-Nm-cnILS-\-bv°mWv "Kh¨sa‚ v`cW'sØ°p-dn-®p≈ cmjvS-ao-amw-k-bpsS ]T-\-ßƒ Du∂¬ \¬In-b-Xv, AXns‚ bYm¿Y]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°-√.

kaq-l-im-kvXhpw cmjvS-ao-amw-kbpw˛ hyXym-k-ßƒ

kaq-l-Øns‚ F√m Xe-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]T-\-amWv kaq-l-im-kvXw. F∂m¬apJy-ambpw A[n-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX cmjvS-ao -amw-kHXpßn\n¬°p-∂p.

SCERT Ker

ala


k¿°m¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ÿm]-\-ßƒXΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c_‘-ßƒ°v kaq-l-imkvXw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-tºmƒ k¿°mcn-\p≈nep≈ ]In-b-Iƒ°v cmjvS-ao-amwki≤sNep-Øp-∂p.

$ ]c-kv]cw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bØn\pw]Xn - ] -h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw H∏wkzm[o-\n-°-s∏-S-en\pw hn⁄m-\-im -J -Iƒ CS -\¬Ip -∂pt≠mF∂p N¿®sNøpI.

$ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v Ah-tem-I-\-]-T-\-ß-fn¬ kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpwcmjvS-ao-amw-k-bp-sSbpw hnti-j -e-£-W-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign -bp -∂pt≠m?

Cu hyXym-k-ß-ƒ°nS-bnepw kaq-l-im-kvXhpw cmjvS-ao-amw-kbpw XΩn-ep≈_‘w i‡-amWv. c≠p-hn-j-b-ßfpw kam-\-amb Kth-jWXm¬∏-cy-ßƒ ]¶phbv°p-∂p. amIvkv sh_-dn-s\- t]m-e-p≈ kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄-¿ "cmjvSobkaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ taJ-e-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-®n-´p-≠v.cmjvSobs]cp-am-‰-Øns‚ bYm¿Y ]T-\-Øn-emWv cmjvSobkaq-l-imkvXw i≤tIµo-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, C¥y-bn¬ \S∂ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ kΩ-Xn-Zm-\-Øns‚ cmjvSobamXr-I-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈hym]-I-amb ]T-\-ßƒ \ap°p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. cmjvSobkwL-S-\-I-fnse Aw-K-Xzw,kwL-S-\Ifn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p∂ ]In-b, cmjvSob∏m¿´n-Iƒ°v ]n¥pW e`n-°m-\p≈ kmaq-lnIImc-W-ßƒ, cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ enwK-t -Z-Øns‚ ]¶v XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]T-\-ßƒ \S-∂n- p-≠v.

kaq-l-im-kvXhpw Ncn-Xhpw(Sociology and History)

Ncn-X-Im-c¿ qX-Im-e-sØ- Ipdn®v ]Tn°p-∂p. Ign-™-Ime kw`-hhnIm-kßƒ

NcnXw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw ]p\¿\n¿an-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ ka-Im-en-I-amb kw -h-hn-Im-k-ß-ƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-XnemWv kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄-¿°p IqSp-X¬ Xm¬∏cy-ap-≈Xv.

kaq-l-im-kvXhpwNcn-Xhpw

bYm¿Y kw -h-hnIm-k-ßsf NnXo-I-cn-°pIbpw Ah bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Fßs\bmWvkw -hn-®sX∂v ÿm]n-°pIbpw sNøp-∂-Xn-emWv ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ Ncn-X-w i≤ tIµo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ kw -h-hn-Im-k-ß-fpsSImcy˛-Im-cW (Cause-effect) _‘-ßƒÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv kaq-l-imkvXwi≤n®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

aq¿Ø-amb (Concrete) hni-Zmw-i-ßƒNcnXw ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ kaq-l-imkvXw Ah-bn¬\n-∂p≈ Aaq¿Ø-Xsb ]Tn-°p-∂p.Ahsb C\-ß-fmbn h¿Ko-I-cn-°p-Ibpwkmam-\y-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

cmPm°-∑m-cp-sSbpw bp≤-ß-fp-sSbpw hnh-c-W-amWv ]c-º-cm-KXNcnXw. ]In´p Ipd-™, As√-¶n¬ Bthiw P\n-∏n-°mØ`qhpS-a-ÿ-X-bnepw _‘-ß-fnep-ap≈ am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn-t®m IpSpw-_-Øn-\p≈nse enwK-]-c-amb _‘-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m Imcy-amb ]T-\-ß-sfm∂pw ]c-º-cm-KX Ncn-X-w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄-¿ apJy-ambpwi≤-bq-∂nbXv Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.

SCERT Ker

ala


$ Ncn-X-Imc¿ Fß-s\-bmWv Ie,Imbn-I-cwKw, hkv-X-ßƒ, mj≥,Krl-\n¿am-W-ssien, X®p-im-kvXwXpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Ncn-X-c-N\- \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈-sX∂p Is≠-Øp-I.

C∂p NcnXw IqSp-X¬ kmaq-ln-I-am-Wv.kmaq-lnINcn-X-amWv Ncn-X-Øns‚ D≈-S-°w. c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ,bp≤-ßƒ, cmP-hmgvN F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ Ncn-X-Im-c¿- ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂Xv kmaqlnIamXr-I-Iƒ°pw enwK-]-c-amb _‘-ßƒ-°pw hg-°-ßƒ°pw BNm-c-ßƒ°pw][m\ kmaq-lnIÿm]-\-ßƒ°p-am-Wv.

kaq-l-im-kvXhpw a\»mkvXhpw(Sociology and Psychology)

a\-»m-kvXsØ s]cp-am-‰-Øns‚ im-kvX-am-bmWv ]e-t∏m-gpw a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≈-Xv. a\»mkvX-Øn\v apJy-ambpw hy‡n-bpsS ]T-\hpw _p≤nbpw Hm¿abpw ]tNm-Z-\hpw \mUo-hyq-lhpw ]Xn-I-cWka-bhpw ]Xo-£-bpw Bi-¶-Ifpsams°bmWvXm¬∏cy-hnj-b-ßƒ.

kmaq-lnIkw-L-ß-fnepw a‰pw AbmƒFßs\ s]cp-am-dp∂p F∂-Xnepw Xm¬-∏cyw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.

kaq-l-imkvXw kmaq-lnIs]cp-am-‰-sØ-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p.kmº-ØnI cmjvv-Sobhyh-ÿ, IpSpw-_w,c‡-_-‘w, kwkvIm-cw, \m´p-\-S-∏p-Iƒ,aqey-ßƒ XpSßnb kaq-l-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX hi-ßƒ hy‡n-XzsØ Fßs\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p F∂pw AXv ]Tn-°p-∂p. Fan¬Zp¿Jow (Emile Durkheim) Bfl-l-Xy-sb°pdn-®p≈ ]i-kvX-amb ]T-\-Øn¬Bfl-lXy sNøp-∂-h-cpsSbpw sNøm≥ian-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw hy‡n-]-c-amb Dt±iy-ßsf kmaq-lnIkhn-ti-j-X-I-fp-ambn_‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

kaq-l-im-kvXhpwkaq-l\c-hw-i-im-kvXhpw(Sociology and Social Anthropology )

a\pjys‚ efnX kaq-l-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈kaK]T-\-amWv \c-hw-i-im-kvXw. uXnI\c-hw-i-imkvXw, kmwkvIm-cn-INcnXw,`mjmimkvX-Øns‚ hn`m-K-ßƒ XpS-ßnbhnj-b-ß-sf-√mw AXv Dƒs°m≈m-dp-≠v.kaql\c-hw-i-im-kvXhpw kmwkvIm-cnI\c-hw-i-im-kvXhpw \Ωƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn\p ImcWw Ch c≠pw kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]T-\-hp-ambn ASp-Øp-\n¬°p-∂pF∂-XmWv.

kaq-l-im-kvXhpw \c-hw-i-im-kvXhpwXΩn¬ D‰_‘-ap-s≠-¶nepw Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. kaq-l-im-kvX-sØbpw \c-hw-i-im-kvX-sØbpw th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ apJy-L-SIw Ime-am-Wv. ]mIr-X-k-aq-l-ßsf AYhm efnXkaq-l-ß-sf-bmWv\chw-i-imkvXw ]T\hnj-b-am-°p-∂-Xv.kaql-imkvXw ka-Im-enIkaq-lßsf-°pdn®pw ]Tn-°p-∂p.

kaq-lnI-a-m[yaw F∂Xv kmt¶XnIhn-Zy-tb-°mƒ kaq-l-im-kvX-sØbpw

a\-»m-kvX-sØbpw Ipdn-®m-Wv.

˛_bn≥ tkmfokv˛

kaqla\»mkvXw a\»mkvX-sØbpwkaq-l-im-kvX-sØbpw ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ]me-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂p. a\-»m-kvXhpw kaq-l-im-kvXhpw ]mY-an-I-ambnhy‡n-bn¬ i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw

SCERT Ker

ala


Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb Ncn-Xtam Poh-N-cn-Xtam D≠v. kmaq-l\c-hw-i-imkvXw cq]w-sIm-≠Xv ]m›mXy temI-Øm-Wv. ]m›mXy ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® kaq-lo\c-hwi imkvX-⁄¿ bqtdmt∏Xckaq-l-ß-sf- hnNn-Xhpw tæ—hpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-hp-ambn NnXo-I-cn-®p. ]Tn-®-hcpw ]Tn-°-s∏-´-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ Cu Ak-a-amb_‘w ]e-t∏mgpw apºp ]cm-a¿in-®-Xp-t]m-se-b√, Ct∏mƒ Imew amdn. apºsØ "Xt±-io-b¿' Ah¿ C¥y°m-tcm kpUm-\n-I-tfm\mK-∑mtcm k¥m-fp-Itfm Bcp-am-bn-s°m-≈s´, Ah-cn-t∏mƒ Xß-fpsS kaq-l-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-bm\pw Fgp-Xm\pw XpS-ßn.ap≥Im-e-ß-fnse \c-hw-i-im-kvX-⁄-¿ ]pd-tabv°v \njv]-£hpw imkvXo-b-hp-ambcoXn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-sW∂v tXm∂-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ efnXkaq-l-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒtcJ-s∏-Sp -Øp -I -bp -≠m -bn . F∂m¬]m›mXy B[p-\nIkaq-l-ß-fp-ambn Cukaq-l-ßsf Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWvbYm¿Y-Øn¬ Ah¿ sNbvX-Xv.

kaq-l-im-kvvX-Øns‚bpw kaq-l\c-hw-i-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpw ]Ir-XsØ ]p\¿\n¿hNn® a‰p Nne am‰-ßfpw D≠m-bn- p-≠v.AXn-sem-∂mWv B[p-\n-I-X. B[p-\n-I-X-

aqew sNdnb Kma-ßƒt∏mepw BtKm-f-]-In-b-I-fm¬ kzm[o-\n-°-s∏-´p. CXn\v \√Hcp DZm-l-c-W-amWv tImf\n-h¬°-c-Ww.

hfsc hnZq-cKmaßfn¬t∏mepw _nńjvkzm[o-\-Øm¬ q\n-b-a-ß-fnepw cWX¥-ß-fnepw am‰-ßƒ t\cn- Xpw \nIpXntiJ-c-W kº-Zm-b-Øn¬ am‰w h∂Xpw D¬∏m-Z-\-tI-µ-ßƒ XI¿∂Xpw \mw I≠-Xm-Wv.ka-Im-enI BtKm-f-]-In-b-Iƒ (Global Pro-

cess) `qtKm-f-Øns‚ Npcp-ß-ens\ Du∂n-°m- p-∂p.

kaq-l-imkvXw B[p-\n-Ihpw k¶o¿W-hp-amb kaq-l-ß-fpsS ]T-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬kaq-lI\c-hw-i-imkvXw efn-X-k-aq-l-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-∂p.

C¥y-bnse ]mIrX/BZna ˛ kaq-l-ß-fpsSt]cpIƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

efnXkaq-l-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈ ]tZ-i-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ khn-tij ]T\-ß-fmWv \-c-hw-i-imkvXw \S-Øn-bXv. DZm:B¥-am≥ Zzo]p-Iƒ. \yqdkv As√-¶n¬sae-t\jym k¶o¿W kaq-l-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv kaq-l-imkvXw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ kaq -l-Øns‚ `mK -ß-fmb_yqtdmIkn, aXw, PmXn, kaqlNe-\-£-aX (Social mobility) F∂n -h -bn¬i≤tIµo-I-cn-°p∂p.

kaq-l-\-c-hw-i-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]T-\-am¿Kw kpZo¿L-amb ô¬Uv h¿°v ]mc-º-cy-amWv. Ah¿ ]Tn-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ kaq-l-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn®v FXvt\mKm^nIv (Eth-

nography) ]T\am¿K-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. kaq-l-imkvXwBi-bn-°p-∂Xv k¿th, tNmZym-hen XpS-ßnb am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS tiJ-cn-°p∂ kmw-Jyhnh-c-ß-sf-bmWv (Quantitative data).

kaq-l-im-kvXhpwkaq-l\c-hw-i- im-kvXhpw

kaq-l-im-kvXhpwkaq-l\c-hw-i- im-kvXhpw

SCERT Ker

ala


C∂v k¶o¿Wk-aq-l-sa-∂Xn\pw efnX-kaql-sa-∂-Xn\pw CS-bn-ep≈ hyXym-k-sØ-°p-dn®v ]p\¿hnNn-¥\w Bh-iy-am-Wv.C¥y≥kaqlw F∂-Xp-Xs∂ k¶o¿W-amb IqSn-t®-c-emWv; ]mc-º-cyhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw, Kmahpw \K-c-hpw, h¿Khpw BZnhm-kn-I-fpw. \yqU¬ln-bpsS \K-c-k-ao-]Øp-Xs∂ Kmaw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Imƒsk‚-dp-Iƒ C¥ybnse Kma- -\-K-c-ßsf bqtdm-∏n-sebpw Ata-cn-°-bn-sebpw CS-]m-Sp-Im-cp-ambn t\cn´p _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kz¥hpwkz¥-a-√m-Ø-Xp-amb kwkvIm-c-ßsfC¥y≥ kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿ ]Tn-°m-dp-≠v.B[p-\nI C¥y≥ k¶o¿Wkaq-l-sØbpwtKmXkaq-l-sØbpw Htct]mse C¥y≥kaq-l-imkvXw ka-K-ambn ]Tn-°p-∂p.

efn-X-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS ]X-\-tØmsS kaql\c-hw-i-im-kvX-Øn\v AXns‚ X\na\jvS-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn¬AXv ebn-°p-sa∂pw Bi¶ Db¿∂n-cp-∂p.F∂m¬ c≠p hnj-b-ßfpw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]c ssIam-‰-ßƒ \S-Øn-s°m≠v Kth-j-W-co-Xn-Ifpw kº-Zm-b-ßfpw ]c-kv]cwISw-sIm≠p. XZv -e-ambn ]c-º-cm-KX ]T-\-hn-j-ß-f-√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw cmjvS-sØ-°p-dn-

®pw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈]T-\-ßƒ \c-hw-i-im-kvX-Øns‚ mK-ambncq]w sIm≠-t∏mƒ, B[p-\nIkaq-l-ß-fpsS k¶o¿WX ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\v kaq-l-imkvXw KpWm-fl-Ihpw (Qualitative)kmwJyI-hp-amb (Quantitative) coXn-Ifpwÿqehpw kq£v-a-hp-amb kao-]-\-ßfpwD]-tbm-Kn®p.

A[ymbw 5˛¬ Cu N¿® XpS-cpw. Fs¥-∂m¬, C¥ysb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kaq-l-im-kvXhpw kaq-l-\-chwi-im-kvXhpwXΩn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw ASp-Ø-_‘w \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

kaqlimkvX ImgvN (Sociological Eye)

1998˛¬ tUm. c¨U¬ tImfn≥kv (Dr. Randall Collins) apt∂m´ph®k¶¬∏\amWnXv. kaqlimkvX ImgvN (Sociological Eye) hnIkn∏n®m¬\ap°v kaqlØn\pffn¬ IS∂v Ah Fßs\ ]h¿Øn°p∂p F∂p ImWm≥km[n°pw. Hcp hy‡n, kmaqlnIi‡nIsf (Social forces) cq]s∏SpØp∂XpwAhbm¬ cq]s∏Sp∂Xpw Xncn®dnbm≥ Ignbp∂p. kwkvImcw Hcp hy‡nbn¬i‡ambn sNepØp∂ kzm[o\sØ ]Tn°m≥ CXp klmbn°p∂p. \ΩƒP\n®Xpw hf¿∂Xpw ]©m_ntem antkmdmantem Xangv\m´ntem, As√¶n¬hntZitØm Bbncps∂¶n¬, _mlyamb am‰ßƒ H∂pw Xs∂ \Ωfn¬

A¬∏w-IqSn

SCERT Ker

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⁄mt\m-Zbw (Enlightenment)

]Xn-t\gpw ]Xn-s\´pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ bqtdm-]y≥ kaq-l-Ønep≠mb ASn-ÿm\ imkvX-hnIm-khpw Ah D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ kmt¶-Xn-hn-Zy-bpsShf¿®-bpw, XpS¿∂p-≠mb Im¿jn-I- -hym-h-km-bn-I-cw-K-ß-fnse D¬∏m-Z-\-h¿[-\hpw a\pjy-cpsS Nn¥m-a-fi-e-Øn¬ henb am‰-ßƒ krjvSn-®p. pan--tI-µo-Ir-X-amb ]]-©sØ kqcy-tI-µoIr-X-am°n tIm∏¿ \n°kv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xpw,kuc-bqYw H∂msI Nen--®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂p Keo-entbm kn≤m-¥n-®XpwA∂p \n-e-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]m›mXy Bi-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ (Western Idealism) ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ hn≈--ep-I-fp-≠m-°n. a\p-jys‚ A∂p-hscbp≠m-bn-cp∂ Nn¥mafie-Øn-ep-≠mb i‡-amb Cu ]I-º-\-sØ- ⁄mt\m-Zbw (Enlightenment) AYhmss[j-Wn-I-hnπhw (Intellectual Revolution) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. (Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿, 2018)

B[m-c-KŸwIm¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿, 2018. Ncn-X-Øns‚ kjvSm-°fpw Ncn-X-Øns‚ krjvSn-Ifpw; hn⁄m-\-ssI-c-fn, tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

Is≠∂p hcpIbn√mbn-cn-°mw. ]t£, \ΩpsS aqeyßƒ, hnizmkßƒ,BZ¿ißƒ, [¿aßƒ F∂nhbn¬ hyXymkßƒ D≠mIp∂p. kvXo˛]pcpj]¶mfnØØn¬, aXZ¿i\Øn¬, sXmgn¬e£yßfn¬, hnZym`ymkØn¬XpSßn F√m‰nepw B ]tXyI kwkvImcØns‚ kzm[o\w D≠mIpw.

kaqlimkvX ImgvN D]tbmKn°p∂ kaq-l-imkvXhnZym¿Yn kaqlsØhyXykvX Xeßfn¬ ImWm≥ ian°p∂p. Ah¿ a‰p≈h¿ hn´pt]mIp∂]eXpw X\Xmb ho£WtImWneqsS ]Tn°p∂p F∂p amXa√, ssZ\wZn\kmaqlnIIaßfpsS ]pXp_‘ßƒ Is≠ØpIbpw sNøp∂p.

B[m-c-KŸwKorgen. K.O. (etal) 2009. The Engaged Sociologist. USA, Pine Forge Press.

SCERT Ker

ala


apXemfnØw (Capitalism)

ssIam‰hn]Wnsb ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbp≈ Hcp kmºØnIkwcw`amWnXv.hkvXphIIƒ, [\w, b¥ßƒ F∂o aqe[\ßƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØns°m≠vemt`—tbmSpIqSn D¬∏mZ\w \SØp∂p. D¬∏mZt\m]m[nbpsSbpw aqe[\-Øns‚bpwkzImcy DSaÿXbnemWv Cu kºZmbw \ne\n¬°p∂Xv.

sshcp[ymflIw (Dialectic)

FXn¿kmaqlnIi‡nIfpsS \ne\n¬t∏m ]h¿Ø\tam. DZmlcWØn\v,kmaqlnI\nb¥Whpw hy‡nKX Xm¬∏cyhpw.

A\p`hkn≤amb At\zjWw (Empirical Investigation)

kaqlimkvX]T\Ønse hkvXp\njvT At\zjWw.

kvXohntamN\hmZkn≤m¥ßƒ (Feminist Theories)

kmaqlnItemIØns‚ kvXo]£ hniIe\kn≤m¥ßƒ. \nch[n kn≤m¥ßƒD≈Xn¬ F√mwXs∂ enwK kaXzsØ Nq≠n°m´m\pw ]cnlcn°m\pw]cnian°p∂p.

ÿqekaqlimkvXw (Macrosociology)

kaqlØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ henb kwLßfpsSbpw kwLS\IfpsSbpwkºZmbßfpsSbpw ]T\w.

kq£vakaqlimkvXw (Microsociology)

apJmapJ_‘ßfn¬ a\pjys‚ s]cpam‰ßsf°pdn®p≈ ]T\w.

kmaqlnI AS°n\n¿Ø¬, kmaqlnI\nb¥Ww (Social Constraint)

\mapƒs°m≈p∂ kwLßfpw kaqlßfpw \ΩpsS s]cpam‰sØ\nb¥n°p∂Xns\bpw AS°n\n¿Øp∂Xns\bpw kqNn∏n°p∂ ]Zw.

aqeyßƒ (Values)

Ahiyhpw A\ptbmPyhpw, icnbpw sX‰pw F∂nßs\ hy‡nIfpw kaqlhpw\ne\n¿Ønt∏mcp∂ Bibßƒ. a\pjykwkvImcßfnse hyXnbm\ßfpsS tIµkz`mhßfmbn hyXncn‡ aqeyßƒ ]Xn^en°p∂p.

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1. kaqlimkvXØns‚ D¤hhpw hf¿®bpw ]Tn°p∂Xns‚]m[m\y sa¥v?

2. kaqlsa∂ ]ZØns‚ hyXykvX ho£Wßƒ Fs¥√mw?\ΩpsS kmam\yt_m[ Xncn®dnhn¬\n∂v CXv Fßs\hyXymks∏Sp∂p?

3. hyXykvX ]mTyhnjbßƒ XΩn¬ B[p\nIImeL´Øn¬sImSp°¬ hmßepIƒ h¿[n-®n- p≠v, N¿®sNøpI.

4. \nßtfm kplrØp°tfm _‘p°tfm t\cnSp∂ hy‡nKX]iv\ßfn¬ H∂p Xncn®dnbpI. kaqlimkvXk¶¬∏ßƒD]tbmKs∏SpØn AXns\ a\ nem°m≥ ian°pI.

5. hy‡nbpsS kzImcy]iv\ßƒ F]ImcamWv kmaqlnI]iv\ßfmbn amdp∂Xv? kn. ssd‰v an¬kns‚ kaqlimkvXk¶¬∏w F∂ BibØns‚ ]›mØeØn¬N¿®sNøpI.

6. kaqlßƒ°p≈nse _lpXzw F∂ BibØns‚]›mØeØn¬, a‰p≈h¿ \ΩpsS kaqlsØ°pdn®v]Xn]mZn°p∂Xnsebpw \mw \ΩpsS kaqlw F∂p]dbp∂Xnsebpw A¿YhyXymkw N¿®sNøpI.

7. Hcp kaqlimkvX⁄s‚/imkvX-⁄-bpsS kmaqlnI]Xn_≤X F]Imcap≈XmWv? hniZam°pI.

8. sXmgnen√mbvasb°pdn®v \nßfpsS kaqlØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂kmam\yt_m[w F¥mWv? Hcp kaqlimkvXhnZym¿Yn F∂\nebn¬ sXmgnen√mbvabpsS ImcWßƒ Fßs\hniZoIcn°pw?

9. hymhkmbnIhnπhhpw kaqlimkvXØns‚ D¤hhpwXΩnep≈ _‘w N¿®sNøpI.

10. Nmƒkv Um¿hns‚ ]cnWmakn≤m¥w F]ImcamWvkaqlimkvX Øns‚ D¤hsØbpw hf¿®sbbpw kzm[o\n®Xv?hniZoIcn°pI.

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11. bqtdm∏n¬ kaqlimkvXØns‚ D¤hsØbpwhf¿®sbbpw Ipdn® v ]Tn°p∂Xnse kmwKXyw]cntim[n°pI.

12. sImtfmWnb¬ `cWI¿Øm°fpw ]m›mXykaqlimkvX⁄cpw C¥y≥ kaqlsØ°pdn®v ]pe¿Ønbncp∂ ImgvN∏mSnt\mSv \nßƒ tbmPn°p∂pt≠m?F¥psIm≠v?

13. kaqlimkvXw B[p\nI k¶o¿Wkaqlßsf°pdn®p≈]T\amsW¶n¬ efnXkaqlßsf°pdn®p≈ ]T\amWv.....................

14. kaqlimkvXhpw kmºØnIimkvXhpw XΩnep≈kmayhyXymkßƒ Xncn®dn™v c≠p hnjbßfpw]ckv]cw Bibnt°≠Xns‚ BhiyIX hniZam°pI.

BERGER , PETER L. 1963. Invitation to Sociology : A Humanistic Perspective.

Penguin, Harmondsworth.

BIERSTEDT, ROBERT. 1970. Social Order. Tata Mc. Graw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd,

Mumbai.

BOTTOMORE, TOM. 1962. Sociology : A Guide to Problems and Literature. George,

Allen and Unwin, London.

CHAUDHURI, MAITRAYEE. 2003. The Practice of Sociology. Orient Longman,

New Delhi.

DESAI, A.R. 1975. Social Background of Indian Nationalism. Popular Prakashan,

Mumbai.

DUBE, S.C. 1977. Understanding Society : Sociology : The Discipline and its

Significance : Part I. NCERT, New Delhi.

FREEMAN, JAMES M. 1978. ‘Collecting the Life History of an Indian Untouchable’,

from VATUK, SYLVIA. ed., American Studies in the Anthropology of India.

Manohar Publishers, Delhi.

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GIDDENS, ANTHONY. 2001. Sociology. Fourth Edition, Polity Press, Cambridge.

INKELES, ALEX. 1964. What is Sociology? An Introduction to the Discipline and

Profession. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

JAYARAM, N. 1987. Introductory Sociology. Macmillan India Ltd, Delhi.

LAXMAN, R.K. 2003. The Distorted Mirror. Penguin, Delhi.

MILLS, C. WRIGHT. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. Penguin, Harmondsworth.

SINGH, YOGENDRA. 2004. Ideology and Theory in Indian Sociology. Rawat

Publications, New Delhi.

SRINIVAS, M.N. 2002. Village, Caste, Gender and Method : Essays in Indian

Social Anthropology. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

SWEDBERG, RICHARD. 2003. Principles of Economic Sociology. Princeton University

Press, Princeton and Oxford.

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31]Zßfpw k-¶-¬∏-\ßfpw A-h-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Khpw kaq-li-mkv-X-Øn¬

]Zßfpw k-¶-¬∏-\ßfpwA-h-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Khpwkaq-li-mkv-X-Øn¬

TERMS, CONCEPTS AND

THEIR USE IN SOCIOLOGY2

ap≥ A-[ym-b-Øn¬ k-aq-lw, k-aq-l-im-kvXw F-∂o k-¶¬-∏\ß-ƒ \mw ]-cn-N-b-s∏-´p. k-aq-l-imkv-X-Øn-s‚ ][m-\ Npa-X-e k-aq-lhpw hy-‡nbpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ ]-c-kv-]-c_‘-w A-\m-hc-Ww sNøp-I F∂-Xm-sW∂pw Xn-cn-®dn™p. k-aq-l-Øn-se hy-‡n-Iƒ H-‰-s∏- p-\n¬-°p∂hc-s√∂pw IpSpw-_w, tKm-Xw, PmXn, Ip-ew F-∂o Iq´m-bv-a-Ifp-sS `m-K-am-sW∂pw a-\- n-em°n. Cu]mT- m-K-Øn¬ hy-‡nI-sf cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-hy-Xy-kv-X-ßfm-b kwL-ßƒ, A-k-aXzw \n-

d-™ km-aqln-I\n-b¥-Wco-Xn-Iƒ, ]-Zhn,]-¶v F∂-o k-¶¬-∏\ß-ƒ ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

a-s‰m-cp-X-c-Øn¬ ]-d-™m¬, k-aq-lwFß-s\ ]-h¿-Øn-°p∂-p F∂-p I-s≠-Øm≥ ian°pIbm-Wn-hnsS. kaq-lw kz-c-t®¿-®-bp≈XmtWm? kwL¿jw \nd™-XmtWm? ]Zhn-bpw ]¶pw kaqlØn¬ÿmbnbmbn \n¬°p∂-Xm-tWm? Fßs\-bmWv kmaqlnI\nb¥Ww km[yamIp-∂Xv? kmaqln-I AkaXzßƒ GsX√mwcoXnbnemWv ImWp∂-Xv? kaq-l-imkvX

IBapJw

kmaq-ln-I-ti-Wo-I-cWw

Ak-aXzw

]Zhn

]¶v

PmXn

h¿Kw

kwLw

kmaq-lnIL-S\

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]T-\-Øn\v CØcw ]tXyI ]Z-ßfpwk¶¬∏\-ßfpw F¥n-\m-sW∂ tNmZyw\ne-\n¬°p-∂p. \ΩpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]¶v, ]Z-hn, kmaqlnI-\n-b-¥Ww F∂nh F¥n-\mWv kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn¬ Bh-iy-ambnhcp-∂-Xv?

Hcp hnjbsa∂ \ne-bn¬ \yq-¢n-b¿^nknI-vkv "Z-hy’ -sØ (Matter) °pdn®v]Tn°p-∂p. "Z-hyw’ F∂- k-¶¬∏\wkm[mcW°msc kw_‘n®nStØmfwA]cnNnXamWv. Cu hn[-Øn¬ F√mhnjbßfpw AXnt‚Xm-b kw⁄I-fpw]Zß-fpw k-¶-¬∏\ßfpw Bi-bn-®mWv\ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. F√m hnjbßƒ°pwAXnt‚-Xmb ]T\taJeIfp≠v. hyXykvXßfmb coXnimkvXßƒ D]tbm-Kn®psIm≠v Hmtcm hnjbhpw ]T\hpw Kth-jWßfpw \S-Øp∂p. k-aqlimkvX-sØkw_‘n®nStØmfw ]Zßfpw k-¶¬∏-\ßfpw kphy‡ambn \n¿hNn°s∏tS≠-Xp≠v. ImcWw, km[mcW°mcmb P\-ßƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ k-¶¬∏\ß-ƒ°pw]Z-ßƒ°pw k-aqlimkvX-⁄¿ D]tbmKn°p∂ AtX ]Zßƒ°pw k-¶-¬∏\ßƒ°pw hyXykvXßfmb am\ßfm-Wp-≈Xv. \mw F√m-hcpw \-sΩ kzm-[o-\n-°p∂-km - a ql nIÿm -] -\ß - sf°p - d n - ® vt_m-[-ap≈h-cmWv. F-∂m¬ \-ap-°v Ah-sbhy-‡-ambpw kq£v-a-ambpw Im-Wm≥ km-[y-a√ (Berger 1976 : 25).

DZm-l-c-W-ambn, H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬CXn-s\-°p-dn®v hni-Z-am-°n-bn- p-≠v. IpSpw_wF∂ kmaq-lnIÿm]\Øns‚ mKamWv\msa√mw. kmam\yt_m[hn⁄m\Xe-Øn¬ IpSpw_sØ°pdn®p≈ [mcWbpwhniZoIcWhpw AXp kw_-‘n® kaql-im-kv-X hniZoIcWhpw hyXykvXßfm-hmw.

Ign™ A[ymbØn¬ uXn-I-hpw ss[-j-Wn-I-hpam-b L-S-I-ßƒ k-aq-l-im-kv-X-

Øn-s‚ D-¤-h-Øn-\v Fßs\ Im-c-W-am-sb-∂v \mw hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bvXp. kaqlimkv

XØns‚ D¤hØn\v ImcWamb LSIß-sf°pdn®pw N¿®-sNbvXp. kaqlimkvX-Ønse ]e k-¶¬∏\ßfpsSbpw ]Zßfp-

sSbpw D¤hØn\v NcnX]camb ]›mØ-eap≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, ]mNo\kaql-

Øn¬\n∂v B[p\nIkaqlØnte°p-≈am‰w ]pXnb ]e kmaqlnIimkvX]Z-ßƒ-°pw k¶-¬∏\ßƒ°pw P∑w \¬In. efn-

Xhpw sNdpXpw ]mNo\-hp-amb kaq-l-ßsfAS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ AXnse apJm-apJhpw

(Face to Face) AS-™-Xp-amb (Close) _‘-ß-fmWv kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿ D]-tbm-Kn-

®Xv. F∂m¬ B[p-\nIkaq-l-Øn¬ Hu]-Nm-cnI ]mc-kv]-cyßfm-Wp-≈Xv. AXn-\m¬]mY-anIkwL-ßƒ ZzoXn-bkw-L-ß-

fn¬\n∂pw kap-Zm-bw kam-P-Øn¬ \n∂pwth¿Xn-cn-°-s∏- p. kaq-l-Ønse kwL-ß-

fn¬ LS-\-m]-c-amb Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ kmaq-lnItiWo-I-c-Ww-t]m-se-bp≈ k¶¬∏-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿

D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

kmaq-lnItiWo-Ic-Ww (Social Strati-

fication) F-∂ k-¶¬∏-\w L-S-\m-]-cam-b A-

k-a-Xzw (Structured inequalities) kw-Lß-fnepw k-aq-l-Ønepw Fß-s\ cq-]-s∏´p-

sh∂v hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øp∂p. hyXykvXßfmb kwL-ßfpw hy‡nIfpw kaql

Øns‚ khntijXIfmWv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kaqlimkvXØn¬ hyXykvXß-fm-b ]Zßfpw k¶-¬∏\ßfpw Bhn¿ -hn-

°p∂p. kaq-lsØ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

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hnhn[ am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS kaq-l-imkvXwkzbw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw B[p-\n-I-Im-

esØ kmaq-ln-I-am-‰-ßsf \mS-Io-b-ambnt\m°n°mWp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. h¿Kw

(class), h¿Kkacw (Class Struggle) F∂ok¶-¬∏\ßsf D]tbmKn®mWv Imƒ am¿-

Ivkv kaqlsØ hniIe\w sN-bv-XXv.F∂m¬ "kmaqlnI sF-IyZm¿Vyw' (So-

cial Solidarity), "s]mXp Ah-t_m[w' (Col-

lective Conscience) F∂o k¶¬-∏\-ß-fm-WvF-an¬- Zp¿Jow D]tbmKn-®Xv. c≠mw temI-

bp-≤- ImeL´Øn\p tijw LS\m-]-c\n¿h-lWhm-ZnIƒ (Structural Functionalist)

kaqlsØ Poh\p≈ hkvXp-hmbn IW-

°m°p∂p. \n¿h-l-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ, kaq-lsØssPhhkvXp-hn-t\mSv (Organism) Xmc-Xayw

sNøp-∂p. kaq-l-Ønse mK-ßƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-\p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°p-

∂p. F∂m¬ kwL- -\-hm-Zn-Iƒ amIvkn-b≥Nn¥-I-fm¬ kzm[o-\n°s∏´v kaq-lwkwL¿j- -cn-X-am-sW∂p hmZn-°p-∂p.

a\pjys‚ s]cpam‰sØ ]Tn°m≥hy‡nIsf ASnÿm\ bqWn‰mbn kaql-imkvX⁄¿ IW°m°n. CXv kq£va-]m-

c-kv]cyw (Micro Interaction) F∂dnbs∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ a‰p Nne km-aqlim-kv-X-

⁄¿ kaqlsØ a\ nem°p∂Xn\vh¿Kw, hn-]Wn, PmXn, kapZmbw F∂o k-¶-¬∏\ßƒ D]tbmKn®p. C-h "ÿqe-LS-

\-Iƒ' (Macro Structure) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.]Z-hn, ]¶v F∂o k¶-¬∏\ßƒ hy‡n-

bn¬\n∂v Bcw`n°p∂p. F∂-m¬kmaqlnI\nb¥Ww, kaqlnItiWo

IcWw F∂o k¶-¬∏\ßƒ hy‡n

Dƒs∏-Sp∂ henb ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬\n

∂mWv Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv.

kaq-li-m-kv-X-Øn-se hy-Xy-kv-X -k-¶¬-∏-\ßfpw ]-Z-ßfpw A-h-bp-sS X-cw-Xn-cn-°epw k-aq-l-sØ a-\- n-em-°m≥ kaq-lim-kv-X-⁄sc k-lm-bn-°p∂p. C-hkaql-sØ a-\- n-em-°m-\p-≈ Xm-t°m-ep-I-fm-Wv. kaq-lim-kvXw km-aq-lnIam-‰-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v k-aql-sØ ]Tn-°m≥ ]pXn-bk¶¬-∏-\-ßfpw ]-Z-ßfpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.AtX-t]m-se ]-g-b k-¶¬-∏-\-ß-sfbpw ]Z-ß-sfbpw ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-øp∂p. kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ k¶¬∏-\-ßfpw hn`m-K-ßfpw \nc-¥-c-w tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p.

kaqlimkvXØnse ]Zßƒ°pw k¶-¬∏\ßƒ°pw hyXykvXßfmb \n¿hN\ßfp≠v. kaq-l-Øns‚ hyXym-k-ßƒB[n-Iy-ap≈ kao-]-\-Øn\v XohX ]tXy-In®pw kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn-ep-≠m-°p-∂p.

Xm-sg ]-d-bp∂hbn¬ GsX-¶nepw-Hcp hn-j-bw ¢m-kv-dq-an¬ N¿-®sN-øpI.

1. P-\m-[n-]Xyw hn-I-k-\-Øn-\v X-S- -tam Kp-WI-ctam?

2. Hcp \√ kaq-l-w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ ImgvN-∏mSv apI-fn¬ ]d-™h kqNn-∏n-°p-∂pt≠m?

3. N¿-®bmtWm in-£bmtWm kw-L¿-j-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Pyw?

a‰p hnj-b-ßsf°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°q.GXpXc-Øn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ß-fmWvDb¿∂p-h-cp-∂Xv?Cu ImgvN-∏mSv Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw Hcp\√ kaq-l-amtWm F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv?Ch a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ hyXykvXk¶¬∏\-ß-sf-bmtWm kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv?

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kaqlsØ hyXykvX tImWpIfneqsSkaqlimkvXw A-]-KYn°p∂Xn\m¬hyXykvX coXnIfpw ]tbmKßfpw k¶¬-∏\ßfpw kaqlimkvXw ]n¥pScp∂p.

II

kmaqlnIkwLßfpw kaql-hpw(Social Groups and Society)

kaqlimkvXw a\pjys‚ kmaqlnIPohnXsØ°pdn®v ]Tn°p∂p. ]-Xn-]-h¿-Ø\w, B-i-b-hn-\na-bw F∂o \n¿h-N-\o-b-amb ][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Ifn-eqsS a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ km-aq-lnI Iq´m-bv-a-Iƒ cq-]s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. N-cn-X-]-chpw Xm-c-X-aym-fl-I-hpam-b kaq-lim-kv-X]T-\-ßƒ c-≠ph-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ hn-iZoI-cn-°p∂p. H-∂m-a-Xmbn,]mNo\tam ^yqU-tem, B[p-\n-I-tamGjyt\m, bqtdm-]yt\m B^n-°≥ kaq-ltam GXp-am-Is´, F√m kaqlØnepwkwLPohnXw \ne\n¬°p∂p. c≠m-a-Xmbn, kw-L-Øns‚ LS\ kaqlØn\\p-kcn®v hyXykvXamIp∂-p.

P\ßfpsS F√m tNcepIfpw kmaqlnIkw-L-ambn amdWsa∂-n√. sd-bn¬-th-

tÃj≥, Xntb‰¿ F∂nhnSßfn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂ P\°q- w k©-b-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am -Wv. Ah kmaqlnIkw-L-ß-f√.At\ym\yw \n -›n -X _‘an√msXHtckabw Htc ÿeØv H∂n-®ptNcp∂hsc k©bw (Aggregates) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.A¿[-kwL-(Quasi groups) ß-fnseAwKßƒ°v Aßs\ kwLw- tN-c-ens\°pdn-t®m AwKXzsØ°pdnt®m bmsXmcp[mcWbp-an√. CØ-cw kwLßƒ°vGsX¶nepw XcØnep≈ LS\tbm kw-LmS-\tam kz`m-htam D≠m-hn√. h¿-K-ßƒ,enwKkw-L-ßƒ, Bƒ°q´ßƒ F-∂n-hA¿[kw-L-ßƒ°v DZmlcWß-fmWv. Nne]tXyI kmlNcyß-fn¬ A¿[kw-L-ßƒ kaqlkw-L-ßfmbn amdntb-°mw.DZm lcWw, Hcp ]tXyI PmXnbn¬s∏´h¿ kw-L-Sn°s∏Sptºmƒ ‘\Ωƒ’

F∂ hnImcw (We-feeling) D≠m-hm≥ km[y-X-bp-≈-hcmWv. kzmX¥ykac-ImeØvhyXy kvX Pm-Xn-bn-epw h¿K-Øn-epw kapZm-b-Ønepws∏´h¿ kwLSn°pI-bpw Hcpkmaq-lnIkw-L-ambn am-dn sImtfm-Wnb¬`cWØns\Xncmbn t]mcmSpIbpw sN-bvXp.h\nXm]ÿm\ßƒ h-\n-Xmkw-L-ßƒF∂ Bibw cq]s∏SpØp-Ibpw h\nXmkwLS\IfpsS D¤hØn\v ImcWam

hnhn[Xcw kwL-ßƒ

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hpIbpw sNbvXp.

kmaqlnIkwLkhntijX-Iƒ

1. Hcp kmaqlnIkwLw \nc¥c]mckv]-cyw (Persistent interaction) \ne\n¿Øp-∂p.

2. ]mckv]cy_‘-ßƒ-°p ÿncambamXrI D≠mbncn-°pw.

3. Rßƒ F∂ t_m[w kaqlØnseAw-Kßƒ°v D≠mbncn-°pw. Hmtcm Aw-KØn\pw kwL-sØ°pdn®pw AXns‚\nbaw, BNmc-ßƒ, Nn”-ßƒ F∂n-hsb°pdn®pw hy‡amb [mcW D≠m-bncn-°pw.

4. Hm-tcm km-aqlnIkw-L-Øn\pw s]mXphmb Xm¬∏cyßƒ D≠mbncn-°pw.

5. s]mXphmb hg-°-ß-fpsS-bpw aqey

Hmtcm Xe-s°-ń\pw DNnX-amb t]sc-gp-Xp-I.

Pm-XnHcp PmXnhn-cp-≤-]-ÿm-\w Pm-Xn-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈

cm-„o-b-∏m¿ń

h¿Kw h¿-Km-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ ]-ÿm-\w h¿Km-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈cm-„o-b∏m¿ń -

kv-Xo h\nXm]-ÿm-\w h\n-Xmkw-L-S\Iƒ

tKm-Xw tKm-X-h¿-K]-ÿm-\w tKm-X-h¿K A-Sn-ÿm\-Øn-ep≈cm-„o-b-∏m¿ń

Km-aoW¿ ]-cn-ÿn-Xn]-ÿm-\w ]-mcn-ÿn-Xn-I kwL-S\

apI-fn¬∏-d-™h kmaq-lnI-kw-L-ß-fm-sW∂p Icp-Xmtam? A√m-Ø-h-bpt≠m? kaq-l-im-kvX-]-c-ambn apI-fn¬ ]d™ ]Z-ßsf Fßs\ kmaq-lnI-kw-L-ß-fmbn IW-°m°mw?

ßfpsSbpw kzoIm-cyX.

6. \n¿h-Nn°mhp∂ LS\ D≠mbncn°pw.s]mXp-hmb kwkvIm-chpw Xm¬∏-cyß-

fpw aqey-ß-fpw Ia-ßfpw h®p-]pe¿-Øp∂Hcp kaq-l-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \nc-¥c ]mc-kv]-cy-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Iq´w Bfp-I-sf-bmWvkmaq-lnIkwLw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hy‡n-Iƒ XΩnepw kwL-ßƒ XΩn-ep-ap≈ÿnc-amb amXr-I-I-sfbpw Bh¿Øn-°p∂]mc-kv]-cysØ kmaq-lnILS\ (Social

Structure) F∂p ]d-bp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Hcp]tXyI kaq-l-Øn¬ s]mXp-e-£y-ßfpwkwkvIm-chpw aqey-ßfpw hg-°-ß-fp-ap≈hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ \nc-¥c ]mc-kv]-cy-ß-fpsS Iq´sØ kmaq-ln-I-kwLw F∂p

Iuam-c-°m-cpsS kwL-sØ-°p-dn®v N¿®sNøp-I.

A-Xv H-cp A¿[-kw-L-amtWm? km-aq-lnIkwL-amtWm? Iuamcw F∂- Bi-bw H-cp- ]-tXy-IL-ám-bn Po-hn-X-Øn-ept≠m? ]m-c-º-cy-k-aq-l-ß-fn¬ ]-mb-

]q¿-Ønbm-b A-h-ÿ-bn-te-°p≈ ]-thi-\w F-ß-s\bm-bn-cp-∂p? C∂-v Cu kwLsØkzm[o-\n-°m-\p-≈ F-s¥-¶nepw ]-c-ky-ß-fnepw hn]-W-\X-¥-ß-fnepw Dt≠m? Iuam-c-°m-cpsS kwLsØ e-£yw-hbv°p∂ H-cp ]-ckyw Nq-≠n-°m-Wn°p-I.

]tXyI Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-h-¿, hnth-N\ßƒ t\cnSp-∂-h¿, Db¿∂hsc∂v ]d-bp∂ -h¿K-ßƒ, Iogm-f¿, [\n-I¿ F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fnse Iuam-c-°m-cpsS hyXykvX Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? kmaq-lnItiWo-I-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿®sNøpI.

SCERT Ker

ala


]d-bp-∂p.

hnhn[Xcw kw-L-ßƒ(Types of Groups)

kaqlim-kv-X-⁄cpw \chwiimkvX⁄cpw kmaqlnIkwLßsf hyXy-kvXambn AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. ]cº-cmKXhpw efnXhpamb kaqlØn¬ Kq∏pIfnse AwKßƒ XΩn¬ ]m-ckv]-cyw,apJmapJ A\u]Nm-cnI ZrVX XpS-ßnbkhntijXIƒ \nd™ _‘ßfm-WvD≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.- F∂m¬ B[p\nIkaqlØn¬ Hu]Nm-cnIw, hnZqcw, Aaq¿ØwF∂o khntijXIfp≈ _‘ßfmWv\ne\n¬°p--∂Xv.

]mYanI-hpw ZznXobhpambkmaqlnIkwL-ßƒ(Primary and Secondary Social Groups)

\m-sa√mw hyXykvX kmaqlnI kwLßfnse AwKßfmWv. F∂m¬ F√mkmaqlnIkw-L-ßfpw \sΩ kw_‘n®nStØm-fw Xpey]cnKW\bp≈X√. NnekwL-ßƒ \sΩ hyXykvXcoXn-bn¬kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]mYan-IkwLw F∂k¶¬∏\w kqNn∏n°p∂Xv sNdpXpwsshImcnIambn _‘s∏´ncn°p--∂XpwapJmapJw (face to face) _‘ap≈Xpw klIcWmSnÿm\Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p--∂Xpamb kw-L-ß-fmWv. ]m-Y-an-I-kw-L-Øn-seAw-K-ßƒ°v R-ß-sf-∂ t_m-[ap≠mhpw.IpSpw_w, Kmaw, kp-lrZvkwL-ßƒ F-∂nh ]mY-anIkw-L-ßƒ°v DZmlcWßfmWv.

Zzn-Xobkw-L-ßƒ XmcXtay\ hep∏-ap≈Xpw Hu]NmcnI_‘Øn¬ A[njvTn-

X-am-b Aaq¿Ø-am-b kw-L-ß-fmWv. ssh-ImcnIamb A-Sp-∏tam At\ym\yw D-‰_-‘tam CØcw kw-L-ßƒ°p≠m-hn√.]mY-anIkwL-ßƒ hy‡y[n-jvTn-X-am-sW-¶n¬ (Person Oriented) ZznXo-b-kw-L-ßƒe£ym-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. kvIqƒ, k¿°m¿Hm^okv, Bip-]Xn, hnZym¿Yn kwLS\Iƒ F∂n-h ZznXo-bkwLßƒ-°pZmlcWßfm-Wv.

kapZmbw, kaqlw A-Y-hm k-am-Pw

(Community and Society or Association)

]mam-WnI kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿ (Clas-

sical Sociologist) ]-g-b ]m-cºcy KmaoWIm¿jnIkaqlßsfbpw B[p\nI \Kckaqlßsfbpw Ahbnse kmaqlnI_-‘-ß-fnse hyXykv-XXsbbpw ]T\hnt[-bam°nbn´p≠v. kapZmbw F∂ ]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv IpSpw-_-Ønepw ASpØ kplr-Øp-°-fnepw ASpØ kwL-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈-t]mse hy‡n-]-chpw ASp-ØXpw kpÿn-c-hp-amb _‘-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambkwL-ß-sf-bm-Wv.

kaqlw AY-hm k-amPw D]cnπhhpwAaq¿-Ø-hpw ÿm-bnb√-mØ-Xpw hy‡n]ca√mØXpamb kw-L-ßfmWv. kaq-lwAY-hm k-am-Pw k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-\v t\¿hn-]-co-X-amWv. hm-Wn-Pyw, hy-h-kmbw F∂n-h Iq-Sp-X¬ bp-‡n-bp-sSbpw I-W-°p-Iq-´-ep-I-fp-sSbpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv ]-h¿-Øn-°p∂Xv. I-cm-dp-I-fp-sS-bpw D-S-º-Sn-I-fp-sSbpwA-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv k-am-P-Øn¬ _-‘-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp∂-Xv. ssh-Imcn-I A-Sp-∏-Ønt\m hy-‡n]-c-Xbvt°m k-am-P-Øn¬bm-sXm-cp- ÿm-\-hp-an√. k-ap-Zmb-sØ]mYan-Ikw-L-ambpw k-amP-sØ ZznXo-b-kw-L-ambpw ]-cn-K-Wn-°mw.

SCERT Ker

ala


H-cp -kwL-S-\/d-kn-U≥kv -A-tkm-kn-tbj≥/kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv¢-∫v F∂-n-h-bn¬ G-sX-¶nepwH∂-n -s‚ \nth-Z -\ -Øns‚

(Memorandum) H-cp ]-I¿-∏v e- y-am°pI.

A-h-cp-sS e-£yßƒ, Aw-K-Xzw, \n-b-a-ßƒ F∂n-h N¿-®-sN-øp-I.

H-cp Hu-]-Nmcn-Ikw-Lw ]m-c-kv-]-cy-Øm¬ km-h-[m-\w am-‰-Øn-\p hn-t[-b-am-Ip∂p. A-Xv ItaW Ip-Spw-_-sØbpwkp-lr-Øp-°-sfbpwt]m-se Iq-SpX¬-ASp -∏ -ap -≈-Xm -bnam -dp -∂p. kaq -l-sØbpw kaq-l-Ønse am‰-ß-sfbpwa\- n-em-°m-\p≈ am¿K-hp-ambn amdp∂p.

AwKkw-L-ßfpwAwtK-XckwLßfpw(In Groups and Out Groups)

\Ωƒ F∂ t_m[w i‡ambn\ne\n¬°p∂ kw-L-ß-fm-Wv AwK-kw-L-ßƒ (In Groups). "kz-kw-Lw' F∂ hnImcw"\Ωƒ', "Ah¿' F∂ th¿Xncnhv krjvSn-°p-∂p. Hcp hnZymebØnse Ip- n-Iƒ AwK-kw-LamWv. F∂m¬ Ahsc kw_‘n-®nStØmfw as‰mcp k-vIqfnse Ip´n-Iƒ"AwtK-Xc-kwL' (Out Groups) Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. CXp-t]mse a‰v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Is≠-Ømtam?

AwtK-X-c-kw-L-ßƒ F∂XpsIm≠¿-Yam°p∂Xv ‘\Ωƒ’ Dƒs∏-Sm-Ø kwLß-fm-Wv. AwtK-Xc-kw-L-Ønse AwK-ßtfmSviXpXbpw AI¬®bpw AwK-kwLw h®p-]pe¿-Øp∂p. IpSntb‰-°m¿ AwtK-X-c-kwLØn\v DZmlcWamWv.

]i-kvX- kmaq-ln-I-im-kvX-⁄-≥Fw.F≥. io\n-hm-kv 1948˛¬ cmw]p-c-bn¬\S-Ønb Imt\-jp-amcnbn¬ ]pXn-bXpw ]g-

b-Xp-amb IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ XΩn-ep≈ th¿Xn-cn-hn-s\-°p-dn®v Xmsg-°m-Wp∂ coXn-bn¬Fgp-Xn.

Kma-hm-kn-I-fpsS c≠p-X-c-Øn-ep≈A`n-]mb]I-S-\-sØ-°p-dn®v F\n°va\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-®p. ]pXnb IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ C∂-setbm c≠pZn-hkwaptºm h∂-h-cm-sW∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ]gb IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ hfsc apºvh∂-h -cm -sW∂v A`n - ]m -b -s∏ -´p .(Srinivas - 1996 : 33)

a‰p cmPy-ß-fn¬\nt∂m \Ωp-sS- Xs∂ cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[

`mK-ß-fn¬\nt∂m IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cpsSA\p-`-h-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I. kwL-ß-fpsS am‰-ßfpw ]p\-cp -≤m-c -Whpw\nßƒ°v Is≠-Øm-\-mIpw. A-\y-kw-L-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ Ita-W AwK-kw-L-Ønep≈-h-cm-bn am-dp∂pt≠m? C-¥ym-N-cn-X-Øn-¬\n∂v CØ-cw D-Zm-l-c-W-ßƒI-s≠-Øp-I.

kqNnXkw-Lw (Reference Group)

kaqlØn¬ F√m-bvt∏mgpw Nne amXr-IIƒ D≠mbncn-°pw. kwLØnse NneAwKßƒ a‰p kw-Lßsf A\p-Icn°m-\pw amXrIbm°m\pw ian°p∂p. Cßs\A‘-ambn A\pIcn-°p--∂Xn\v amXrI-bm°p∂ kw-Lßsf "kq-Nn-X-kwLw'(Reference Group) F∂p hnfn°p∂p. \mw\ΩpsS kqNn-X-K-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂n-s√-¶nepw AXn-ep-s≠∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. kqNn-X-kw-L-ßƒ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚-bpw Pohn-X-ssienbpsS-bpw ]Xo-£-I-fp-sSbpw e£y-]m]vXn-bp-sSbpw Adn-hn-s‚bpw tkmX- p-I-fm-Wv.

SCERT Ker

ala


$ kp-lr-Øp-°tfm \n-ß-fp-sS ]-mb-Øn-ep-≈ a-‰p≈-htcm \nß-sf kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂pt≠m?

sImtfmWnb¬ cWIme-Øv a[yh¿K-Øn¬s∏´ C¥y°mcmb P\ßƒ Cw•ojp-ImcpsS s]cpam‰coXn-Iƒ A\pIcn®ncp∂p.a[y-h¿K-Øn-\v, _nń-jp-Im¿ Hcp kqNn-X-kw-L-am-Wv. F∂m¬ CXv enwK-]-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ]pcp-j\pw kvXo-°pw hyXykvX ]¶p-≠m -bncp -∂p. ]pcpj∑m¿ AhcpsSkvXoIƒ _nńjv h\nXIsf A\pIcn°p∂Xv C„-s∏-ń√. C¥y≥ kvXoIƒC¥y°m-cmbn-cn°m\mWv Ah¿ BKln-®Xv. F∂m¬ sNdnb tXmXn-ep≈ am‰-ßƒA\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p. C∂pw Cu at\m-`m-h-ap-s≠∂p \nßƒ°v tXm∂p-∂pt≠m?

k-akw-Lw (Peer Group)

]mY-anIKWØns‚ khntijXbp≈kw-Lam-Wv k-akw-Lw. Htc ]mbØnep-≈hcpw HtcXcw sXmgnen¬ G¿s∏Sp∂-hcpamb BfpIfpsS kw-Lßsf k-a-kwLßƒ F∂p ]dbp∂p. Hcp hy‡nF¥p ]h¿Øn-°-Ww, F¥p ]h¿Øn°-cp-Xv F∂--Xn¬ k-a-kwLw sNepØp∂kΩ¿-ZsØ k-a-kw-LkΩ¿Zw (Peer Group

Pressure) F∂p ]dbp∂p.

kmaqlnItiWoI-c-Ww(Social Stratification)

km-aqlnItiWoIcWw kqNn∏n°p∂Xv kaq-l-Øn-se kw-L-ß-fp-sS AkaXzß-sf-bmWv. uXn-I-t\- -ßƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ kwL-SnX kaq-l-Øns‚ ia-ß-fmWvkmaq-ln-I-ti-Wo-I-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w. hyXykvX Kq∏pIfnep≈h¿XΩnep≈ LS\m]camb Aka-Xzßƒa\ nem°p∂Xn\v kmaqlnIti-WoIcWw F∂ k¶¬∏\w kaql-imkvXhnZym¿YnIsf klmbn°p∂p. u-tam-]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep≈ ]m-d-ItfmSv CXns\D]an-°mw. kaqlØn\IØv hyXykvX]ZhnIƒ Ae¶cn°p∂ tiWn-IsfImWm≥ CØcw tiWnIfn¬ G‰hpwapIfnep≈h¿ kmaqlnIamb khn-tijA-h-Im -ißƒ A\p`hn°ptºmƒtiWnbnse XmtgØńep≈h¿ kmaqlnIhn`hßfn¬\n∂p am‰n\n¿Øs∏Sp∂p.

A[nIm-c-Øn-se Ak-a-Xz-ß-fpw t\- ß-fpw kaqlimkvXØns‚ ][m\ ]T\taJebmWv. AXn\v kmaqlnItiWoIcWw ][m\ ]¶mWp hln°p-∂Xv.tiWoIcWw kaqlØnse Hmtcm

$ \n-ß-fp-sS h-kv-X-[m-cWw, s]-cp-am-‰w,kw-Ko-Xm-kzmZ-\w F∂n-h cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn¬ \n-ß-fp-sS ]m-b-Øn-ep-≈a-‰p-≈-h¿-°p ]-¶p-t≠m?

$ Cu -co-Xn--bn-ep-≈ kzm-[o\-sØ km-aq-lnIk-Ω¿-Z-am-bn \n-ß-ƒ ImWp-∂p-t≠m? N¿®sNøpI.

SCERT Ker

ala


hy‡nsbbpw Kq∏ns\bpw Km¿-lnImhÿbsbbpw _m[n°p∂p. Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p≈ Ah-k-cw, kpc-£, hnZym-`ymk Ah-k-cw, sXmgn-ense kwXr-]vXn,cmjvSo-b-kzm-[o-\w F∂nh Ak-a-ambn hnX-cWw sNøp∂ Hcp hyh-ÿm-]nX coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.

NcnX]cambn hniIe\w sNøp-tºmƒkm-aqlnINcnXØn¬ ][m\ambpw\mepXcØn-ep-≈ ti-WoI-c-Wkw-hn-[m-\ßƒ \n-e-\n∂n´p-≠v F∂p ImWmw. ASn-aØw, PmXn, FtÃ‰v, h¿Kw F∂nhbm-Wh. AkaXzØns‚ Xohcq]amWv ASn-aØw. C-Xv Kokn-epw tdman-epw Atacn-°≥sFIy\mSpIfnepw ]Xns\ v, ]sØm-ºXv\q‰m≠pIfn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂-p. C∂v Cukwhn[m\w temIsØhnsSbpw ImWm≥km[n°pI-bn√. F∂m¬ "Icm¿ A[n-

jvTnX sXmgn¬' (Bonded labour) \ne\n¬-°p∂p≠v. bqtdm∏n¬ \ne\n¬°p∂

kmaqln-Iti-WoIcW kwhn-[m-\-amWvFtÃ‰v. F-tÃ‰ns\ Ipdn®v IqSpXembn Cu

]mT`mKØv ]cma¿in°p-∂n√. F∂m¬PmXn, h¿Kw F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.PmXn, h¿Kw, enwKw F∂nh kaq-ln-I-ti-

Wo-I-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-am-sW-∂v 'kaq-lsØ a\- n-em-°¬' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. (NCERT - 2006)

PmXn (Caste)

PmXnhyhÿbn¬ hy‡nIfpsSbpw

kwLØns‚bpw kmaqlnI]Zhn \n¿Wbn-°p∂Xv P\\amWv. PohnX-Øn¬ H-cphy‡n t\SnsbSp°p∂ KpWßƒ-°pw ]Zhn-

Iƒ°pw bmsXmcp aqeyhpw PmXnhyhÿ-bn¬ e`n°p∂-n√. F∂m¬ h¿Kkwhn[m\-

Øn¬ hy‡nbpsS P\\Øn\v ]cnKW\e`n°p-∂n√. hy‡nbpsS KpWßfpw A[zm\-hpamWv AhnsS ]Zhn \n¿Wbn°p∂Xv.

]cºcmKX C¥ybn¬ PmXntiWnbn¬ hyXykvX PmXnIƒ°v hyXykvX]Zhn -I -fmWp≠mbncp -∂-Xv . ti-Wo-

IaØn¬ G‰hpw apIfnse tiWn Ae-¶cn°p∂h¿ Db¿∂ kmaqlnI]Zhnbpw

kmaqlnIhn`h-ßfpw t\Sn-sb-SpØp.F∂m¬ PmXnti-Wnbn¬ -Xm-tg-Ø´nep-≈h¿ kmaq-ln-I_lnjvIc-Whpw Xm-gv∂

kmaqlnI]Zhnbpw A\p -hnt°≠n-h∂p.

PmXnhyhÿbn¬ ip≤n, Aip≤n (Pu-

rity or Pollution) F∂o LSIßfmWv F√m

Imcyßfpw Xocpam\n-®ncp∂-Xv. PmXn-tiWnbn¬ ip≤cmb hn`mKßƒ Db¿∂-

ti-Wnbpw Aip≤-cm-b-h¿ G‰hpw Xm-gv∂tiWnbnepambncp∂p. G‰hpw ip≤sc∂-

[\n-I¿

Db¿∂a[y-h¿Kw

a[y-h¿Kw

km[m-c-W-°m¿

SCERT Ker

ala


h-Imis∏Sp∂ _m-“-W¿ ]ptcmlnX-h¿K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂p. kzm`mhnIambpw Ah¿PmXntiWnbn¬ Db¿∂ ]Zhn Ae¶-cn®p.]-©-a¿ AY-hm ]pdwPmXn°m¿ (Out caste)

PmXnti-Wn-bn¬ G‰hpw Xmsgbmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-´p. _m-“W¿, £Xnb¿, ssh-iy¿, iqZ¿ F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-°-s∏´XmWvNm-Xp-¿-h¿-Wyw. sXmgn-ens\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n [mcmfw PmXn-Iƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

h¿jßfmbn C¥ybnse PmXnhyhÿhn]peamb am‰ßƒ°p hnt[bambn´p≠v.kzhwiØn¬\n∂p≈ hnhm-l-w, Io-gv-Pm-Xn°m-tcm-Sp≈ Xo≠¬ F∂nh ip≤n \ne\n¿Øm≥ A\nhmcyambncp∂p. F∂m¬\Kch¬°cWØns‚ `mKambn ip≤n,Aip≤n F∂o k¶¬∏\-ß-fn¬ Hcp]mSpam‰ßƒ kw`hn®n´p≠v. kaqlimkvX⁄\mb F.B¿. tZimbn \Kch¬°cWØns‚ mKambn C¥y≥kaqlØn¬ h∂am‰ßƒ ]cma¿in°p∂p≠v. tlmép Iƒ,Xntb‰dpIƒ, _ pIƒ, sSbn\pIƒF∂nh Dƒs∏´XmWv B[p\nI\K-c-ßƒ.F√m PmXnbn¬s∏´ BfpIfpw Cu kuIcyßƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p≠v. PmXnhyhÿ]q¿Wambpw D∑qe\w sN-ø-s∏ńńs√¶nepw\Kch¬°cWw AXn¬ am -‰ßƒsIm≠ph∂n´p≠v.

B[p\nIhyhkmbßƒ B[p\nI\Kcßsf cq]s∏SpØp∂p. h≥InStlmépIƒ, dtÃmd‚pIƒ, Xntb‰dp-Iƒ, Xoh-≠n, _ pIƒ F∂nhnSßfn¬ PmXnaXhyXymkan√msXF√m P\hn`mKßfpw H∂n®p bmX-sNøpIbpw `£Ww Ign°pIbpwH∂n®v C-S -s]SpIbpw sNøp∂p.F∂m¬ CXv PmXnhyhÿ D∑qe\wsNøs∏´p F∂p kqNn∏n°p-∂n√.(tZ-im-bv 1975˛248)

an√pIfn¬ Kma-ß-fn-se-t∏mse ]I-S-amb hnth-N\w ImWm≥ km[n°p∂n√, F∂m¬ AhnsS-bp≈ kzImcyCS s]SepIƒ as‰mcp IYbmWv shfns∏SpØp-∂Xv.

(]m¿a¿)

Ah¿ RßfpsS ssIIfn¬\n∂pNnet∏mƒ sh≈w hmßn IpSn°p∂-n√.]-e-t∏mgpw A-h¿ R-ßƒ-°p-t\-sc No-Ø ]-Zßƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p. C-Xn-\p-≈ ]-[m-\ Im-cWw Ah¿ Ct∏mgpwhenbhcmsW∂v hnizkn°p∂psh∂-XmWv. Imeßfmbn Ah¿ Aßs\IcpXp∂p. Rßƒ FX \∂mbnhkvXw [cn®mepw Ah¿ RßsfkzoIcn°m≥ Xbmd√.

(^m-t¶m et.al. 2004˛150)

C∂pw PmXn-hy-hÿ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.AtX-k-abw P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-hÿ PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb _m[n-®p. PmXn-Xm¬∏cy-Kq-∏p-IƒF∂ \ne-bn-te°v Ah i‡n-]m-]n-®p.th¿Xn-cn™ PmXn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw\¬Im≥ XpS-ßn.

h¿Kw (Class)

h¿-K-sa∂- km-aqlnIti-Wo-kw-hn-[m\-sØ Ip-dn-®v ]Tn-°m-≥ im-kv-X-⁄¿ i-aw\S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. Im-ƒ -am-Iv-kpw am-Iv-kv sh-_dpw \n¿h-lWkn-≤m¥ß-fpw h¿-Kkw-hn-[m\hpw hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bv-Xn´p-≠v. D¬∏m-Z-\]-In-b-bn-se hy-‡n-I-fp-sS _‘-sØ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv Im-ƒ- am-Iv-kv h¿K-sØhn-i-Zo-I-cn-®Xv. D¬∏m-Z-\-]-In-b-bn¬ kwL-ßƒ DS-a-ÿ-cmtWm? (sXmgn¬im-e, qanF∂n-h-bp-sS). Ah¿ bmsXm-∂n-s‚bpw DS-a-ÿ-c-√m-sX, kz¥w sXmgn¬i-‡n-bpsS DS-a-ÿ-cmtWm? Cu tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-°mw."Pohn-Xmh-k-cw' (Life Chances) F∂- ]Zw

SCERT Ker

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A-Sn-ÿm-\am-°n-bm-Wv amIv-kv sh-_¿ h¿K-sØ h-niIe-\w sN-bv-XXv. CXp Itºm-f-ti-jn-bn¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂ ]Xn-^-ehpwKpW-ßfpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ak-aXzw kmº-Øn-I-_-‘sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂v sh_¿ hmZn-®p. F∂m-enXv A¥ pwcmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-chpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-am-hmw.

F√m kaq-lßfnepw h¿K-ß-fp-s≠∂pwAXns√-¶n¬ kaqlw tiWo-I-cn-°-s∏- -X-√m-Ø-Xm-sW-∂p-ap≈ s]mXp-Nn-¥-bp-sStbmhnizm-k-Øn-s‚tbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv\n¿h-l-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ kmaq-ln-I-ti-Wo-I-cWkn≤m¥w Bcw`n®-Xv. hy‡n-Isf]tNm-Zn-X-cm°n ]Z-hn-Iƒ \¬Ip-Isb∂XvHmtcm kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw \n¿h-l-W-]-c-ambBh-iy-am-Wv. Ak-a-Xzhpw tiWo-I-c-Whpw t_m[-]q¿h-a-√msX kaq-l-Øn¬Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ A\p-tbm-Py-ambhy‡n-Iƒ°v kaq-l-Øn¬ Ah-[m-\-]q¿hw]Z-hn-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. apI-fn¬∏-d-™Xv icn-bmtWm F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

]-c-ºcm-K-Xk-aq-l-Øn¬ km-aqln-I-tiWo-Ic-Ww ÿn-c-hpw Zr-Vhpw X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS ssI-am-‰w sN-ø-s∏-Sp--∂hbp-amWv.F∂m¬ B-[p\n-I h¿Kkw-hn-[m-\w Xp-d-∂Xpw hy-‡n-I-fp-sS t\- -ß-sfbpw I-gn-hn-s\bpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈-Xp-am-Wv.P\m[n]-Xyk-aq-l-ß-fn¬ A-[ÿn-Xh¿-K-Øntem Pm-Xnbntem s]´ H-cp hy-‡n G‰-hpw D-b¿∂- ÿm\-sØ-Øp-∂Xv \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn B¿°pw X-S-bm≥ I-gn-bn√. AØcwt\´-ß-ƒ Hcp henb ]tNm-Z-\-am-Wv. kaq-l-imkvXw PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ°pw hnth-N-\-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\pwXpey-]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p. PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Xmtg-Ø- n-ep-≈-h¿ kmaq-ln-I-am-bn- pam-X-a√, kmº-Øn-I-ambpw hfsc tami-

amWv. C-¥y-bn-se Kmao-Wk-aq-l-ßfn¬]IpXn-bn¬ IqSp-X¬h-cp∂ tKm-Xh¿K-°m¿ C-t∏mgpw Zm-cnZytc-J-bv-°p Xm-sg-bmWp Po-hn-°p-∂Xv. ]´n-IPm-Xn-°m¿43%˛Dw F∂m¬ a‰v ]n-∂m-°Pm-Xn-Iƒ34%˛Dw Zm-cn-Zy-tc-J-bv°p Xm-sg-bmWv. (tZiv]m-sfi 2013˛14)

C-¥y-bp-sS ap≥ cm-„-]-Xnio.sI.B¿. \m-cm-b-W-s‚ Po-hn-Xw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n B-tcm-]n-X-]-Z-hn-bpw (Ascribed status)

B¿-Pn-X]-Z-hn-bpw (Achieved status) th¿-Xn-cn-®v hn-i-Ie\w sN-øp-I. h¿-Khpw Pm-Xnbpw Cu km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Fß-s\ _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂-p F∂-p N¿-®-sN-øpI.

]-Z-hnbpw ]¶pw (Status and Role)

]-Z-hnbpw ]¶pw C-c´k-¶-¬-∏-\-ß-fm-Wv.kaq-l-Ønse-tbm kwL-Ønsetbm Hcphy‡n°p≈ ÿm\amWv ]ZhnsIm≠vA¿Yam°p-∂Xv. kaq-l-Øn¬ \nc-h[nÿm\ßƒ D≈Xpt]mse Hcp hy‡n°vkaqlØnepw kwLØnepw ÿm\ßfp-≠v.

]tXyI Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw\n¿h-ln-®n-´p≈ kmaq-lnIÿm-\sØ]Zhn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. DZmlcWØn\vAΩ hln-°p∂ ]-Z-hn [mcmfw s]cpam‰am\-Zfi-ßfpw AhImihpw tN¿∂-XmWv.

‘]¶v’ F∂XpsIm≠v A¿Yam°p∂Xv]ZhnbpsS Ne\mfl-I-tam s]cp-am-‰]-ctamBb XeßfmWv. ]Z-hn hln°p∂Xpw ]¶v\n¿hln°s∏-Sp∂XpamWv. ÿm]n-X-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ ]¶ns\ ]Zhn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Hcp]tXyI kam-P-Øntem kaq-l-ØntemIao-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂tXm AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂tXm Hu]-Nm-cn-Itam BIp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv]¶v F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

SCERT Ker

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Hcp hy‡n Xs‚ PohnXImeØv hyXykvXßfmb ]ZhnIfpw ÿm\ßfpwhln°p∂p. ¢mkvdqan¬ \nßƒ hnZym¿Yn-bmWv. F∂m¬ ]eNc°pISbn¬ sN√p-tºmƒ Hcp CS]mSpImc-\pw _ n¬ bmX-sNøptºmƒ bmX°m-c-\p-am-Wv. hoń¬ktlmZcßƒ°v \nßƒ ktlm-Z-ct\mktlmZ-cntbm BWv. tUmŒsd ImWm≥sN√ptºmƒ \nßƒ Hcp tcmKnbm-Wv.B[p\nIkaqlw k¶o¿WambXn\m¬AXn¬ \nch[nbmb ]ZhnIfp≠v. F∂m¬efnXamb ]cºcmKXkaqlß-fn¬ hfsc]cnanXamb ]ZhnIƒ amXtabp≈q.

B[p\nIkaqlØn¬ Hcp hy-‡n°pXs∂ At\Iw ]ZhnIƒ Ae¶-cn-t°≠nhcp∂-p. C-Xp "]Zhn°q´ßƒ' (Status set)

F∂dnbs∏-Sp∂p. Hcp hy-‡n- Po-hn-X-NIØn¬ hyXykvXL´ßfn¬ hyXykvX]ZhnIƒ Ae¶cn°p∂-p. C-Xn-s\ "]Zhn-Iaw' (Status sequence) F∂p ]dbp∂p.DZmlcWw, aI≥ A—\mhpIbpw ]nXm-al\mhpIbpw sNøp∂p. ]ZhnbpsS ]n-¥p-S¿® hyXykvXL´ßfn¬ t\Snb-Xn-\m-emWv AXns\ ]ZhnIaw F∂p hnfn-°p∂Xv.

hy‡n°v P\\wsIm≠v kaqlØn¬\n-∂p e`n°p∂ ÿm\amWnXv. \nßfpsShb v, PmXn, hwiw, _‘pXzw F∂o ]Zhn-Isf√mw Btcm]nXamb ]ZhnIfmWv.]mcºcyambXpw efnXhpamb kaq-l-ß-fn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂ ]ZhnIsf√mw Btcm-]nX-]ZhnIfmWv. Hcp hy‡nbpsS Ign-hpIƒ, t\´ßƒ, Kp-Wßƒ, Xncs™-Sp°¬ F∂nhbmWv B¿PnX]ZhnIfpsSASn-ÿm\w. hy-‡n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymktbm-KyX, hcpam\w, sXmgn¬ss\--]pWn F∂nh-bmWv B¿PnX]Zhnbp-sS k¿hkm-[mc-

Wamb ASnÿm-\w. B[p\nIkaql-Øn¬IqSpXembn ImWs∏Sp∂ ]ZhnIƒ B¿-PnX]ZhnIfmWv. B[p-\nIkaq-l-ØnseAwK-ßƒ°v t\ -ßfpsS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬A¥ p e`n-°p-∂p. ]mc-º-cy-k-aq-l-Øn¬]Zhn P\-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.F∂mepw B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Btcm-]n-X-]-Z-hnbpw ]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.

]Zhn-bpw A-¥ pw (Prestige) ]ckv]cw_‘s∏ńcn°p∂p. Hmtcm ]Zhn°pw NneAhImißfpw aqeyßfpap≠v. aqeyßƒhy‡n kaqlØn¬ hln°p∂ ÿm\-ß-fpambn _‘s∏ńcn°p∂p. DZmlcWw, Hcp_nkn\ pImcs\°mƒ tUm-Œ¿-°v h-cp-am\w IpdhmsW¶nepw tUmŒ¿°v Db¿∂cq]Ønep≈ -ÿm\w kaqlw \¬Ip-∂p.]Zhnbpambn _‘s∏´ \ne hyXykvXkaqlßfn¬ hyXykvXambncn-°pw.

A¥- p-s≠∂p kaqlw Icp-Xp∂ tPm-en-Iƒ ]ń-Is-∏-Sp-Øp-I. kp-lr-Øn-s‚ tPm-en-

bp-am-bn A-Xn-s\ Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-I. Cukm-ay-ßƒ°pw hy-Xym-k-ßƒ-°pw F-¥m-Wv Im-c-W-sa∂pw I-s≠-ØpI.

kmaqlnI]Xo-£-Iƒ-°\pkcn®mWvhy‡nIƒ kaqlØn¬ XßfpsS ]¶v\n¿hln°p-∂Xv. Hcp Ipń kaqlØn¬Fßs\ s]cpamdWsa-∂p ]Tn°p∂-Xv a‰p-≈hcpsS s]cpam‰-Øn\\pkrXambn´mWv.

]-Z-hnbpw ]¶pw XΩn¬ s]mcpØt°SpIƒ D≠mhp-tºmƒ ]¶pkwL¿jw (Role

conflict) \S°p∂p. tPmensNøp∂ Hcpho´Ω hoń¬ mcybpsSbpw AΩbpsSbpw]¶v \n¿hln°p∂p.

SCERT Ker

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tPmenÿeØv sXmgnens‚ I¿Øhyßƒ \ndth‰Ww. Cu coXnbnep≈hnhn[ ]Xo-£-I-fn¬\n∂-p kw-L¿-j-ap-bcmw. CØcw kw-L¿-jß-fpw "]¶pkw-L¿jßfn'¬s∏-Sp-∂p. ct≠m AXne-[n-Itam [¿aßfn¬\n-∂p¤hn°p∂ hncp-≤]Xo£Ifn¬ \n∂mWv ]¶pkwL¿jwcq]s∏Sp∂-Xv.

km[mcWbmbn ]pcpj-∑m¿ ]¶pkwL¿jw A\p`hn-°m-dns√∂XmWvs]mXphmb A\pam\w. CØcw A\p-am\-ß-tfm-Sv kaqlimkvXw tbmPn-°p∂-n√.

kn°nanse tKmXh¿K°mcmb Jmkn-IfpsS CSbn¬ acpa°Ømb IpSpw_-kwhn[m\amWv \ne\n¬°p--∂Xv.- Xmbv-hgnbmWv JmknIƒ ]n¥pScp∂-Xv. Hcp-hiØv `mcysb-bpw a°sf-bpw adph-i-Øv P∑hoSpw ]cn]men°p∂Xn¬Jmkn ]pcpj∑m¿ _p≤nap´p∂XmbnImWs∏Sp∂p. ]pcpj∑m¿°v AhcpsSIpńIƒ°v D]tZiw \¬Im≥ A[nIm-can√ F∂ tXm∂¬ D≠mIp∂p.acWtijw kzØp°ƒ Ahcp-sSIpńIƒ°v e`n°p∂n√ F∂ tXm-∂epw D≠mIp∂p. Jmkn ]pcpj∑m¿]¶pkwL¿jw A-\p`hn -°p∂p.Jmknkv - Xo -Ifpw ]-¶pkwL¿jwA\p`hn°p∂p≠v. ImcWw AhcpsS`¿Øm°∑m¿°v AhcpsS hoSpItf°mƒ ktlmZcnbpsS hoSv IqSpX¬tbmPn®XmsW∂p tXm∂mw F∂ `b-tØmsSbm-Wv JmknkvXoIƒ Pohn-°p-∂Xv. (Nongbri 2003:190).

Hcp \n¿am-W-sØm-gn-em-fnbpwKm¿lnI tPm-en-sN-øp∂- hy-‡nbpw A-\p- -hn-°p∂- ]-¶pkw-

L¿-j-ßƒ I-s≠ØpI.

kmaqlnI]¶pIfpw ]ZhnIfpw Nnet∏mƒ am‰an√msXbpw ÿncambpwImWs∏Smdp≠v. "ÿnc-s∏´ ]-¶pIƒ'F∂XpsIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv Hcp ]tXyI]¶v Hcp ]tXyI hy‡n°v, kv-Xot°m]pcpjt\m BI-s´, ÿn-c-s∏-Sp∂- k-º-Zm-b-am-Wv. kmaqln-I]¶pw ]-Z-hn-Ifpw ÿn-chpw am-‰-an√m-Ø-Xp-am-sW-∂ sX‰m-b-ImgvN∏mSp≠v. kmaqloIcW]Inb-bneqsSbmWv hy‡n-Iƒ ]¶pIfpw ]Zhn-Ifpw B¿Pns®Sp-°p∂-Xv. km-aqln-I-am‰Øn\v kmaqlnI CSs]SepIfpsSêambn ÿnc-s∏´ ]¶pIfn¬\n∂phy‡nIƒ ]p-Xnb ]¶pIƒ B¿Pns®-Sp-tØ-°mw. Cu N¿® Hcp hy‡nbpw kaq-l-hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®v \nßƒ°vAdnhp \¬Ipw. CXn-s\-°p-dn®v A[ymbwH∂n¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. PmXnbpw enwK-t`Zhpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-bp≈ hnth-N-\-ßƒ-s°-Xn-cmbn P\ßƒ s]mcp-Xn-bn p≠v. AtXkabw am-‰ßsf FXn¿-°p∂hcpap≠v.

]¶pIfn¬\n∂pw ]ZhnIfn¬\n∂pw amdn]pXnb ]¶pw ]Zhnbpw kzoIcn°ptºmƒhy‡nIƒ ]et∏mgpw in£n°s∏Sp∂-p.

kaq-l-Ønse AwKo-I-cn°-s∏´ \nb-a-ßƒ ewLn-°p-∂-hcnepw Ip‰w sNøp-∂-hcn-epw kaq-l-Ønse ]_-e-hn-

`m-K-ßƒ (Dominant Section) in£bpw\nb-¥-W-ßfpw Fß-s\-bmWv ASn-t®¬-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.CØcw hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´hm¿Ø-Iƒ hmbn-°p-I-bpw ]X-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

SCERT Ker

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k-aqlhpw kmaqlnI\nb¥Whpw(Society and Social Control)

kaql-im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\k¶¬∏-\-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv kmaq-lnI-\n-b-¥-Ww. hg-ßmØ As√-¶n¬ A®S-°-an-√mØ AwK-ßsf \nb-am-\p-krXcoXn-bn-te°p sIm≠p-hcpI F∂-XmWv Cu ]Zw-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv.

k¶¬∏-\-ß-fpsS A¿Y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pwkaq-l-im-kvX-Øn-ep≈ hyXykvX Dƒ°m-gvN-I-sf-°p-dn®pw X¿°-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw\nßƒ Hm¿°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. \n¿h-lW kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿ kaq-lsØ Iq´m-bva-bmbnImWp-tºmƒ kwL-´-\-hm-Zn-Iƒ Ak-a-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw A\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw Nqj-W-Øn-s‚bpw mK-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂p. Nne kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿ Iq´m-bva-I-fmb h¿Kw,hwiw, PmXn F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ hy‡n-°pwkaq-l-Øn\pw ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xmbn\Ωƒ I≠p.

\n¿h-lW ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ kmaq-ln-I\n-b-¥-WsØ Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p:1. hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw Kq∏p-I-fp-sSbpw s]cp-am-‰sØ \nb-¥n-°m≥ kaqlw _ew]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. 2. kaq-l-Øn¬ Iaw ]men-°m≥ aqey-ßfpw amXr-I-Ifpw ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-∂p. hy‡n-I-fp-sStbm kwL-Øn-s‚tbmsX‰mb kz`m-h-ßƒ \nb-¥n-°p-I-tbmkwL¿jw, kΩ¿Zw F∂nh hy‡n-I-fnepwkwL-ß-fnepw sNepØn kmaqlnIhy-hÿ \ne-\n¿Øp-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xns\kmaq-lnI\n-b-¥-W-ßƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.Cßs\ kmaq-lnI\n-b-¥-W-ßƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ ÿnc-X-bp-≠m-°p-∂p.

kwL¿j-hm-Zn-I-fpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬kmaq-lnI-\n-b-¥Ww F∂Xv ]_-e-h¿K-ßƒ kaq-l-Ønse a‰p-≈-h-cpsS apI-fn¬B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-am-Wv.

Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\v as‰mcp hn`m-K-Øn-\p-ta-ep≈ A[n-Imcw kaq-l-Øn¬ ÿnc-X-bp-≠m-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚Xm¬∏-cyhpw i‡nbpw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hu]-Nm-cnI A[n-Im-c-ambn \nbawkaq-l-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw kwL-ß-fp-sSbpwkz`m-h-ßƒ \nb-¥n-°p∂ X¥-ßsfbpwkmt¶-Xn-I-XI-sfbpw kmaq-lnI-]-In-b-I-sfbpw kmaqlnI-\n-b-¥-W-ß-sf∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. CXv kaq-l-Øn¬ Iaw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v kwL-ß-fnepw hy‡n-I-fnepw _ew ]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw aqey-ßfpwIa-ßfpw ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

imcocnI BI-a-W-am-bn-cp∂p ]mNo\kmaqlnI\nb-¥-Wco-Xn. cmjvSo-b-\n-b-¥-W-ap≈ B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]Xykaq-l-Øn¬t∏mepw Ah-km\ \nb-¥-W-coXnbmbn I≠Xv BI-a-W-am-Wv.t]meotkm kmbp-[-tk-\tbm C√msXHcp cmjvS-Øn\pw \ne-\n¬∏n-√. F√mkaq-l-Ønepw kmº-ØnI BI-a-W-amWv G‰hpw Ah-km\ Bbp-[-ambnD]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ]mY-anIkwL-ß-fn¬ kzbw kmaq-lnI\n-b-¥-W-co-Xn-Iƒ AXnse AwK-ßƒ D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. I]-S-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hgn-bmWv kmaq-lnI-\n-b-¥Ww \S-°p-∂Xv. Xs‚ ktlm-Z-cs‚ ss[cy-Øn¬Hcp sNdnb Ipń°v Ahs‚ ka-kw-L-Øn¬ \nb-¥Ww D≠m-°m≥ km[n-°p∂p. (Berger - 84 : 90).

"Rm≥ Fs‚ tPyjvT-t\mSv ]d-™p-sIm-Sp°pw" F∂ òjWn apg-°p-∂Xv\nßƒ Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw tIń-´pt≠m?CØcw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

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Hu]Nm-cnIhpw A\u]NmcnIhpambkmaqlnI\nb¥W coXnIƒ (Formal and

Informal Social Control) kaqlØn¬ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. Nn´tbmsS tImUoI-cn°s∏´ \nb¥WcoXn \S∏m°ptºmƒHu]NmcnI kmaqlnI\nb¥Ww km[y-amIp∂p. \n-baw, cWIqSw F∂n-h Hu]-NmcnI kmaqlnI\n-b¥W GP≥-kn-I-fm-Wv. A\u]NmcnI kmaqlnI\nb¥WcoXnIƒ hy‡n]chpw A\utZymKnIhp-amb tImUoIcWcoXnbmWv D]tbmKn-°p-∂-Xv. ]p©ncn, hna¿-i\w, A-h⁄,icoc`m-j F∂nh A\u]NmcnI kmaq-lnI\n-b¥W D]m[nI-fmWv.

Nne kmlNcyßfn¬ A\u]Nmcn-Iamb kmaqlnI\nb¥WcoXnIƒ km-aqlnI\nb¥Ww km[yam°p∂Xn\v]cym]v-Xa√. IpSpw_w, aXw, c‡_‘wF∂nh A\u]NmcnI kmaqlnI\n-b-¥-W-Øn-s‚ GP≥-knIfmIp -∂p. \nßƒA`nam\s°me (Honour Killing) F∂- ]-Zwapºv tI n- pt≠m? (km[m-c-W-bmbn AXv Zpc-`n-am-\-s°me F∂mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.)

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]X-hm¿Ø hmbn®vkmaq-lnI-\n-b-¥-W-Øns‚ hyXykvXGP≥kn-Isf°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°p-I.

Pm-Xn-°p- ]pd-Øp\n-∂v hn-hm-lw sN-bv-X-Xn-\vk-tlm-Z-cn-sb sIm-e-s∏-SpØn

]-sØm≥-]-Xp-Im-cn Pm-Xn-bp-sS ]p-d-Øp-\n∂p hn-hm-lw sN-bv-X-Xn-\v aq-Ø ktlm-Z-c≥ Ah-sf sIme-s∏-SpØn. s]-¨Ip-´n-bp-sS Ip-Spw-_-hpw \m-´p-Iq´hpw hn-hml-sØ F-Xn¿-Øn-cp∂p. I-Øn-sIm≠v ap-dn-th-‰p Nn-In-’-bn-em-bn-cn-s° k-tlm-Z-c≥A-h-fp-sS X-e-b-dp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.

hy‡nIfpsS s]cpam‰w kaqlØns‚]Xo£bv°v A\pkcn®msW¶n¬

Ah¿°v _lpaXn e`n-°p∂p. s]cpam‰wam\Zfißƒ°v hncp≤am-sW¶n¬ Ah¿in£n°s∏Sp∂p. kmaq-ln-I-ambn ]Xo-£n-°p∂ s]cp-am-‰-ßsf Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te°vt]m’ml\w D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bmWvAwKoImcw (Sanction). AwKoImcw KpWm-fl-I-ambpw (postive) EWm-fl-I-ambpw (nega-

tive) ImWmw. ]Xo-£n-Xhpw AwKo-Ir-X-hp-amb s]cp-am-‰-k-aqlw AXnse AwK-ßƒ°v ]pc-kvImcw \¬Ip-∂p. AtX-k-abw EWm-flmI AwKo-Imcw \nb-a-ßƒASn-t®¬∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hyXn-N-e-\-ßsf\nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

\-Ωp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn¬ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv A\u-tZym-Kn-I-am-b km-aq-ln-I\n-b-¥-W-ßƒ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv F-∂p I-s≠-ØpI.

Nn-e-¿ a-‰p-≈hsc- -b-s∏-Sp-Øn Im-cy-ßƒt\-Sp∂-Xv \n-ßƒ i-≤n-®n-´p-t≠m?

kmaqlnIs]cpam‰ßfn¬\n∂v Hcphy‡n hy-XnNen°ptºmƒ AXns\ hyXnNe\kz`mhw (Deviance) F∂p ]dbp∂p.hy-XnNe\kz`mhw Bt]£nIamWv. HcpkaqlØn¬ hy-Xn-N-e-\-am-bn ImWp∂s]cpam‰w as‰mcp kaq-l-Øn¬ AwKoIrXamb s]cp-am‰ambn amdn-tb-°mw.kaqlØn\pw kwk-vImcØn\pw A\pkcn®v hy-XnNe\kz`mhw hniZoIcn-°-s∏Smw. DZmlcWw: Hcp h-\nX _lncmImik©mcntbm ss]-et‰m B-bm¬ AhcpsSt\´-ßƒ ]p-Igv-Ø-s∏-Smw. F∂m¬ Bkaqlw h¿jßƒ°papºv h\nXIsfss]-et‰m _lncmImik-©mcntbmBIp∂Xn\v t]m’ml\w \¬In-bn-´p-≠mhn√. kaq-l-imkvXw kmam\y-t_m-[-⁄m-\-Øn¬\n∂v Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \nßƒ°-dn-bw. Cu A[ym-

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b-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ ]tXyI ]Z-ßfpw k¶¬∏\-ßfpw kaq-lsØ kaq-l-

kw-L- \hmZ kn-≤m-¥ßƒ (Conflict Theories)

Cu kn-≤m-¥w i-≤-tI-µo-I-cn-°p∂-Xv k-Ω¿-Z-ßƒ, hn- -P\w, a-’-cm-[n-jvTn-X Xm¬-

∏-cyw F∂n-h-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ k-aq-l-sØ-bmWv. kwL- \kn-

≤m-¥w km-aqlnIhn- -h-ß-fn-se A-k-aXzw kw-L¿-j-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip∂-p F∂p

hn-iz-kn-°p∂p. Imƒ- am-Iv-kn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-ß-fm-Wv kw-L- \kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-sS -A-SnØd.

\n¿h-l-WhmZw (Functionalism)

k-aq-l-Øn¬ Hm-tcm∂pw sN-øp-∂ [¿a-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv k-aql-sØ hn-

i-Ie-\w sN-tø≠sX∂v \n¿h-l-W-hmZw -I-cp-Xp∂p.

hy-‡n-Xzw (Identity)

a-‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂p hy-‡n-I-sfbpw kwLsØbpw th-dn´p \n¿-Øp∂p. enwKw, tZ-iobX,

hw-iob-X, h¿-Kw F∂n-h hy-‡n-Xz-Øn-s‚ D-d-hn-S-ß-fm-Wv.

im-kvX-]-c-ambn IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-°m≥-\sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

Hcp imkvXw ]IzXbm¿∂Xmhp∂Xv AXn\v kn≤m¥ßƒ cq]oIcn°m≥th≠ ZrVXbm¿∂ ASnØd D≠mIptºmgmWv. Cu ASnØd F∂Xvicnbmbn \n¿hNn°s∏´Xpw k¿hkm[mcWambn AwKoIcn°s∏´Xpambk¶¬∏\ßfpw ]Zmhenbpw D≠mhpIbpw Ah D]tbmKn®v kn≤m¥-cq]oIcWw \SØm≥ km[n°pIbpw sNøptºmgmWv. kaqlimkvX⁄m\wAhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\v icnbmbn Xncs™SpØXpw IrXyambn \n¿hNn°s∏´XpwkaKambn kwtbmPn∏n°s∏´Xpamb k¶¬∏\ßƒ A\nhmcyamWv.

Reference

F.S.C. Northrop (1949) The Logic of Science and the Humanities New York

A¬∏w-IqSn

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D¬-∏m-Z-t\m]m[nIƒ (Means of Production)

D¬-∏m-Z-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hn-hn-[ -co-Xn-Iƒ CXnepƒ-s∏-Sp∂-p. km-t¶Xn-I hn-Zy -

amXa√ D¬-∏m-Z\co-Xn-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂-Xv, D¬-∏m-Z-\]-In-b-bn-se km-aqln-I_-‘-

ßfpw s]Sp∂p.

A-Xn-kq-£vvv-a k-aq-lim-kvXw (Micro Sociology)

hy-‡n-I-fp-sS ap-Jm-ap-J-_-‘-Øns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ km-aqln-I]-Xn-]-h¿-Ø\-sØ

hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øp∂p. hy-‡n-I-sfbpw sN-dpkwLß-sfbpw A-Sn-ÿm-\ bq-Wn-‰m-bn

am-‰n-s°m-≠v k-aql-sØ hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øp-∂p.

kvYq-e k-aq-lim-kvXw (Macro Sociology)

hen-b co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ km-aq-lnIkw-hn-[m-\ß-sf hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øp∂p. D-Z:--- cm-„o-b

kw-hn-[m\w, km-º-ØnIIaw

P∑-\m-ep≈ (Natal)

P\-\sØ kw_-‘n-®p≈

hg°ßƒ (Norms)

s]-cp-am-‰-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´ \n-b-a-ßƒ. A-h kw-kv-Im-c-Øns‚ aq-ey-ß-fn¬ ]-Xn- -

en-°p∂p. AXv hy-‡n-I-fp-sS s]-cp-am‰-sØ \n-b-¥n-°p∂-p.

A-\p-hmZw (Sanction)

A\p-hmZw F--∂Xp-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p∂-Xv k-Ωm-\tam in-£tbm BWvv. A\p-hmZw

km-aqln-I Aw-Ko-Ir-X- s]-cp-am-‰ß-sf D-d-∏n-®p\n¿-Øp-∂p.

1. kaqlim-kv-X-Øn¬ ]-tXy-I k-¶¬-∏\ßfpw ]-Z-ßfpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv F¥n-

\mWv?

2. k-aq-lØnse H-cw-K-sa∂- -co-Xn-bn¬ \n-ßƒ hnhn[ kw-L-ß-fp-am-bn C-S-s]´p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p∂p. kaq-lim-kv-X Im-gv-N∏m-Sn¬ Cu kw-Lß-sf hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øp-I.

3. km-aq-lnIti-Wo-Ic-Ww F-∂m-se¥v? CXv F-ß-s\-bm-Wv hy-‡n-I-sf kzm-[o-\n-

°p-∂Xv F-∂p hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

4. F-¥m-Wv km-aq-lnI\n-b-¥Ww? Hmtcm k-aq-l-Øn-sebpw km-aq-lnI\n-b-¥-Ww

hy-Xy-kvXam-sW-∂p \nßƒ I-cp-Xp∂-p-t≠m? hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

5. k-aq-l-Øn-se hy-Xy-kvXß-fm-b ]-Z-hnIfpw ]¶pw I-s≠-ØpI. ]-Z-hnbpw ]¶pw

ÿn-camtWm? Chbv°v am-‰-ßƒ h-cp-tam? F-ßs\? F-t∏mƒ? N¿-®-sN-øp-I.

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ACHARYA, HEMLATA. 1974. ‘Changing Role of Religious Specialists in Nasik — The

Pilgrim City’, in ed. RAO, M.S. An Urban Sociology in India : Reader and Source

Book. Orient Longman, New Delhi, pp. 391-403.

APPLE, MICHAEL W. 1979. Ideology and Curriculum. Routledge and Kegan Paul, LON-

DON.

CHUGTAI, ISMAT. 2004. Tiny’s Granny in Contemporary Indian Short Stories; Se-

ries 1. Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi.

DUBE, LEELA. 2001. Anthropological Explorations in Gender : Intersecting Fields.

Sage Publications, New Delhi.

DURKHEIM, EMILE. 1956. Education and Sociology. The Free Press, New York.

PATHAK, AVIJIT. 2002. Social Implications of Schooling : Knowledge, Pedagogy

and Consciousness. Rainbow Publishers, Delhi.

PRATICHI. 2002. The Pratichi Education Report. Pratichi Trust, Delhi.

ROY CHOUDHURY, SUPRIYA. 2005. ‘Labour Activism and Women in the Unorganised

Sector : Garment Export Industry in Bangalore’, Economic and Political Weekly.

May 28-June 4. pp. 2250-2255.

SHAH, A.M. 1998. Family in India : Critical Essays. Orient Longman, Hyderabad.

SINGH, YOGENDRA. 1993. Social Change in India : Crisis and Resilience. Har Anand

Publications, New Delhi.

UBEROI, PATRICIA. 2002. ‘Family, Kinship and Marriage in India’, in Student’s Britannica,

India. Vol.6, Encyclopedia Britannica Private Ltd, New Delhi, pp.145-155.

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49kmaq-lnIÿm]-\-ßsf a\- n-em-°¬

kmaq-lnIÿm]-\-ßsfa\- n-em-°¬

UNDERSTANDING

SOCIAL

INSTITUTIONS3

I

BapJw

kaq-lhpw hy‡n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿® sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv Cu ]mT]pkvXIw Bcw-`n-®-Xv.hy‡n F∂ \nebv°v kzbw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-X-s√-¶nepw kaq-l-Øn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Hmtcm ÿm\hpw ]Z-hn-bp-ap-≠v.AXv A`n-t\-Xm-°ƒ- kn\nabn¬ thj-ßƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-b-√. \mw

AwKambn´p≈ kmaqlnIÿm]\ßfmWvAXv \n›bn°pI. \nb¥n°p∂Xpwin£n°p∂Xpw AwKo-Im-c-ßƒ \¬Ip∂Xpamb kmaqlnIÿm]\ßfp≠v. AhcmjvSsØ (State) t∏mse-bp≈ kvYqe-km-aq-lnIÿm]-\-ßtfm (Macro social insti-

tutions) IpSpw-_-sØ-t∏m-se-bp≈ kq£vakm-aq-lnIÿm]-\-ßtfm (Micro social in-

stitutions) BImw. Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ kmaq-lnI-ÿm-]-\-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kaq -l-im -kvXhpw \c-hwi

kmaq-lnIÿm]-\-ßƒ

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imkvXhpw Chsb Fßs\ ]Tn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw a\- n-em-°p-∂p. ChnsS Xmsg∏d-bp∂ ][m-\-s∏´ kmaq-lnIÿm-]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-b-ßƒ a\ n-em-°mw.

1. IpSpw_w, hnhm-lw, _‘pXzw (Family,

Marriage, Kinship)

2. cmjvSobw (Politics)

3. kmº-ØnIw (Economics)

4. aXw (Religion)

5. hnZym- ymkw (Education)

hnim -e -amb A¿Y-Øn¬ kmaq -lnIÿm]-\-ßsf∂m¬ ÿm]nX\nb-a-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v, As√-¶n¬ N´-ßƒ°pwBNm-c-ßƒ°p-a-\p-kcn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hbmWv. CØcw N´-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX Ah-bpsS km[m-c-Whpw \nc-¥-c-hp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ a\- n-em°m≥ Ign-bn√. ÿm]-\-ßƒ hy‡n-bpsSta¬ Nne\nb¥Wßƒ A\pimkn°p∂tXmsSm∏wAh¿°v Ah-k-c -ßƒ \¬Ip-IbpwsNøp∂p.

Hmtcm ÿm]-\hpw Hmtcm e£y-sØbmWv ]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂Xv. Xo¿®-bmbpw P\-ßƒ IpSpw-_-sØ-bpw aX-sØ-bpw cmjvSsØbpw hnZym- ym-k-sØ-t∏mepwHmtcm e£y-am-bmWv IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

C¥y-bn¬ IpSpw_w, aXw,cmPyw apXemb ÿm]\ßfpsS t]cn¬ \mtamtcmcpØcpw Gs‰Sp°p∂ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ hnebncpØpI.

kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn¬ Bi-b-]cambhyXy-kvXXIfpw A`n-]m-b-ßfpap≠v.kmaq-lnI\nb-¥-Ww (Social control),tiWo-I-c-Ww (Stratification) F∂nh-sb-°p-

dn®v kwL- \-hm-Zn-Iƒ°pw (Conflict view-

ers), \n¿h-l-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ (Functionalist view-

ers) °p-ap≈ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ hyXy-kvX-am-sW∂v \Ωƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v. kmaq-ln-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-sf°p-dn®≈ \ne]mSpIfpwCXpt]mse hyXykvXamWv.

kaq-l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®vD≠mIp∂ kmaq-lnI-h-g-°-ßƒ (Social

norms), hnizm-k-ßƒ (Beliefs), aqey-ßƒ(Values), ]¶p_‘-ßƒ (Role relationship)

F∂n-h-bpsS k¶o¿W-amb Iq -sØ-bmWvkmaq-lnI-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ F∂p \n¿h-l-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚Bh-iy-ßƒ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ kmaqlnI-ÿm-]-\-ß-ƒ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. kaq-l-Øn¬A\u-]-Nm-cn -I-amb ÿm]-\-ß-fp≠v.IpSpw_w, aXw XpS-ßnbh A\u-]-Nm-cnIkmaq-lnI-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°pw \nbaw, hnZym-`ymkw (Hu]-Nm-cnI) XpS-ßn-bh Hu]-Nm-cnI kmaq-lnI-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°pw DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

kaq-l-Ønse F√m hy‡n-Ifpw Xpey-c-s√∂v Hcp hn`mKw kwL- -\-hm-Zn-Iƒ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. IpSpw-_]c-ambpw aX-]cambpw cmjvSo-bambpw kmº-Øn-Iambpw \nb-a-]cambpw hnZym- ym-k-]cambpw\ne\n¬°p∂ ÿm]-\-ß-sf√mw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv kaq-l-Ønse ]_-e-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS (Dominant Classes) Xm¬∏-cy-Øn-\p-th-≠nbm-Wv F∂p ]d-bm-dp≠v. ]_-e-hn-`mKßƒ cmjvSo-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-ambÿm\-ß-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂psh∂p amX-a√, A[nImch¿K-Øns‚Bi-b-ßƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ Bi-b-ß-fm-sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. CXvkaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXpXm¬∏-cy-Øn¬\n∂phn`n∂amWv.

Cu A[ym-b-ØneqsS \nßƒ IS∂pt]mIptºmƒ kmaq-lnIÿm]-\-ßƒ

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hy‡n-Isf \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂-sXßs\-bm-sW∂Xns‚ DZmlcWßƒ Is≠Øm≥ian°pI. kmaq-ln-I-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ kaq-l-Ønse hn`m-K-ßsf ]e-X-c-ØnemWvkzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv. Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn¬ kvXoIƒ°pw ]pcp-j∑m¿°pw Xpey-\n-b-¥-W-ßfpw Xpey Ah-k-c-ß-fp-amtWm D≈Xv?cmjvSobÿm]-\-ßƒ As√-¶n¬ \nbaÿm]-\-ßƒ kaq-l-Ønse DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-an-√mØh-scbpw hnti-jm-[n-Im-c-ap-≈-h-scbpw Fß-s\-bmWv kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv?

II

IpSpw-_w, hnhm-lw, _‘pXzw(Family, Marriage and Kinship)

Hcp]t£ IpSpw-_-sØ-t∏mse ]Xy£Øn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn tXm∂p∂ as‰mcpÿm]-\hpw ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√. IpSpw-_-

sØ-t∏mse km¿h-Xn-Iamb as‰mcp kmaq-lnIÿm]-\-hp-an-√. hyXykvX kaq-l-ßfn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn\v hnhn[ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-sW-¶nepw IpSpw-_w, hnhm-lw,_‘pXzw F∂nh hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ FX-tØmfw ]m[m-\y-ta-dn-b-XmsW∂vkaq-l-im-kvX-hpw \c-hw-i-im-kvXhpwh¿j-ß-fmbn o¬Uv]T\w \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p.Hcp hy‡n-bpsS kzImcyafi-e-ambIpSpw_w kmº-Øn-I-hpw cmjvSo-b-hpwhnZym-`ym-k-]-chp-amb s]mXp-a-fi-e-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu \nK-a-\w hn`n-∂-ß-fmb imkvX-ßƒ XΩn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-tØ--≠Xns‚ BhiyIX ho≠pwNq≠n°mWn°p∂p.

\n¿h-l-W-hm-Zn-I-fpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬,IpSpw_w Nne ][m-\-s∏´ ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-Ibpw kmaq-lnI-Iaw (So-

hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb IpSpw-_-ßfpw hmk-ÿ-e-ßfpw

sXmgnepw hmk-ÿ-ehpw

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cial order) \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. B[p-\nI hymh-kmbnIkaqlw \∂mbn]h¿Øn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ kvXoIƒ IpSpw_w]cn-]m-en-°p-∂hcpw ]pcp-j≥ PohnXam¿Kwkºm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿h-l-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ hmZn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ hymh-km-bnI amXr-I-bn-ep-≈ -k-ºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬IpSpw-_-ßƒ AWp-Ip-Spw-_-am-I-W-sa-∂n-s√-∂mWv C¥y-bnse ]T-\-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv (Singh1993;83). CXv kmaqlnIm\p`hßfpsS hyXykvXXIfnte°p hnc¬Nq≠p∂p.

hymh-km-bnIkaq-l-Ønse Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\v AWp-Ip-Spw-_-amWvG‰hpw tbmPn-®- kmaqlnIÿm]\sa∂p\n¿h-l-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.AØcw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Hcp apXn¿∂ hy‡n]pdØv tPmen-sN-øp-Ibpw c≠m-asØapXn¿∂ hy‡n hoSn-s\bpw Ipń-I-sfbpw]cn-]m-en-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Nn¥n°ptºmƒ AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ØnseCu ]¶p-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-h¬°-cWw`¿Ømhv IpSpw_w t]m‰p∂ "Imc-W-`q-X-amb ]¶pw-' (Instrumental) `mcy ho´p-Im-cy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ "sshIm-cnI' (Emo-

tional) ]¶pw sNøp-∂psh∂ hn[Øn¬BbnØo-cp∂p (Antony Giddens 2001). CuImgvN-∏mSv tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv enwK-]-c-amb A\o-Xn- amX-ambXpsIm≠√, kwkvIm-c-Ønepw Ncn-X-Ønepw \S-∂n- p≈ A\p--h-kn-≤-amb ]T-\-ßƒ AXv sX‰m-sW∂p

sXfnbn®-Xp-sIm-≠p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. tPmenbpwkmº-Øn-Ihpw F∂ N¿®-bn¬, ka-Im-enIkaq-l-Øn¬ hkvX-I-b-‰p-a-Xn-t]m-ep≈hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKwsXmgn¬i‡n kvXoI-fm-sW∂p ImWm≥Ign-bpw. enwK-]-c-amb th¿Xn-cnhv ]pcp-js\hoSns‚ ta[m-hn-bm-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv icn-bm-bn-s°m-≈-W-an-s√∂v Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂DZmlcWw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

kvXoIƒ°p t\Xr-Xz-ap≈ hoSp-Iƒ(Female headed households)

]pcp-j≥ \K-c-ß-fn-te°p tPmen°mbnIpSn-tb-dp-tºmƒ kvXo \ne-ap-gpXpadn°m-\pw Irjn-sN-øm\pw \n¿_-‘n-X-bm-Ip-∂p. Ahƒ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ GIA∂-Zm-Xm-hmbn amdp-∂p. CØcw IpSpw-_-ß-sf-bmWv 'kvXoIƒ°p t\Xr-Xz-ap≈ hoSp-Iƒ' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hn[-h-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw IpSpw-_-`mcw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠n-h-cpw. `¿Ømhv ]p\¿hn-hm-ln-X-\m-hp-Ibpw `mcy°pw Ipń-Iƒ°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°pw sNe-hn\v sImSp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ kvXo°v IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]cn-]m-e\w Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠nh-cp-∂p. sX°p-In-g-°≥ alm-cm-jvSbnepw-hS-°≥ B‘-]-tZ-in-epw "tImew'(Kolam) F∂ tKmX-Øn¬ kvXoIƒIpSpw_t\Xr-Xzwhln°p∂ coXnbmWp≈Xv.

IpSpw_coXnIfnse hyXnbm\ßƒ(Variation in family forms)

AWp-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬\n∂v Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w C¥y-bnse Hcp ][m\X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv. kaq-l-imkvXw kmam-\y-t_m-[sØ tNmZyw sNøp∂sXßs\sb∂v \mw I≠pIgn™p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ AWp-IpSpw-_-ßƒ C¥y-bnseA[ÿnXh¿Kßƒ°nSbn¬ F√m Ime-L- -Øn-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bn¬ Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS FÆw h¿[n-®p-sh∂v kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄-\mb F.-Fw. jm A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ h¿[n-°p∂ Bbp¿ssZ¿Ly-am-Wn-Xn\v Imc-W-sa∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.1941 50 apX¬ 1981˛85 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L- -Øn¬ ]pcp-js‚ Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw 32.5¬\n∂pw 55.4 sIm√-ambpw kvXobp-tSXv 31.7¬\n∂pw 55.7 sIm√-ambpw h¿[n®p. CXns‚ê-ambn 60 hb- n-\pap-I-fn-ep≈ hr≤-P-

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\-ß-fpsS samØw P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw h¿[n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. GXp-XcwIpSpw -_-Øn -em -bn -cn°pw ]mbw-sN-∂-h¿Pohn-°pI F∂p \mwAt\z -jn -t°-≠-Xp -s≠∂v jm \nco-£n®kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv,Ah¿ `qcn -`m -KhpwXma-kn-°p-∂Xv Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-em-sW∂At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]mbw Hcp hnimekmam-\y-h¬°-c-W-am-Ip∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ C√m-Xm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ kmam-\y-t_m[w A‘-ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc PmKX ]pe¿Øm≥ Cu]T\w \sΩ klm-bn-°p∂p. IqSmsX,i≤m-]q¿hamb Xmc-X-aym-\p- -h-kn≤]T-\-Øn-s‚ (Comparative and empirical studies)

Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®pw CXp \sΩ PmK-cq-I-cm-°p∂p.

hyXykvXkaq-l-ß-fn¬ hyXykvXIpSpw-_-cq-]-ßƒ \ne\n¬°p∂psh∂v ]T-\-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. hmk-ÿ-e-Øns‚kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v IpSpw-_-ßsf amXr- -h-\m-[n-jvTnXw (Matrilocal), ]nXr- -h-\m-[n-jvTnXw(Patrilocal) F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbn Xncn-°mw.

amXr- h-\m-[n-jvTnX IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hc≥h[p-hns‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒs°m∏w Xma-kn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ]nXr- -h-\m-[n-jvTnX IpSpw-_-Øn¬ h[p hcs‚ amXm -]n -Xm -°ƒs°m∏w Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

]nXr-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ ]pcp-j-\mWv A[n-Im-chpw B[n-]-Xy-hp-ap-≈-Xv.F∂m¬ amXr-ta-[m-hnXz IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw henb ]¶phln-°p-∂Xv kvXoI-fm-bn-cn-°pw. hwi-]m-c-ºcyw amXm-hn-eq-sS-bp≈ Xmhgn IpSpw-_-

ßƒ Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£,amXr-ta-[m-hnXz IpSpw-_-ß-fps≠∂v A¥n-a-ambn \ap°v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hn-√Xm\pw.

a‰p kmaq-lnIafi-e-ß-fp-ambnIpSpw-_-ßƒ°p≈ _‘hpwIpSpw-_-Ønse am‰-ßfpw(Families are linked to other socialspheres and families change)

\nXy-Po-hn-XØn¬ \mw IpSpw-_sØkmº-Øn-Ihpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb afi-e-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXhpw th¿Xn-cn™p\n¬°p∂ H∂pambn ImWp-∂p. F∂m¬hoSn-s‚bpw IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw LS-\bv°pwhg-°-ßƒ°pw kaq-l-hp-ambn ASpØ_‘-ap-≠v. P¿a≥ GIo-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]cn-W-X-^-e-ßƒ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.1990˛Ifn¬, AXm-bXv GIo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Ime-L- -ß-fn¬ hnhm-l-ßƒ AXn-thKw Ipd-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. GIo-I-c-WØn\ptijw IpSpw-_-ßƒ°p \¬I-s∏-´n-cp∂ kmaqlnIkwc-£-W-ßƒ ]n≥h-en-®-XmWv CXn-\p- Im-c-Ww. hf¿∂p-h∂kmº-ØnI Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿtbmSv hy‡nIƒ ]XnIcn®Xv hnhmlw Ign°mXncp∂mWv. CXv GIoIcWØns‚ XnI®pwA]Xo£nXamb ]cnWnX^eamWv.

P¿a-\n-bnse cmjvSob˛kmº-ØnIcwKßfnse am‰-ßƒ IpSpw_LS-\-sbbpw-am-‰n. kvYqe-km-º-ØnI]In-b-Iƒ IpSpw-_-Øn\pw _‘p-Xz-Øn\pw ]cn-h¿Ø-\apf-hm°n. F∂m¬ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ZniF√m cmPy-ß-fnepw ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Hcp-t]mse Bbn-cn-°n-√. F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn am‰-sa-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv apºp≈coXnIfpsSbpw LS-\-bp-sSbpw ]q¿W-X-I¿®-b-√. am‰-ßfpw XpS¿®bpw Hcp-an-®mWv\n¬°p-∂-Xv.

F. Fw. jm

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IpSpw_w FX-amXwenwKh¬°-cn°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p?(How gendered is the family?)

BÏp- n-Iƒ c£n-Xm-°sf hb- p-Im-eØv kwc-£n-°p-sa∂pw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒhnhm-l-tijw hoSp-hn- p-t]m-Ip-sa∂pamWvs]mXphn¬ IcpXs∏Sp∂Xv. Cu hnizmkwBÏpńIfpsS ImcyØn¬ amXm]nXm°ƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Ww apS-°p-∂Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Bïn-ip-°-tf-°mƒ AXn-Po-h\km[yX s]ïn-ip-°ƒ°m-sW-∂Xv Poh-im-kvX-]-c-amb Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw C¥y-bn¬ s]ïnipac-W-\n-c°vBïn-ip-a-c-W-\n-c-°n-t\-°mƒ Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X-em-Wv.

hnhmlw F∂ ÿm]\w(The institution of marriage)

hnhn[ kaq -l-ß-fn¬ hyXykvXcoXnIfnep≈ hnhmlßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. hnhmlØnse NSßpIƒ Hmtcm∂nepw]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ [¿a-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-°p∂p.hnhm-l-Øn\v h[qh-c∑msc Xncs™Sp°p∂hn[w hnhm-l-Øns‚ hnkva-b-I-c-ambcoXn-sbbpw BNm-c-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

"s]Ïpń-Isf hf¿Øp-∂XvAb¬]-°-Øp≈ sNSn -Iƒ°v sh≈-sam-gn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv" F∂ sXep¶v

]g-sam-gn°v kam-\-amb ]g-s©m-√p-IƒIs≠-Øp-I. CØcw P\-Io-b-ambhm°p-Iƒ kmaqln -I - I -a -ß-fn¬Fßs\ ]Xn -^-en -°p -∂p -sh∂vN¿®sNøp-I.

s]¨`q-W-lXy enwKm-\p-]m-X-Øn¬ s]s´-∂p≈ CSn-hp-≠m°n. 1901 ¬ Bbn-c-Øn\v 972F∂ enwKm-\p-]mXw 2011˛¬ 940 Bbn Ipd-™p. Ipń-I-fpsS enwKm-\p-]m-X-Øn-ep≈ Ipdhv`bm-\-I-am-Wv. ]©m-_v, lcn-bm-\, alm-cm-jvS, ]Sn-™m-d≥ DØ¿]-tZiv XpS-ßnb tZi-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn cq£-am-Wv. ]©m-_n¬ 1000 BÏp-ń-Iƒ°v 793 s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v Ipń-I-fpsS enwKm-\p-]mXw Xmgv∂p. ]©m-_n-sebpw lcn-bm-\-bn-sebpw Nne Pn√-I-fn¬ AXv 700˛\v Xmsg-bmbn Ipd-™p. tIc-f-Øn¬ 1000 BÏp-ń-Iƒ°v 964 s]Ïp-ń-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv (sk≥kkv 2011).

C¥y-bnse enwKm-\p-]mXw (1991-- ˛ 2011)

h¿jw enwKm-\p-]mXw h¿jw enwKm-\p-]mXw

1901 972 1961 941

1911 964 1971 930

1921 955 1981 934

1931 950 1991 926

1941 945 2001 927

1951 946 2011* 940

*National Census Report

hnhn[ kaq-l-ß-fn¬ PohnX]¶m-fn-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂coXn-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

hnhm-l-Øns‚ cq]-ßƒ(Forms of marriage)

hnhm-l-Øn\v ]ecq]-ß-fp≠v. ]¶m-fn-I-fpsS FÆw, B¿°v Bsc-sbms°hnhmlw Ign-°mw F∂o \nb-a-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv hnhm-l-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]¶m-fn-I-fpsS FÆ-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhm-lsØ GIhnhm-lw (Mo-

nogamy), _lp-hn-hmlw (Polygamy) F∂n-ßs\ th¿Xn-cn-°mw.

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GIhnhmlØn¬ Hcp hy‡n°v Hcpkabw Hcp ]¶mfn F∂p ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp ]pcp-j≥ Hcp kvXosbAs√-¶n¬ Hcp kvXo Hcp ]pcp-js\ amXwhnhmlw Ign-°p∂ kº-Zm-b-am-Wn-Xv._lp-hn-hmlw A\p-h-Zn-®n- p≈ kaq-l-ß-fn¬t∏mepw GIhnhm-l-amWv hym]-I-ambn\ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv.

]e kaql-ß-fnepw hy‡n-I-fpsS ac-W-Øn-\p-ti-j-tam hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-\p-ti-jtam ho≠pw hnhmlw sNøm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-dp≠v. F∂m¬ Htcka-bØv H∂n-e-[nIw ]¶m-fnIsf kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ah¿°vA\p-hm-Z-an-√. CØcw GI-hn-hm-lsØA\p-Ia GI-hn-hmlw (Serial Monogamy)

F∂p ]dbp-∂p.

]¶mfnbpsS ac-W-tijw ]p\¿hn-hmlwsNøpI F∂Xv ]pcp-j-∑msc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw km[m-c-Wamb hg-°-am-sW-¶nepw, D∂XPmXn-bn-ep≈ lnµp-kvXo-Iƒ°v ]p\¿hn-hm-l-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiwe`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n 19˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]cn-jvI-cW]ÿm-\-ßƒ ian-®p. C¥y-bnsekvXoI-fnse ]Øp-i-X-am-\hpw 50 hb- n\vapI-fn-ep-≈-h-cn¬ 55 iX-am-\hpw hn[-h-I-fm-Wv.

Hcp hy‡n Htckabw H∂n-e-[nIwhnhmlw Ign-°p∂ kº-Zm-bsØ _lp-hn-hmlw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. _lp-`m-cyXzw(Polygyny) (Hcp ]pcp-j\v Htckabw ct≠mAXn-e-[n-Itam `mcy-am¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°p∂kº-Zm-bw), _lp-`¿XrXzw (Polyandry)

(Hcp kvXo°v Htckabw ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam ¿Øm-°∑m¿ D≠mbn-cn-°p∂ kº-Zm-bw) F∂n-h-bp-ap-≠v. km[m-c-W-bmbnkmº-ØnI ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bp≈ kaq-l-ß-fn¬ _lp-`¿XrXzw ImWp-∂p. CØcw]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn¬ Hcp ]pcp-j\v `mcy-

sbbpw Ipń-I-sfbpw aXn-bmb hn[-Øn¬kwc-£n-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. IqSmsX,ISpØ ZmcnZyw P\-kwJy \nb-¥n-°m≥kaq-l-Øn-\p-ta¬ kΩ¿Z-ap-≠m°p-∂p.

hnhm-l-ß-fpsS Iao-I-cW hnjbw:\nb-a-ßfpw \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw

The matter arranging marriages: Rules

and prescription

Nne kaq-l-ß-fn¬ ]¶mfnsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm _‘p-°tfmBbn-cn°pw. F∂m¬ a‰pNne kaq-l-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS ]¶m-fnsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ kzmX-¥y-ap≠v.

kzK-W-hn-hm-lØns‚bpw (Endogamy)_ln¿K-W-hn-hm--lØns‚bpw(Exogamy) N´-ßƒ

Hmtcm kaq-l-Ønepw hnhm-l-Øns‚Imcy-Øn¬ Nne \nb-¥-W-ßfpw hne-°p-I-fp-ap≠v. Nne kaq-l-ßfn¬ Cu \nb-¥-W-ßƒ efn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ a‰p-Nnekaq-l-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-Iƒ°v hnhmlw Ign-°p-Itbm hnhmlw Ign-°m-Xn-cn-°p-ItbmsNøm-\p≈ A\p-hm-Z-ap≠v. ]¶m-fnsb kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈ tbmKyX/Atbm-KyX F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hnhm-l-cq-]-ßsfkzK-W-hn-hm-lw, _ln¿K-W-hn-hmlwF∂p c≠mbnØncn-°mw. Hcp kmwk-vIm-cnI KW-Øn¬\n∂p Xs‚ PohnX]¶m-fnsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ hnhm-l-\n-b-a-amWvkzK-W-hn-hm-lw. DZm--lc-Ww: PmXn. kzK-W-Øn\v ]pd-Øp-≈-hsc hnhmlw sNøp-∂-Xns\ _ln¿K-W-hn-hmlw F∂p- ]-d-bp-∂p.Ipew, PmXn, hwiw, aXw XpS-ßnb _‘p-Xz- G-I-I-ß-fp-ambn (Kinship unit) _‘-s∏--XmWv kzK-W-hn-hm-lhpw _ln¿K-W-hn-hm-

l-hpw. hSt° C¥y-bnse Nne mK-ß-fn¬Kma _ln¿K-W-hn-hmlw \S-°m-dp≠v. Kma_ln¿K-W-hn-hm-l-ßƒ s]Ïp-ń-Isf

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kz¥w Krl-Øn¬\n∂p hnZq-c-Km-a-ß-fnseIpSpw-_-ßfn-te°v hnhmlw sNbvXb°p∂psh∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p. CXv h[p-hn\v`¿ØrKrlØnse kmlNcyßfpambnkz¥w _‘p-P-\-ß-fpsS CS-s]-S¬IqSmsX s]mcpØs∏´p Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. `qan-im-kvX-]-c-ambAIew ]nXr-Zm-bI kº-Zm-b-Ønse Xpeya√mØ _‘ßƒ°p Imc-W-ambn hnhm-ln-X-cmb s]ä-°ƒ°v amXm-]n-Xm-°sfCSbv-°n-Sbv°v h∂p-Im-Wm-\p≈ kml-NcywC√m-Xm-°n. P∑Kr-l-Øn¬\n∂p≈ th¿]mSvAh¿°v XnI®pw thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb kml-N-cy-ap≠m-°n. Cu th¿]m-Sns‚ thZ\Iƒ]ta-b-am°n [mcmfw \mtSmSnKm\-ßƒ cNn-°s∏ń´p-≠v.

hnhm-l-Km-\-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-I.CXv enwK-t`ZsØ Fßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂p N¿®sNøpI.

Nnd-I-Sn-®-I-ep∂ ]£n-°q´w IW-s°,

]d-∂-I-ep∂p Rßƒ, ]nXmth

RßƒX≥ bmX hnZq-c-amWv

GXp Zni-bn-te-°m-Wo bmX

H´pta Adn-h-Xn√

Aß-bpsS sIm´m-c-s°-ń-\p-≈n¬

Kan-°p-hm≥ F≥ ]√-°n-\n-√-\p-aXn

hmXn-ep-Iƒ CSp-ßn-bXt√ ]n-Xmth

Rms\-Sp-Øp-am-‰p-Int√ Cu I√p-Iƒ

(\n≥ ]√°n-\mbv hgn-sbm-cp-°p-hm≥)

\o \ns‚ `h-\-Øn-te°v Kan-°p-I.

**** (Chanana 1993 Ws 26)

tNtXm-l-c-ßfmw Af-I-ßƒ

amSn-sbm-Xp-°n, bmXm-sam-gn-tb-Ip-tºmƒ

\ns∂ AI-e-ß-fn-te°vB\-bn-°p-hm-\mbv

kXzcw \n≥ kpµ-c-]p-cp-js\Øp-tºmƒ

D®-Øn¬ Ae-b-Sn-°p∂p sN-≠X≥ tafw

jl-\m-bvX≥ arZp-kzcwHgp-In-sbm-gpInsbØp∂p

sIm≠pt]m-Ip-hm-s\-Øp-∂p, GtXm

A]-cn-NnX kqX≥, AIse\n∂pw...

HØp-tN-cm-sa≥ tXmg-tc, \ΩƒX≥Ifn-∏m-´-ß-fp-ambv

\ap-s°m-sØm-cp-an®p Ifn-°mw,

C\n-sbm-cp-h´wIqSn Ifn-°p-hm≥Rm\n-√-t√m.

hnS-]-d-bp-I-b-t√m, Hc-]-cn-NnX`h\-Øn-te°v Rm\n-∂v...

(Dube 2001 : 92)

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

hyXykvX am[y-a-ß-fn¬h-cp∂ hnhm-l-]-c-ky-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kzK-W-hn-hm-

lw, ]¶m-fnsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°¬, hnhm-l-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ am‰-ßƒ F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

IpSpw-_w, _‘pXzw, hnhmlwXpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm\k¶¬∏\-ß-fpsS\n¿hN\w(Defining some basic concepts, par-ticularly those of family, kinship andmarriage)

t\cn-´p c‡-_-‘ap≈ hy‡n-I-fpsSKWsØ IpSpw_w F∂p ]d-bp∂p. Ipń-Isf kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ Npa-Xe IpSpw-_-

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Ønse apXn¿∂ AwK-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. hnhmlw hgntbm c‡-_‘w hgntbmhy‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p∂ _‘-sØ-bmWv "_‘pXzw" (Kinship) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv (DZm-l-c-Ww: AΩ, A—≥, a°ƒ,ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ apX-em-b-h¿). ]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb c≠p hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ kmaq-lnIAwKo-Im-c-tØm-sS-bp≈ ssewKnI]cambHØptNcens\ hnhm-l-sa∂v \n¿h-Nn-°mw.c≠pt]¿ hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip-tºmƒ Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw _‘p-°-fm-Ip-∂p. hnhmlw F∂sI´p-]mSv hn]p-e-amb coXn-bn¬ P\-ßsftbmPn-∏n-°pw. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ, ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿, ktlm-Z-cn-Iƒ, c‡-_-‘-ap≈ a‰p_‘p-°ƒ F∂n-h¿ hnhm-l-Øn-eqsS ]¶m-fn-I-fpsS _‘p-°-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. P\n®IpSpw-_sØ "Znim-Ip-Spw_w (Family of Ori-

entation) F∂pw hnhmlw sNbvX-b-°p∂IpSpw-_sØ "]p\-cp¬∏m-Z-\-Ip-Spw_w"(Family of Procreation) F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.c‡-_‘w hgn-bp≈ _‘p-°sf ktKm-X-_-‘pXzsa∂pw (Consanguineous kinship)

hnhmlw hgn-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xns\ sshhm-lnI_‘p-Xz-sa∂pw (Affinal kinship) ]d-bp-∂p.ASpØ mK-Øn¬ IpSpw-_hpw kmº-ØnIPohn-Xhpw Fßs\ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂psh∂p a\ n-em°mw.

III

sXmgnepw kmº-ØnIPohn-Xhpw(Work and Economic Life)

sXmgn¬ F∂mse¥v?(What is Work?)

hep-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ GXp-Xcw sXmgn-emWvsNøpI F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Ip´n-I-sf∂\nebv°v \mw k¶¬∏n-°m-dp≠v. "thX\w]‰p∂ tPmen-bmWv' ChnsS sXmgn¬ F∂vhy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. CXmWv B[p-\nIsXmgn¬k¶¬∏w.

hmkvX-h-Øn¬ CsXmcp efn-X-ambImgvN-∏m-Sm-Wv. ]eXc-Øn-ep≈ tPmen-IfpwthX\w ]‰p∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fmbn IW-°m-°s∏Sp∂n√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, A\u-]-Nm-cnI kºZvhyh-ÿ-bnse qcn-`mKw sXmgn-ep-Ifpw HutZym-KnI sXmgn-ens‚ IW-s°-Sp-∏n¬ hcp-∂-h-b-√. A\u-]-Nm-cnIkºZvhyhÿ (informal economy) F∂vkqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv hyh-ÿm-]nX sXmgn¬taJ-ebv°v ]pd-Øp≈ CS-]m-Sp-I-sf-bm-Wv.tkh-\-ßƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]W-ssI-am-‰w,km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw t\cn-´p≈ ssIam‰w F∂nh CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

a\pjys‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ thX\w ]‰p-∂tXm A√m-ØtXm F∂ th¿Xncnhn√msX am\-kn-Ihpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb ]b-Xv\-Øn-eqsS Xs‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p∂Xn\pth≠n km[-\-ß-fpw tkh-\-ßfpw D¬∏m-Zn∏n°p∂Xns\ sXmgn¬ F∂v\n¿hNn-°mw.

B[p-\nI sXmgn¬cq]-ß-fpwsXmgn¬hn -P-\hpw(Modern Forms of Work &

Division of Labour)

]c-º-cm-KX kaq-l-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS][m\sXmgn¬ Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Ø-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ hymh-km-bn-I-ambn hnI-kn® kaq-l-Øn¬ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS Hcp-sN-dnb hn`mKw amXamWv Irjn-bn-te¿s∏- ncp-∂Xv. ItaW Irjnbpw hyh-km-b-h¬°-cn-°-s∏- p. Irjn-bn¬ a\p-jy-I-c-ß-tf-°mƒIqSp-X¬ b¥-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.C¥ysbt∏m-ep≈ Hcp cmPyØv P\-kw-Jy-bpsS \s√mcp ]¶pw Kmao-Wcpw Irjn-°mcpw, As√-¶n¬ Kma-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-ep≈sXmgn-ep-Iƒ sNøp-∂-hcpamWv. C¥y-bn¬a‰p-Nne ]h-W-X-IƒIq-Sn-bp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn tkh-\-ta-J-e-bpsS hnI-k-\w.

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sXmgn¬ cq]-ßƒ

Kma -] -›m -Ø-e -Øn -ep≈sXmgn-ep-I-fpsS Hcp ]´nIXbm-dm-°p-I.

B[p-\nIkaq-l-Øns‚ kmº-ØnIhyh-ÿ-bpsS G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ khn-ti-j-X-bmWv k¶o¿W-amb sXmgn¬hn -P-\w(Division of labour). P\-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp]h¿Ø\w sNdpsXmgnepIfmbn th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

]c-º-cm-KXkaq-l-Øn¬ Im¿jn-tI-XcsXmgn-ep-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xn\v sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v sshZKv[yw Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Cu sshZKv[yw \o≠ ]cn-

io-e-\-Øn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-ØXmWv. sXmgn-emfn D¬∏m-Z-\-]-In-b-bpsS (Process of pro-

duction) BZyw-ap-X¬ Ah-km\w hsc ]¶m-fn-bm-bn-cn-°pw.

C¥ybnse ]pXnb tkh\˛sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Iƒ GsX-√m-sa∂p Is≠-Øp-I.

B[p-\nIkaqlw sXmgn-ens‚ ÿm\-am-‰-Øn\pw km£ywhln-®p. hyh-kmbh¬°-c-W-Øn\p apºv an° sXmgn-ep-IfpwIpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ Hcp-an®v ho´n-\-I-Øp-\n∂vsNbvXn-cp-∂p. hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-tØmsSI¬°-cn-bnepw sshZyp-Xn-bnepw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ b¥kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, sXmgn-en-s‚bpw

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hoSn-s‚bpw th¿s]-Sp-Øente°p \bn®p.apX-em-fnIfpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ mIvS-dn -Iƒ hymh-km-bnI]ptcm-K-Xn -bpsS][m\ tIµ-ambn amdn.

tPmen sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂s\bvØp-Im-cs\ I≠n´pt≠m?Hcp jmƒ \n¿an-°m≥ FXka-b-sa -Sp -°p -sa∂p Is≠-ØpI.

^mIvS-dn-I-fn¬ sXmgn-e-t\z-jn®v hcp-∂-h¿°v khn-tijtPm-en°v ]cn-io-e\w\¬In sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-Ibpw Ah¿°v Iqen\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fnseA®-S°w h¿[n-∏n-°m-\pw D¬∏m-Z\£a-X-h¿[n-∏n-°m\pw sXmgn-en\v ta¬t\m´w hln-°m\pw amt\-Pcp≠v.

B[p-\nIkaq-l-ß-fpsS as‰mcp ][m-\-s∏´ khn-ti-j-X-bmWv kmº-ØnI ]c-kv]-cm-i-b-Xz-Øns‚ hym]\w. \ΩpsSPohnXw \ne-\n¿Øp∂ D¬∏-∂-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pth≠n, temIw apgp-h≥ hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ [mcmfw sXmgn-em-fn-Isf \ap°v Bi-bn-t°≠Xp≠v. B[p-\nIkaq-l-Ønse `qcn-`mKw P\-ßfpwAh¿ Ign-°p∂ £Wtam Xma-kn-°p∂hotSm D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ssZ\wZn\ h-kvXp-°tfm kzbw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. Ah¿CXns\√mw a‰p-≈-hsc Bi-bn-°p-∂p.

\nßfpsS `£W]Zm¿Y-ß-fp-sSbpw hoSv \n¿an-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn®hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw [cn-°p∂hkvX-ß-fpsSbpw ]´nI Xbm-dm-°pI. CØcw hkvXp-°ƒ Bcv,Fßs\, FhnsS D≠m°p-∂p-sh∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

sXmgn-ens‚ cq]m-¥-co-I-cWw(Transformation of Work)

ka-b-_-‘n-Xhpw kwL-Sn-Xhpw \nco-£-W-hn-t[-b-hp-ambn hymh-km-bnI ]In-b-

Iƒ efn-X-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´p. h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn\v h≥ hn]-Wn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. b¥-ß-fpsSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw Ne-\m-fl-I Iq´n-t®¿°¬hyqlw (Moving Assembly line) cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Hcp ][m-\-s∏-´- I-≠p]n-Sn-Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p. B[p-\nI hymh-km-bnI D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn\v hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ bt¥m-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw,sXmgn-em-fn-Isf XpS¿®-bmbn \nco-£n-°p∂Hcp kwhn-[m-\hpw Bh-iy-ambnh∂p.

D¬∏m-Z\w, sXmgn-ens‚ hntI-µo-I-cWwF∂n-h-bn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn\v Ign™ Zi-I-ßƒ km£yw hln-®p. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬, ÿm]-\-ßfpw cmPy-ßfpw XΩn¬ hf-cp∂ a’cwImcWw amdp∂ hn]Wnkml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v D¬∏m-Z\ kwLm-S-\-Øn¬ Iao-I-cWw hcp-tØ≠nh∂p. Fß-s\-bmWv]pXnb hyhÿ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂pwsXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ AXv F¥p kzm[o\w hcp-Øn-bn- p-s≠∂pw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v _mw•q-cnse hkvX\n¿amWhyh-km-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-Ønse mKw hmbn-®p-t\m-°mw.

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hyh-kmbw Xo¿®-bmbpw Zo¿Lamb Hcp irwJ-e-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. D¬∏m-Z-I-cpsSkzmX¥yw Atß-b‰w \nb-¥n-X-amWv. cq]-I¬∏\ apX¬ D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ ssIbn¬FØp-∂-Xp-hsc \qdp-I-W-°n\v ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS D¬∏∂w IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. CuirwJ-e-bn¬ D¬∏m-Z-I¿ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv 15 ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ amX-am-Wv. GsX-¶nepwXc-Øn-ep≈ thX-\-h¿[-\-hn-\p≈ ]t£m-`-ap-≠m-bm¬ D¬∏m-Z-I¿ Ah-cpsS hyh-km-b bqWn‰v sXmgn-emfnkwL-S-\-Iƒ°v FØn-s∏-Sm≥ ]‰mØ a‰p ÿe-ß-fn-te°pam‰nÿm]n-°pw. \ne-hn-ep≈ an\naw thX\w \¬IpI, As√-¶n¬ thX\w KWy-ambnDb¿ØpI XpS-ßnb ]iv\-ß-fp≠mImw. ChnsS G‰hpw ][m-\w, Db¿∂ thX-\-L-S\ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ th≠n k¿°mcn-\p-taepw ]mtZ-inI GP≥kn-I-fp-sS-taepw Bh-iy-amb kΩ¿±w sNep-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Nn√dhn¬∏-\-°m-cs‚ ]n¥pW B¿Pn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp A¥¿tZ-iob A`n-]m-b-thZn cq]o-I-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv CXns‚ ImgvN-∏mSv.

(Roy Choudhury 2005: 22-54)

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Kma-Ønse Im¿jn-I-°m-gvN-Iƒ

apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≈ tdmbv Nu[-cn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v i≤m]q¿hw hmbn-°p-I.Fß-s\-bmWv ]pXnb D¬∏mZ\kwhn-[m-\hpw cmPy-Øn-\p -]p-d-Øp≈ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpw D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ kmº-ØnILS\sbbpw cmjvSo-bsØbpw am‰n-b-sX∂v hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

IV

cmjvSobw (Politics)

kaq-l-Ønse A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hnX-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-amWv cmjvSo-b-ÿm-] -\ -ßƒ (Political Institutions).cmjvSobÿm]-\-ßsf°pdn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ][m-\-s∏´ c≠p k¶¬∏-\-ß-

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fmWv i‡nbpw (Power) A[n-Im-chpw (Au-

thority). a‰p-≈-h¿ FXn¿°p-tºmƒ t]mepwkz¥w BKlw \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈ hy‡n-bpsS, As√-¶n¬ kwL-Øns‚ Ign-hns\i‡n F∂p- ]-d-bp-∂p. i‡n ssIbm-fp-∂-h¿ Aßs\ sNøp-∂Xv a‰p-≈-h-cpsSafießfpambn _‘s∏´mWv F∂XmWvhkvXpX. kaq-l-Øn¬ Nne¿°v i‡nbp≠v, a‰p-≈-h¿°v i‡nbn-√. as‰m-¿Y-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ Hcp hy‡nt°m kwL-Ønt\m H‰-s∏ńcn-°p-tºmƒ i‡nbn-√.a‰p -≈-h -cp -ambn tNcp -tºmƒ Ah¿i‡cmhp-∂p.

IpSpw-_-Ønse apXn¿∂-h¿ ho´p-Np-a-X-e-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Ipń-Iƒ°v G¬∏n-°p∂p.]n≥kn-∏¬ kvIqfn¬ A®-S°w \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p. mIvSdn amt\-P¿ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°vtPmen hnX-cWw sNøp-∂p. cmjvSobt\Xm-°ƒ Ah-cpsS ]m¿ń-bpsS ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ\nb¥n-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, ]n≥kn-∏en\v k-vIqfn¬ A®-S°w \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ i‡nbp-≠v. cmjvSob ]m¿ń-bpsSA[y-£\v ]m¿ń-bn¬\n∂v Hcp AwKsØ]pd-Øm-°m-\p≈ i‡n-bp≠v. Cu HmtcmkmlNcyØnepw Hcp hy‡nt°m kwL-Ønt\m Ah-cpsS C—bv°v a‰p-≈-h¿ hg-ßp-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew Ah¿°v i‡nbp-≠mbn-cn-°pw. Cu A¿Y-Øn¬ cmjvSob]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ As√-¶n¬ cmjvSobwi‡nbp-ambn _‘-s∏- -Xm-Wv.

F∂m¬ i‡n AXns‚ e£yw t\tS-≠Xv Fß-s\-bmWv? P\-ßƒ a‰p-≈-h-cpsSB⁄-Iƒ F¥p-sIm≠v A\p-k-cn-°p∂p?CØcw tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw A[n-ImcwF∂ k¶¬∏-\Øn¬ e n-°pw. i‡n A[n-Im-c-Øn-eqsS ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn i‡nsb A[n-Imcw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. AXm-bXv AXv icnbpw \oXn-bp-

‡-hp-amWv. \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXv ÿm]-\-h¬Ir-X-am-Wv(Institutionalised). P\-ßƒ A[n-Im-csØs]mXpsh Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂ps≠-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS \nb-¥Ww \oXn-bp-‡hpw \√-Xp-am-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv. \nb-am-\p-kr-X-am-°¬ ]In-b-sb ]e-t∏mgpw ]Xy-b-imkv-X-ßƒklm-bn-°m-dp-≠v.

cmjvS-c-lnXkaq-l-ßƒ(Stateless Societies)

k¿°m¿ F∂ kwhn[m\an√msXFßs\ cmjvS-c-lnXkaq-l-ß-fn¬ Iaw\ne-\n¿Øn-sb∂v Adp-]Xph¿jtØmfambn \c-hwiimkvX-⁄¿ \S-Ønh∂ ]T-\-Øn¬\n∂v a\ n-em-°mw. kaq-l-Ønse]Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ k¥p-en-Xm-hÿÿm]n-°-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv _‘pXzw, hnhm-lw,hmk-ÿ-ew XpS-ßnb kJy-ß-fn-eqsSbmWv. iXp-°-sfbpw anX-ß-sfbpw ]s¶-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ BNm-c-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂Xpw CXn\p ImcWamWv.

\ap-°-dn-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse B[p-\nI cmjvS-Øn\v \nb-X-amb LS\bpw Hu]-Nm-cnI \S-] -Sn - I -a -ß-fp -ap -≠v . F∂ncp∂mepwcmjvSclnXkaqlØns‚ Nne coXnIƒC∂pw \ne\n¬°p-∂nt√?

cmjvS -c -lnX kaq -l-Øn¬D≠mbn-cp∂ Nne A\u-]-Nm-cnIcoXn-Iƒ cmjvSkaq-l-Øn-en-t∏m-gp-apt≠m? N¿®sNøp-I.

cmjvSw F∂ k-¶¬∏\w(Concept of the State)

k¿°m¿ F∂ cmjvSobkwhn[m\w Hcp\n›nX]tZiw `cn -°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬AhnsS cmjvSw \ne -\n¬°p -∂p.Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øn\v \nb-a-hy-h-

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ÿ-bpsS ]n¥p-Wbpw AXns‚ \b-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ssk\nIi‡n D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ignhpw D≠mbn-cn-°pw. \n¿h-l-W-hm-Zn-I-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ cmjvSw kaq-l-Ønse F√m hn`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw Xm¬∏-cy-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p. kaq-l-Ønse ]_ehn`m-K-ß-fpsS Xm¬∏-cyß-sf-bmWv cmjvSw kwc-£n-°p-∂-sX∂vkwL- -\-hm-Zn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p.

B[p-\nIkaqlw ]mc-º-cy-k-aq-l-Øn¬\n∂v hyXym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. ]c-am-[n-Im-cw, ]uc-Xzw, tZio-bX F∂o khn-ti-j-X-I-fm¬ B[p-\nIcmjvSw \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp \n›nX q]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-ta¬cmjvSw \S-Øp∂ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-SmØcmjvSob`c-W-sØ-bmWv ]c-am-[n-Imcw(Sovereignity) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

Bcw -Øn¬ ]c-am-[n-ImccmjvS-ß-fn¬F√m ]uc¿°pw cmjvSob]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw D≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. cmPm-°∑m-cpsS A[n-Im-csØ \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xnt\mAh-cpsS A[n-Im-csØ ]pd-¥-≈p-∂-Xnt\mImc-W-amb \nc-h[n ]t£m`-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv CXpw t\Sn-sb-Sp -Ø-Xv. ^©vhnπhhpw C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a-chpwAØcw apt∂‰ßƒ°p≈ DZml-c-W-ßfmWv.

]ucm-h-Im-i-ßƒ, cmjvSo-bm-h-Im-i-ßƒ, kmaq-ln-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ F∂nh]ucXz Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Xma-k-ÿew Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw,A`n-]m-b-kzm-X-¥yw, aXkzmX-¥yw,kzØv kºm-Zn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw, \nb-a-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ Xpey-\oXn F∂n-h ]ucm-h-Im-i-ßfmWv. Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-\pw s]mXp-ÿm-\-ß-fn -te°v a’-cn -°m\pap≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ cmjvSo-bm-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. H´p-an° cmPy-ß-

fnepw km¿h-XnI ]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Imiw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬kvXoIƒ°v amX-a-√, Hcp \n›nX Af-hn¬ kzØn-√mØ ]pcp-j∑m¿°pw thm -h-Imiw D≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. kvXoIƒ°v thm´-h-Imiw e`n-°m≥ h¿j-ß-tfmfw ImØp-\n¬t°≠nh∂p. kmaq-ln-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fmWv aq∂m-asØ ]ucXzmh-Im-iw. Hmtcmhy‡n°pw G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-b \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ kmºØnIhpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw kpc-£bpw A\p-`-hn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sØ-bmWv kmaq-ln-Im-h-Im-i-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\w, sXmgn-en√mbvathX-\w, an\naw Iqen F∂nh AXn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p. kmaq-ln-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒAYhm t£a Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv t£a-cm-jvS-\n¿am-W-Øn-se-Øn-°p-∂p. c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn-\p-tijw ]m›m-Xy-k-aq-l-ß-fn¬ t£a-cm-jvS-ßƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏´p. ap≥ tkmjy-enÃv cmPy-ß-fnse`c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ t£a-cmjvS k¶¬∏\-Øn\vhenb ]m[m\yw \¬In. an° hnI-kzccmPy-ß-fnepw t£a-cmjvSk¶¬∏\w\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂n-√. C∂v temI-sØ-√m-bn-SØpw kmaq-ln-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ kmº-ØnIhf¿®sb XS-bp∂ _m[y-X-bmbmWvImWp-∂Xv.

GI-cm-jvSob kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ `mK-am-sW∂ t_m[w D≠m°p∂ Hcp Iq´w Nn”-ß-sfbpw hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw tZio-bX F∂v\n¿hNn°mw. tZio-bX hy‡n-I-fn¬ sFIy-t_m-[hpw cmPy-kvt\lhpw D≠m°p∂p._n´n-jp-Im-c-t\m C¥y-°m-c-t\m Ct¥m-t\-jy-°m-ct\m As√-¶n¬ ^©p-Im-c-t\mBb-Xn¬ Ah¿°v A`n-am\w tXm∂p-∂p.Hcp coXn-bn¬ As√-¶n¬ as‰mcp coXn-bn-ep≈ kwL-tØmSv P\-ßƒ°v kzXz-t_m[w D≠mIp-∂-Xn\v CXv Imc-W-am-Ip∂p. kap-Zm-bw, IpSpw-_w, h¿Kw, aXw

SCERT Ker

ala


F∂nh CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ßfm-Wv. tZio-bXF∂Xv B[p-\nIkaq-l-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØmsS Db¿∂ph∂ ]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv.BtKmfhn]-Wn-bpsS Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-ep≈hym]-\hpw ISpØ tZiobhnIm-c-ßfpwt]mcm-´-ßfpw ka-Im-enIkaq-l-Øns‚]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv.

kaqlimkvXw k¿°m¿ F∂ Hu]-Nm-cnI kwhn[m\sØ°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w amX-a-√, A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hnim-e-amb ]T-\-Ønepw Xm¬∏cyw ImWn-°p-∂p. ]m¿ń-Iƒ°n-S-bn-epw h¿K-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw PmXn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-epw, hwiw- - m-j- -aXw F∂n-hsbASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bnepap≈ A[n-Imchn -P-\-Ønepw kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn\v Xm¬∏cyap≠v. \nb-a-\n¿amWk`-Iƒ, \K-c -k-an -Xn -Iƒ,cmjvSob∏m¿ń-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈cmjvSobkam-P-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\p-am-X-a√,hnZym-e-b-ßƒ, _m¶p-Iƒ, aX-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßnb cmjvSobe£y-ßƒC√mØ kam-P-ß-fnepw kaqlimkvXwi≤n°p∂p. kaq -l-im -kvX-Øns‚hym]vXn A¥¿tZ-iob]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS]T\w apX¬ KmaoWhn`m-K-ß-fpsS ]T\whsc hym]n®pInS-°p-∂p.

kmaq-lnI\oXn \ntj-[n-°p∂cmjvS-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ßƒtiJ-cn-°p-I. F¥p hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv Ah¿ CXn\p \¬In-bn-cn-

°p-∂Xv? C°m-cy-Øn¬ kmº-Øn-I,cmjvSo-b, kmaq-lnIX-e-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bptam F∂p N¿®sNøp-I.

BtKmf ]c-kv]-c -_-‘ßfpsS hf¿®-bn¬ cmjvSo-b,kmº-Øn -I, hwiob, aX,-tZ-iob kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®v N¿®sNøp-I.

V

aXw (Religion)

H∂m-asØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kaq-l-im-kvX-]-c-amb Is≠-Øepw aX-Øns‚ kmaq-lnIImgvN-∏mSpwFßs\ hyXym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \mwI≠p. aX-Øns‚ kaq-l-im-kvX-]T\waX-]-chpw ssZh-im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb ]T-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]ehn[-Øn¬ hyXym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. H∂m-a-Xmbn A\p- hkn≤-amb ]T-\-ß-fn-eqsS aX-ßƒ Fßs\ kaq-l-Øn¬]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw aX-Øn\v a‰p ÿm]-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-sa-¥m-sW-∂p-amWvkaq-l-imkvXw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. c≠ma-Xm-bn,kaq-l-imkvXw Xmc-X-ay-]-T\coXn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. aq∂m-a-Xmbn aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ,A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-hsbkaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw a‰pXe-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn At\z-jn-°p-∂p. aX-]-c-amb ]Xn- m-k-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿ hn[n-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-dn-s√-∂-XmWv A\p- -h-kn-≤-]-c-amb ]T-\-coXnsIm≠¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. F√m kaq-l-sØbpwHtc-X-e-Øn¬ sIm≠ph-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w hfsc ][m-\-s∏- Xm-Ip-∂p. CXv]£-]mXtam ap≥hn-[ntbm C√msX ]T\w\S-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. IpSpw-_]c-amb-Po -hn -Xw, kmº-ØnIamb PohnXw,cmjvSobPohnXw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p amXta aX]-c-amb Pohn-XsØ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q-sh∂vkaq-l-im-kvX-ho£Ww hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

F√m Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kaq-l-ß-fnepwaXw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. F∂m¬ hnizm-k-ß-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw hyXy-kvX kwkv-Im-c-ßfn¬ Ah hyXym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.F√m aX-ßƒ°pw s]mXp-hmb Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≠v.

$ BZ-chpw b- -‡nbpw DW¿Øp∂ HcpIq´w Nn”-ßƒ

SCERT Ker

ala


$ BNm-c-ßƒ As√-¶n¬ NS-ßp-Iƒ

$ hnizm-kn-I-fmb Hcp Iq´w BfpIƒ

aX-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ BNm-c-ßƒhyXy-kvX-ß-fm-Wv. ]m¿Y-\, at¥m-®m-cWw, Km\m-em-]-\w, Nne-X-c-Øn-ep≈`£Ww, NneXv Ign-°m-Xn-cn-°¬, Nne Znh-k-ß-fn¬ D]-hm-k-a-\p-jvTn-°¬ XpS-ßn-bhBNm-c-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. aX-Nn-”-ßsfe£y-am-°n-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ BNm-c-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw km[m-cW Pohn-X-Ønse ioe-ß-fn¬\n∂pw \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn°pw. ssZhsØ BZ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\vsagp-Ip-Xncn IØn-°p-∂Xv, apdn-bn¬ shfn-®-Øn-\mbn sagp-Ip-Xncn IØn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂p XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. aX-]-c-amb BNm-c-ßƒ Hcp hy‡n ]e-t∏mgpwAbm-fpsS/Ah-fpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬kzIm-cy-ambn sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ F√m aX-Ønepw Iq -ambn sNøp∂ BNm-c-ß-fp-ap≠v.Znh-tk-\-bp≈ NS-ßp-Ifpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Nne ]tXyI ÿe-ß-fn-emWv \S-°p-I. InkvXy≥ ]≈n-Iƒ, apkvenw ]≈n-Iƒ, Aº-e-ßƒ, tZhm-e-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-bmWv CØcw ]tXyI ÿe-ßƒ.

aXw Hcp hnip-≤-a-fi-e-am-bn´mWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hnip-≤-a-fi-e-Øn-te°p]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv aX-hn-izm-kn-IƒFs¥√mw sNøp-∂p-sh∂p t\m°mw. Nne¿hkvX-ßƒsIm≠v inc p aqSp-ItbmNne¿ aqSm-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p. ]mZ-c-£-Iƒ Agn-®p-h-bv°p-∂p. ]tXy-I-XcwhkvX-ßƒ [cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ `b-`‡n_lp-am-\w, ]pWy-ÿ-e-ß-sftbmkml-N-cy-ß-sftbm AwKo-I-cn°p∂Xpw_lp-am-\n°p∂Xpw XpS-ßn-bh Ch-cn¬ImWp∂ s]mXp-hmb khn-ti-j-X-Ifm-Wv.

F√m kaq-lßfpw hnip-≤-a-fi-esØeuInIafi-e-Øn¬\n∂p th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xv Fan¬ Zp¿Joans‚ BibßfneqsS aXßsf ]Tn® kaqlimkvX

⁄¿ Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. H´p-an° kµ¿ -Ønepw hnip≤hkvXp-°ƒ Hcp ]Ir-Xy-XoXi‡nsb Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xmbn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw Hcp hr£Ønt\m Hcpt£X-Ønt\m hnip≤KpWw Bhn¿ -hn-°p-∂-Xv, AXn\v ]nd-In¬ ]Ir-Xy-XoXi‡n-bp-s≠∂ hnizm-kwaqe-am-Wv. ]pcm-X\_p≤-a-XØnepw I¨^yqj-\n-k-Ønepw]Ir-Xy-XoX k¶¬∏-an-√. F∂m¬ Ah¿hnip-≤-sa∂p Icp-Xp∂ hkvXp-°fpw hy‡n-I-fp-ap≠v.

kaq-l-im-kvX-w aXsØ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒaX-Øn\v a‰p kmaq-lnIÿm]-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-sa-¥m-sW∂ tNmZy-Øn\vDØcw Is≠tØ≠nhcp-∂p. aX-Øn\vA[n-Im-c-tØmSpw cmjvSo-b-tØmSpwASpØ _‘-ap≠v. Ncn-X-Øn¬ HmtcmImeØ-p-ap-≠mIp∂ am‰-ß-fn¬ PmXnhncp≤]ÿm-\-ßƒ, enwK-hn-th-N-\-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ XpS-ßnb aX-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. aXw Hcp hy‡n-bpsSkzImcyhnizm-k-Øns‚ amXw Imcy-a-√.AXn\v Hcp s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ap≠v. aXsØa‰p kmaq-lnIÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu s]mXp-kz- m-h-am-Wv.

kaq-l-imkvXw A[n-Im-csØ hnimeA¿YØn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®Xv \Ωƒ ]Tn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. cmjvSo-bhpw aXhpw XΩn-ep≈_‘sØ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\v kaq-l-imkvXwXm¬∏cyw ImWn-®n- p≠v. kaqlw ]ptcm-KXn ]m]n-°p-tºmƒ aX-Øns‚ kzm[o\w£bn-°p-sa-∂mWv ]mam-WnI kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄-¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]In-bsb atX-X-cXzw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬aX-Øns‚ ]¶v i‡-ambn _‘w \ne-\n¿Øp-∂psh∂mWv ka-Im-enIkw -h-ßƒkqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

aXhpw kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI s]cp-am-‰-Øns‚ a‰p-X-e-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w kaq-l-imkvXw Fßs\ t\m°n°mWp-∂p-sh-

SCERT Ker

ala


∂Xv amI-vkv sh_¿ hni-Zo-I-cn®n´p-≠v. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ DZ-b-Ønepw hf¿®-bnepwIm¬h\n-k-Øn\v (ssI-kvXh t]m -Ã‚p-I-fnse Hcp hn`m-Kw) henb ]¶p-s≠∂vAt±lw hmZn-®p. ssZh-Øns‚ al-Øz-Øn\p th≠nbmWv temIw krjvSn-®-sX∂vIm¬h-\n-Ãp-Iƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. GsXmcpsXmgnepw sNtø-≠Xv ssZh-a-l-Øz-Øn-\m-bn-cn-°Wsa∂pw eu-InIhrØn-Iƒt]mepwBcm-[-\-bm-sW-∂p-am-W-nXn-s‚-b¿Yw. Hcphy‡n kz¿K-Øn-emtWm \c-I-Øn-emtWmt]mIp-∂-sX∂v ap≥Iqń \n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v. F∂m¬ Hcp hy‡n°v hn[n-°-s∏- Xvkz¿K-amtWm \c-I-amtWm F∂-dn-bm≥hy‡n°v am¿K-sam-∂p-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ssZh-\n-›-b-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ßƒ kz¥w sXmgn-en¬ ImWm≥ Ah¿ ian-®p. Hcmƒ Xs‚GsXmcp sXmgn-em-bmepw icn, AXn¬ÿncXbpw hnP-bhpw ssIh-cn-®m¬ ssZhwAbm-fn¬ k¥p-jvS-\m-bn F∂-Xns‚ AS-bm-f-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂p. kºm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂]Ww euInI D]-t`m-K-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. Im¬h-\n-Ãp-Iƒ Zp¿hy-b-an-√msX Pohn-°-Ww. CXv A¿Y-am°p∂Xv,\nt£]w Hcp ]pWy]hrØn-bm-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂psh∂mWv. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ASn-ÿm\w \nt£-]-amWv. \nt£-]-Øn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ D¬∏-∂-ap--≠m°n IqSp-X¬em` -ap≠m-°p -∂p. CXv kmº-ØnIhf¿®bv°v ImcWamIp∂psh∂v Im¬h\n-Ãp-I-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS sh_¿ hmZn-°p-∂p.

kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂v th¿s]-SpØn aXsØ]Tn-°m≥ km[n-°n√. kmaq-lnIi‡n-IƒF-t∏mgpw aX-ÿm-]-\-ßsf kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.cmjvSobN¿®-Iƒ, kmº-ØnIkml-N-cy-ßƒ, enwK\nb-a-ßƒ F∂nh F-t∏mgpw aX-]-c-amb s]cp-am-‰-ßsf kzm[o-\n-°pw.Xncn®v aX\nb-a-ßƒ Nne-t∏mƒ kmaq-lnI-[m-c-W-Isf kzm[o-\n-°p-Itbm Xocp-am-\n-°p-Itbm sNøm-dp≠v. temIP\-kw-Jy-bpsS

]Ip-Xnbpw kvXoI-fm-Wv. CXn-\m-emWvkvXoIƒ°v aX-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ][m\ ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-b-Xv.aXØn\v kaq-l-Øns‚ a‰p mK-ß-fp-ambnth¿s]Sp-Øm-\m-hmØ _‘-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬AXv kaql-Øns‚ ][m-\-s∏- - m-K-am-Wv.Cu ]c-kv]c_‘-ßsf Xpd-∂p-Im-´pIF∂-XmWv kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄cpsS tPmen.]c-º-cm -KX kaq -l-Øn¬ aX-Øn\vtIµÿm\-ap≠v. aXØns‚ AS-bm-f-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw ]e-t∏mgpw kaq-l-Øns‚ uXn-Ihpw Iem-]-c-hpamb kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ Cgp-In-t®¿∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. XmsgX∂n-cn-°p∂ kwKlw hmbn-°p-tºmƒ kaq-l-imkvXw aXsØ Fßs\ ]Tn-°p-∂p-sh∂p a\- n-em-°mw.

[mcmfw _mly-amb LS-I-ßƒ ]mc-ºcyaXPohn-X-Øns‚ khntijXIsf _m[n-®p. kzmX¥y-e-_v[n°ptijw \mkn-°nse ]pXnb sXmgn-ep-Ifpw hnZym-`ymkkm[y-XIfpw CXn¬ ][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. ]qPm-cn-I-fpsS PohnXcoXnIƒhfscthKw amdn-s°m-≠ncn°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒBÏp-ń-I-sfbpw s]Ïp-ń-I-sfbpwkvIqfn¬ Ab-°p-Ibpw Ahsc ]mc-ºcytPmen°v ]Icw a‰p tPmen-°mbn ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a‰p Xo¿Ym-S\tIµ-ß-sf-t∏mse \mkn-°n¬ aX-]-c-amb NS-ßp-Iƒ°p Np‰n -ep -ambn a‰v]h¿Ø-\-ßƒIqSn Db¿∂p-h-∂p. tKmZm-h-cn-bnse ]pWyPew sNºpIeØn¬hoSp-I-fn-te°v sIm≠pt]m-hpI F∂XvHcp Xo¿Ym-S-Is‚ ]XnhpcoXn-bm-Wv.IpSpw-_-°m¿°pw kplr-Øp-°ƒ°pwkΩm-\-ambn \¬Im≥ Cu D¬∏∂wXo¿Ym-S-I¿ hmßn-s°m-≠pt]m-Ip-∂p.]nØ-f, sNºv, sh≈n XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬]mho-Wy-ap≈ Ic-Iuiein¬∏n-Iƒ°vt]cp-tI´ ÿe-amWv \mkn-Iv. D¬∏-∂Øns‚ Bhiyw hfsc IqSn-b-t∏mƒ[mcmfw Ic-Iuiein¬∏n-Iƒ sNdpXpwhep-Xp-amb I®-h-Shpw hyh-km-bhpw Bcw-`n-®p.

(Acharya: 1974: 399 - 401)

SCERT Ker

ala


VI

hnZym- ymkw (Education)

Hu]-Nm-cn-Ihpw A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-hp-ambÿm]-\-ß-fn-eqsS \S-°p∂ Hcp BPo-h-\m¥ ]In-b-bm-Wv hnZym-`ym-kw. ChnsS\Ωƒ k-vIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-te°p amX-ambn Npcp-ßp-I-bm-Wv. k-vIqƒ ]th-i\we`n-°p-∂Xv FX-amXw ][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. k-vIqƒ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkØn-te-°pw sXmgn-en-te-°p-ap≈ Nhn-´p-]-Sn-bm-bmWv IqSp-X¬ t]cpw ImWp-∂-Xv.Nne¿ Bh-iy-amb kmaq-lnIsshZ-Kv[y-ßƒ t\S-em-bn CXns\ ImWp-∂p. hnZym-`ymkØns‚ Bh-iy-IX F√m-h-cnepws]mXp-hmbn ImWs∏Sp-∂p.

kwL-ss]-XrIw (Group Heritage)

]I¿∂p-\¬Im-\p≈ Hcp hn\n-ab]In-bmbmWv hnZym- ym-ksØ kaq-l-imkvXwImWp-∂-Xv. efnXkaq-l-Ønse hnZym- ym-khpw B[p-\nI k¶o¿Wkaq-l-ØnsehnZym-`ym-khpw XΩn¬ KpWm-fl-I-ambhyXym-k-ß-fp≠v. efnXkaq-l-Øn¬ Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ap≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. Ip´n-Iƒ apXn¿∂-h-tcm-sSm∏w]h¿Øn-®p-sIm≠v BNm-c-ßfpw PohnXcoXnbpw ]Tn-°p-IbmWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.B[p-\nI k¶o¿Wkaq-l-ß-fn¬ kmº-ØnI sXmgn¬hn`-P-\w, hoSp-I-fn¬\n∂vsXmgn-ens‚ ÿm\-am-‰w, khn-ti-j-]-T-\-

Øn-s‚ sshZKv[yw B¿Pn-t°-≠-Xns‚Bh-iyIX, cmjvS-hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-sSbpwcmPy-ß-fp-sSbpw Db¿®, Nn”-ß-fp-sSbpwBi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq -ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh \mwImWp-∂p. CØcw kml-N-cy-ßfn¬ A\u-]-Nm-cnI coXn-bn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°p-I? c£n-Xm-°fpw apXn¿∂-hcpw Ah¿°-dn-bm-hp∂ Imcy-ßƒ A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-ambn Fßs\ hn\n-abw \SØpw?CØcw ]›m-Øeßfn¬ hnZym-`ymkwHu]-Nm-cnIw Xs∂-bm-h-Ww.

B[p-\nI k¶o¿Wkaq-l-ßƒ efnXkaq-l-hpambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒkm¿h-XnI aqey-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv.efnXkaqlw IpSpw-_w, _‘p-°ƒ,tKmXw, PmXn, aXw F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ aqey-ßsf Bi-bn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv B[p -\nIkaq -l-Øn¬\n∂vhyXykvXamIp∂Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.B[p-\nIkaq-l-Ønse k-vIqfp-Iƒ, sFI-cq-]yw, A`n-em-j-ßƒ, km¿h-XnIaqey-ßƒ F∂n-hsb t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. CXvsNøp-∂Xn\v ]e am¿K-ß-fp-ap≠v. k-vIqƒIp´n-Iƒ°v bqWnt^mw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂XvCXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ GXp kmaq-lnIhn`m-K-Øn¬s∏- -h-cm-bmepw hnZym- ymkw Ah-cn¬s]mXp ASn-Ø-d-bn-ep≈ Nne Bi-b-ßfpwat\m-hn-Im-c-ß-fpw ioe-ßfpw Dd-∏n-°-W-

NnX-ßƒ N¿®-sN-øpI.

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sa∂v Fan¬ Zp¿Jow A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.hnZym-`ymkw Ipńsb Hcp ]tXyI sXmgn-en\v ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-Ibpw kaq-l-Ønseaqey-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈m≥ ]cym-]vX-\m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

kmaq-lnI Bh-iy-ß-fp-sSbpw kmaq-lnI-\n-b-a-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv\n¿hlWhmZnIƒ hnZym- ym-ksØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. \n¿h-l-W-hm-Zn-I-fpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ hnZym- ymkw kmaqlnILS\ \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kwk-vIm-csØ ]k-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcphy‡n-bpsS mhn -cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ hnZym-`ymkhyhÿ ][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p.hnZym-`ymkw Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Ignhv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ah-c-h-cpsS Ign-hn-s\mØ ]Z-hn-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v]›m-Ø-ehp-ap≠m°p-∂p.

kaqlw kaambn th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂psh∂p hniz-kn-°p∂ kmaq-lnIim-kvX-⁄¿ kaq-lsØ tiWoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈\n¿hl-W-Øn-\mWv hnZym- ymkw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂sX∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏Sp∂p. hnZym- ymkAh-k-c-ß-fnse Ak-a-Xzw kmaq-lnItiWo-I-c-W-Øns‚ krjvSn-bm-Wv. kmaq-ln-I- -km-º-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®mWv Ipń-Iƒ hyXykvX Xc-Øn-ep≈k-vIqfp-I-fn¬ t]mIp-∂-Xv. Nne ]tXy-I-Xcw k-vIqfn¬ t]mIp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v]tXyI Ah-k-c-ßfpw B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpwe`n-°p-∂p.

k-vIqƒ htc-Wy-h¿K-Øn-\pw _lp-P-\-ßƒ°pan-S-bn-ep-ff hnShv h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂v Nne¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. ]tXyI k-vIqfn¬ t]mIp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v Bfl-hn-izmkwh¿[n-°p-tºmƒ anI® kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°m≥Ah-kcw \ntj-[n-°-s∏- -h-cpsS \ne hn]-co-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. AtXkabw kvIqfn¬t]mIm≥ Ign-bm-Øhcpw CSbv°p h®v

]T\w \n¿Øp-∂-hcpw [mcm-f-ap≠v. XmsgX∂n-cn-°p∂ hnh-cWw hmbn-°p-I.

Ct∏mƒ \nßƒ°v Ipd-®p- Ip-ń-IsfkvIqfn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Irjn-bn-d-°p∂ ImeØv \nßƒ hcpI-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-˛-]-ń-I-h¿K hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS lmP¿ iq\y-am-bn-cn-°pw. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ tPmensNøm-\mbn ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ Ah¿ Km¿lnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øßƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p. Cu kap-Zm-b-Ønses]Ïp-ń -Iƒ Hcn -°epw k- vIqfn¬t]mIm-dn-√. Ah¿ hnhn[Xc-Øn-ep≈ho´p-tPm-en-Itfm hcp-am\w e`n-°p∂ a‰p-]-Wn-Itfm sNøpw. ]Øp-h-b- p-ImcnNmWIw s]dp°n DW°n hn¬°p-∂XvCXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

(Pratichi 2002 : 60)

NnXw hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

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enwK-]-chpw PmXo-b-hp-amb hnth-N\whnZym- ym-ksØ Fßs\ _m[n-°p-∂p-sh∂vCu hnh-cWw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hcp Ip´n-bpsS\√ sXmgn¬ t\Sm-\p≈ km[y-X-Isf kmaq-

In‚¿Km¿´-\nse Ip´n-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn-®-Xn¬\n∂v Ahn-SsØ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒa\- n-em-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv:

$ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ tIfn-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tf-°mƒ ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂-XmWv.$ A[ym-]nI \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-√mw-Xs∂ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv.$ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n¿_-‘-ambn sNtø-≠-h-bm-Wv.$ Hgn-hp-kab ]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Ifn-Iƒ.$ \nßƒ F¥p Ifn-°p-∂p? N¿®sNøpI.

lnI-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w Fßs\kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂v \nßƒ°n-t∏mƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-®n-cn-°pat√m.

kmaqlnIÿm]\ßƒ (Social institutions) F∂m¬ kaqlimkvXØn¬s]cpam‰IaßfmWv. Ah \nbaßfmepw \S]SnIaßfmepw \nb¥n°s∏Sp∂p. Ah \ne\n¬°p∂Xp ]mcºcyØns‚ Bh¿Ø\ßfneqsS-bpamWv.F√m kaqlßfpw AXnse AwKßsf \nb¥n°p∂Xn\pw AhcpsSASnÿm\mhiyßƒ \ndth‰p∂Xn\pambn kmaqlnIÿm]\ßƒ krjvSn-°pIbpw \ne\n¿ØpIbpw sNøp∂p. kaqlsa∂Xv XqS¿®bmbn Db¿∂p-hcp∂Xpw amdns°m≠ncn°p∂ hy‡n_‘ßfm¬ Xocpam\ßsfSp°m\pw\S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°m\pw km[yX \ne\n¬°p∂Xpamb CSw IqSnbmWv.temIw amdns°m≠ncn°p∂p, \Ωƒ AXns\ t\cmb Znibnte°p \bn®m¬aXnbmIpw, AXn\v kmaqlnIÿm]\ßƒ klmbtaIp∂p.

Reference

K.O. Korgen (etal) 2009. The Engaged Sociologist. USA, Pine Forge Press.

A¬∏w-IqSn

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]uc≥ (Citizen)

Hcp cm„obkapZmbØnse AwKw. AhImißfpw ISaIfpw Cu AwKXzØns‚ASnÿm\Ønembncn°pw.

sXmgn¬hn`P\w (Division of Labour)

D¬∏mZ\hyhÿbn¬ hyXykvX tPmenIƒ tbmPn∏n°p∂Xn\m¬khntijh¬°cWw kw`hn°p∂p. F√m kaqlßfnepw sXmgn¬hn`P\w ImWmw.hyhkmbh¬°cWØns‚ `mKambn CXv IqSpX¬ k¶o¿Wambn.B[p\nItemIØv sXmgn¬hn -P\w A¥mcmjvSXe km[y-XIfp-≠m°n.

enwKt`Zw (Gender)

kaqlØnse Hmtcm AwKØn\pw enwKmSnÿm\Øn¬ ]Xo£n°p∂ s]cpam‰coXnIƒ. kaqlkwLmS\Øns‚ ASnÿm\XØzamWnXv.

A\p`hkn≤\nco£Ww (Empirical Investigation)

kaqlimkvXØn¬ \SØp∂ hmkvXhnI \nco£Ww.

kzKWhnhmlw (Endogamy)

]tXyI PmXn, h¿Kw, As√¶n¬ tKmXw F∂nhbv°p≈n¬\n∂v hnhmlw \S°p∂p.

_ln¿KWhnhmlw (Exogamy)

]tXyI kwLØn\p ]pdØp\n∂v hnhmlw \S°p∂p.

]XybimkvXw (Ideology)

B[n]Xyap≈ kwLßfpsS Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ \oXoIcn°p∂ ]¶phbv°s∏´Bibßfpw hnizmkßfpamWnXv. F√m kaqlßfnepw hyXykvX kwLßƒ]XybimkvXmSnÿm\Øn¬ AkaXzw ImWn°p∂p. ]XybimkvXk¶¬∏\ßƒ i‡nbpambn _‘s∏´pInS°p∂p. ]XybimkvXhyhÿkwLßfpsS i‡n \nbam\pkrXam°p∂Xn¬ klmbn°p∂p.

\nb-a-km-[pX (Legitimacy)

]tXyI cmjvSob-Iaw \ymbhpw kzoIm-cy-hp-am-sW∂ hnizm-kw.

GIhnhmlw (Monogamy)

Hcp hy‡nsb as‰mcp hy‡n hnhmlw sNøp∂ coXn.

_lphnhmlw (Pologamy)

Htckabw H∂ne[nIw hy‡nIfpambn hnhml_‘Ønte¿s∏Sp∂ coXn.

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_lp`¿XrXzw (Polyandry)

Htckabw Hcp kvXo°v H∂ne[nIw ¿Øm°∑mcpff hnhmlcoXn.

_lp`mcyXzw (Polygyny)

Htckabw Hcp ]pcpj\v H∂ne[nIw mcyamcp≈ hnhmlcoXn.

tkh\hyhkmbw (Service Industries)

D¬∏∂ßƒ°p-]-Icw tkh\ßƒ \¬Ip∂ hyhkmbw. hnt\mZk©mc hyhkmbwCXn\pZmlcWamWv.

cm„kaqlßƒ (State Society)

k¿°m-cn\v Hu]NmcnI kwhn[m\ap≈ kaqlw.

cm„clnXkaqlßƒ (Stateless Society)

k¿°m-cn\v Hu]NmcnI kwhn[m\an√mØ kaqlw.

kmaqlnINe\£aX (Social Mobility)

Hcp ]Zhn As√¶n¬ sXmgnen¬\n∂v as‰mcp ]Zhnbntet°m sXmgnentet°m D≈am‰w.

]cam[nImcw- (Sovereignity)

Hcp \n›nX q]tZiØv cm„Øn\p≈ cm„ob cWm[nImcw.

kmaq-lnIÿm-]-\-ßƒ (Social Institutions)

kmaq-lnI-ÿm-]-\-sa-∂Xv GsXmcp kaql-Ønepw Ime-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn ]n¥p-S-cp∂ Iogvh-g-°-ß-fp-sSbpw aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw XpS¿®-bmbn A\p-h¿Øn-°p∂ kz`m-h-ß-fp-sSbpw BIØpI-bm-Wv.

1. \nßfpsS kaqlØnse hnhml\nbaßƒ Is≠ØpI. kplrØp-°-fmba‰v hnZym¿YnIfpsS Is≠ØepIfpambn XmcXayw sNøpI.

2. cm„ob, kmaqlnI, kmwk-vImcnI am‰ßƒ (IpSntb‰w t]mep≈h)IpSpw_Øns‚ AwKXzw, hoSns‚ LS\, ]Xn]h¿Ø\coXnF∂nhbnep≠m°nb am‰ßƒ Is≠ØpI.

3. sXmgn¬ F∂ k¶¬∏\sØ°pdn®v Hcp D]\ymkw FgpXpI.

kqN\: hnhn[Xcw sXmgnepIƒ, sXmgnepIfn¬ h∂ am‰ßƒ

4. \nßfpsS kaqlØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ AhImißsfs¥√mw? CXp\nßfpsS PohnXsØ Fßs\ kzm[o\n°p∂psh∂p hniZoIcn°pI.

5. kaqlimkvXw aXsØ ]Tn°p∂sXßs\sb∂p hniZoIcn°pI.

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6. hy‡n]camb ImgvN∏mSpIfpsSbpw hmb\bpsSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ hnZymebsØ kmaqlnIÿm]\ambn ImWp∂Xnep≈\nßfpsS A`n]mbw hniZam°pI.

7. apXn¿∂ hnZym¿Ynsb∂ \nebn¬ kmaqlnIÿm]\ßƒXΩnep≈ ]ckv]c_‘ßsf°pdn®pw Ah \nßfnep≠m°nbam‰ßƒ, \nb¥Wßƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®pw N¿®sNøpI.

ACHARYA, HEMLATA. 1974. ‘Changing Role of Religious Specialists in Nasik —

The Pilgrim City’, in ed. RAO, M.S. An Urban Sociology in India : Reader

and Source Book. Orient Longman, New Delhi, pp. 391-403.

APPLE, MICHAEL W. 1979. Ideology and Curriculum. Routledge and Kegan

Paul, LONDON.

CHUGTAI, ISMAT. 2004. Tiny’s Granny in Contemporary Indian Short Sto-

ries; Series 1. Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi.

DUBE, LEELA. 2001. Anthropological Explorations in Gender : Inter-

secting Fields. Sage Publications, New Delhi.

DURKHEIM, EMILE. 1956. Education and Sociology. The Free Press, New

York.

PATHAK, AVIJIT. 2002. Social Implications of Schooling : Knowledge,

Pedagogy and Consciousness. Rainbow Publishers, Delhi.

PRATICHI. 2002. The Pratichi Education Report. Pratichi Trust, Delhi.

ROY CHOUDHURY, SUPRIYA. 2005. ‘Labour Activism and Women in the

Unorganised Sector : Garment Export Industry in Bangalore’, Economic and

Political Weekly. May 28-June 4. pp. 2250-2255.

SHAH, A.M. 1998. Family in India : Critical Essays. Orient Longman,

Hyderabad.

SINGH, YOGENDRA. 1993. Social Change in India : Crisis and Resilience.

Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi.

UBEROI, PATRICIA. 2002. ‘Family, Kinship and Marriage in India’, in Student’s

Britannica, India. Vol.6, Encyclopedia Britannica Private Ltd, New Delhi,

pp.145-155.

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73kwkvIm-chpw kmaq-lo-I-c-Whpw

CULTURE AND

SOCIALISATION4kwkvIm-chpwkmaq-lo-I-c-Whpw

I

BapJw

kaq-l-sØ-t∏mse kwkvIm-chpw(Culture) ]e-t∏mgpw Ahy-‡-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp ]Z-am-Wv. kwkvIm-csØhy‡-ambn \n¿h-Nn-°m\pw AXns‚hyXykvX Xe-ßƒ th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm\pw CuA[ymbw \sΩ klm-bn-°pw. km[m-cWkw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ kwkvIm-csØ Ie-I-fn-

te°pw h¿K-ß-fp-sStbm cmPy-ß-fp-sStbmPohn-X-co-Xn-I-fn-te°pw _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v. kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄-cpw\c-hwiimkvX-⁄-cpw kwkvImcw \ne-\n¬°p∂ kmaq-lnI ]›m-Ø-e-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv ]T\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv. AXp-t]msekwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-X-e-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m\pw Ah¿ian-°p-∂p.

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74 kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn\v Hcp BapJw:

A⁄m-X-amb ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v \nßƒ°p q]Sw Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse, kmaq-lnI-Pohn-X-Øn\v kwkvImcw Bh-iy-am-Wv. kaq-l-Ønse a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn CS-]-g-Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS ]Tn-°p-∂XpwhnImkw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xp-amb s]mXp-[m-c-W-bmWv kwkvIm-cw. Hcp kwL-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ s]mXp-[m-cW a‰nSß-fnteXn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvXhpw Hcp kzXzw (Identity)

D≈-Xp-am-bn-cn°pw. F∂m¬ kwkvImcw Hcn-°epw ]q¿WX]m]n® D¬∏-∂-a-√. AhF√m-bvt∏mgpw amdp-Ibpw ]cn-W-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ LS-I-ßƒ ÿnc-ambn Iq´n-t®¿°-s∏-Sp-IbpwHgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw Npcp-ßp-Ibpw ]p\-I-ao-I-cn -°-s∏-Sp -IbpwsNøp∂p. CXmWv kwkv°mcßsfNe\mXflIamb GIIßfmbn am‰p∂Xv.

\nß-fpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc Fß-s\-bmWv A`n-hm-Zyw sNøp-∂Xv?

\nßƒ kplr-Øp-°ƒ, ]mbw-Iq-Sn-b-h¿,`n∂-enw-K-°m¿, a‰p kwLmw-K-ßƒ F∂n-h-sc-sb√mw hy-X-ykvXcoXn-bn-emtWmA`n-hmZyw sNøp-I?Bsc-¶nepw \nßsf A`n-hm-Zyw sNbvX-t∏mƒ, B coXn \nßƒ°v hnNn-X-ambntXm∂n-bn-´pt≠m?

\nßƒ s]mXphmb Hcp -kw-kvImcw]¶p-hbv-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠mtWm Cßs\tXm∂n-b-Xv?

]n∂o-sSm-cn-°¬ CØcw kml-N-c-y-Øn¬ F¥p-sN-ø-W-sa∂v \nßƒ a\ n-em-°n-bn-cn°pw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kwkvIm-csØ°p-dn-®p≈ \nß-fpsS Adnhv hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw ]p\-I-ao-I-cn -°-s∏-Sp -IbpwsNøp∂p.

a‰p-≈-h-tcm-sSm-∏w- tN¿∂v Hcp s]mXp-[m-cW hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m-\pw Nn”-ßƒ°pwBwKy-ßƒ°pw Htc A¿Yw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ hy‡n-I-fpsS Ign-hmWv a\p-jys\arK-ß-fn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-\m-°p-∂-Xv.kmaq-lnI[¿aw F∂Xv IpSpw-_-Ønse a‰w-K-ßƒ, kwL-ßƒ, kap-Zm-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-tcmsSm∏w \mw B¿Pn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv. D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-sSbpwD]-tbm-Khpw uXn-tI-Xc Nn”-ß-fp-sSbpw]Xo-I-ß-fp-sSbpw A¿Yhpw \mw ]Tn-°p-∂Xv IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-ambpw kplr-Øp-°-fp -ambpw kl-] -h¿Ø-I-cp -am -bp≈hyXykvX kmaq-lnI-X-e-ßfn-ep≈ CS-s]-SepI-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. CØcw Adn-hp-I-fn-e-[n-Ihpw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn hnh-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-eqsStbm hmsamgnbneq-sStbm Bbncn-°pw.

DZm-l-cWambn Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂Bi-b-hn-\n-abw i≤n-°p-I. hm°p-IfpwapJ-`m-h-ßfpwsIm≠v Fß-s\-bmWvBibw ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂vImWp-I.

Hcp bmX-°m-c\pw Hmt´m ssUhdpw apJ-`m-h-Øn-eq-sSbpw hm°p-I-fn-eq-sSbpwFßs\-bmWv Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂Xv F∂p ImWmw. bmX-°m-c≥: Cµn-cm-\-K¿? (]pcnIw hf-®p-sIm≠v Hmt´mssUh-tdm-Sv). ssUh¿ ]n≥ko-‰n-te°vXe-Xn-cn-®m¬ 'AsX' F∂mWv A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. AYhm h≠n \n¿ØmsX HmSn-®p-t]m-hp-Itbm tami-amb hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v tKmjvSn ImWn-°p-Itbm ]p©n-cn-tbmsS Xe-bm-´p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ A√F∂mWv A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv.

CØcw Adn-hp-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn-ep≈\ΩpsS ]¶pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øßfpw \n¿h-ln-°m≥ \sΩ k÷cm-°p-∂p. ap≥ A[ym-b-

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ß-fn¬ ]¶v (Role), ]Zhn (Status) F∂ok¶¬∏\-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. IpSpw_w]mY-anI kmaq -loIcWØn-s‚bpwkwLhnZym-ebw ZznXob kmaq-loIc-W-Øn-s‚bpw CS-Øm-h-f-ß-fm-sW∂v a\- n-em°n. CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fn-eqsS Fß-s\-bmWv Nn”-ßfpw ]Xo-I-ßfpw ssIam‰wsNøp-∂-sX∂p a\- n-em-°mw.

II

`n∂]›m-Ø-e-ßƒ, hyXykvXkwkvIm-c-ßƒ

(Diverse Settings, Different Cultures)

Ip∂p-Iƒ, ka-X-e-ßƒ, h\-ßƒ, shń-sØ-fn® ]tZ-i-ßƒ, acp-`q-an-Iƒ, \Zo-Xo-c-ßƒ, Zzo]p-Iƒ, h≥I-c-Iƒ t]mse-bp≈hyXy-kvX- ]IrXn]›m-Ø-e-ß-fn-emWva\p-jy¿ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. IqSmsX Kma-ßƒ,]´-W-ßƒ, \K-c-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\bp≈kmaq-lnINp-‰p-]m-SpIfnepw \mw A[n-h-kn-°p∂p. hyXykvX Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ Ign-bp∂P\-ßƒ ]Ir-Xn-bp-ambpw kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ambpw CW-ßn-t®-cp-∂-Xn\vhnhn[X¥-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. CXp ]ePohn-X-co-Xn-I-fpsS AYhm kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-∂p.

2004 Unkw-_¿ 26˛\v Xan-gv\m-Sv, B¥-am≥˛\nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]p-Iƒ F∂n-h-nS-ß-fn¬ \miw hnX® kp\mansb P\-ßƒssIImcyw sNbvX coXn-bn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. kp\m-antbmSp≈h≥I-c- -Zzo-]p-hm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw tKmXkap-Zm-b-ß-fp-sSbpw ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ XnI®pwhyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

h≥I-c-I-fn-sebpw Zzo]p-I-fn-sebpw P\-ßƒ Xmc-X-tay\ B[p-\nIPohnXw \bn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ kp\mansb-°p-dn®v

t_m[-ap≈h-c-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ \mi-\-jvS-ßfpw Poh-lm-\nbpw kw -hn-®Xv Zzo]p-I-fn-ep≈ ap°p-h-P-\-Xbv°pwk¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬B[p-\nI imkvX- -km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy ]cnNn-X-a-√mØ Hm≥Kp-Iƒ, Pdm-h-Iƒ, tK‰vB¥-am\okv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tjmws]-\p-Iƒ F∂o tKmXkap-Zm-b-ßƒ Zpc-¥sØXß-fpsS A\p- -h-⁄m-\-Øn-eqsS ap≥Iqńa\- n-em-°p-Ibpw Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°vamdn Poh≥ c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.B[p-\nI imkvX -km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy ssIh-i-ap -≈-Xp -sIm≠p amXw B[p-\nIkwkvIm-c -ßƒ Zzo]p -I-fnse tKmXkwkvIm-c-ß-tf-°mƒ anI-®-Xm-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v CXn¬\n∂p a\ nem°mw. AXn-\m¬ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsSÿm\w \n¿W-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sm-\p≈ Ign-h-\p-k-cn®v kwkvIm-c-ßsf ]cym-]vX-sat∂mA]-cym-]vX-sat∂m hne-bn-cp-Ømw.

\nß-fp-tS-X-√mØ GsX-¶nepwHcp ]tZiw \nco-£n®v AhnsS]Ir-Xn-bpsS kzm[o\wsIm≠v

`£Wioe-ß-fnepw Xma-k-co-Xn-bnepwhkvX-[m-c-W-Ønepw Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-bn-ep -sams° ]I-S -am -Ip∂ am‰ -ßƒIs≠Øn ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

kwkvIm-csØ \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂p

(Defining Culture)

imkvXobkwKo-Xw, \rØ-cq-]-ßƒ,NnX-Ie F∂n-h-bn¬ A`n-cpNnbpw ss\]p-Wnbpw t\Sp-∂-Xns\bmWv kwkvImcwF∂ ]ZwsIm≠v ]e-t∏mgpw kqNn-∏n-°m-dp-≈-Xv. CØcw ]cnjvIrX Xm¬∏cyw kwkvIm-c-iq-\y-cn¬\n∂p hy‡n-Isf th¿Xn-cn-°p-sa-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

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kwkvIm-csØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ ]IrXn

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F∂m¬ kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄¿ hy‡n-Isf ]c-kv]cw th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ H∂m-b√kwkvIm-csØ ImWp-∂Xv, kaq-l-ØnseF√m AwK-ßƒ°pw ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ HcpPohn-X-co-Xn-bm-bn- mWv. F√m kmaq-lnIkw-L-S-\-Ifpw AXn-t‚-Xmb Hcp kwkvImcwhnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. _n´njv ]fin-X-\mb FtUzUv ssSe¿ (Edward Tylor)

kwkvIm-csØ \c-hwi imkvX-]-c-ambnCßs\ \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂p: ""kaq-l-Ønse Hcw-K-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ a\p-jy≥ B¿Pn®hn⁄m-\w, hnizm-kw, Ie, kZm-Nm-c-ßƒ,\nbaw, BNm-cw, a‰p Ign-hp-Iƒ, ioe-ßƒF∂n-h-bpsS k¶o¿W-amb BIØpI-bmWv kwkvImcw AYhm \mK-cn-I-X''(ssSe¿ 1871).

\c-hw-i-im-kvX-Ønse \n¿h-l-W-hmZImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb t]mf-≠p-Imc≥ t_mWnkvtem aen-t\mhvkvIn(Bronislaw Malinowski: 1884-1942) Cßs\FgpXn: ""]q¿hm¿PnX hkvXp -°ƒ(Artifacts), km[-\-ßƒ, kmt¶-XnI]In-b-Iƒ, Bi-b-ßƒ, ioe-ßƒ, aqey-ßƒF∂n-h-b-S-ßp-∂-XmWv kwkvIm-cw.'' (aen-t\mhvkvIn 1931: 621˛46)

Hcp ]pkvX-I-Ønse hm°p-Iƒ t\m°p-∂-Xp-t]mse \mw a\p-jys‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf t\m°n-°m-WW-sa∂v ¢nt^mUvKo‰vkv (Clifford Geetz) \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p.ImcWw, Ah Hcp ktµiw \¬Ip-∂p-s≠∂v At±lw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""a\p-jy≥ Ah≥ kzbw s\bvsX-SpØ ]m[m-\y-Øns‚ he-I-fn¬ _‘n-X-\mb Hcp Pohn-bm-Wv. B he-Isf Rm≥ kwkvIm-c-ambnIcp-Xp-∂p. Imc-W-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\√Cu At\z-j-Ww, A¿Y-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-\m-Wv.'' (Ko‰vkv 1973:5)

hkvXp-\njvT bmYm¿Yy-ßƒ°v A¿Yw\¬Ip-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´mWvkwkvIm-csØ sekven ssh‰v (Leslie White)

ImWp-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, ]tXyItkmX- n¬ \n∂p-h-cp∂ Pew \mw hnip-≤-ambn IW-°m-°m-dp-≠v. CXn\v HcpkmwkvIm-cnI A¿Y-ap-≠v.

ta¬ ]kvXm-hn®hbn¬ ssSe-dpsS \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ s]SmØ Fs¥-¶nepw Imcy-ßƒaen-t\m-hvkvIn -bpsS \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ImWm≥ km[n-°ptam?

kwkvImcw F∂ hm°n\vXpey-amb C¥y≥ `mj-I-fnse hm°p-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.Cu hm°p-Iƒ°p≈ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w F¥mWv?

ssSe-dpsS \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ ]d-™n- p≈Ie Hgn-sI-bp-≈-sX√mw uXn-tI-X-c-am-Wv.At±lw `uXn-I-kw-kvIm-csØ t\m°n°mWm-ØXp sIm≠√ CXp kw`-hn-®-Xv.At±lw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Hcp ayqknbw ]cn-]m-e-I\m-Wv. ImcWw temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap≈kaq-l-ß-fnse ]q¿hm¿PnX hkvXp-°fpw(Artifacts) Iem-h-kvXp-X-Ifpw D]-I-c-W-

Pohn-X-co-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ NnXw

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ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-®-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚ an° \c-hw-i-imkvXIrXn-Ifpw. CØcw ]tZ-i-ß-sfm∂pwAt±lw kµ¿in-®-h-b-√. AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ Akv]r-iy-\o-b-amb am\-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠mWv At±lw kwkvIm-csØ \n¿h-Nn-®-sX∂p ImWmw.

H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Im-eØv ]Sn-™m-d≥im¥-k-ap-Z-Ønse Hcp Zzo]n¬ AI-s∏-´p-t]mb aen-t\mhvkvIn Zo¿L-Imew Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn -® v ]Tn -°p -∂-Xns‚]m[m\yw t\cn-´-\p-`-hn-®p. CXv ^o¬Uvh¿°v F∂ ]T-\-co-Xn-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn-te°p \bn-®psh∂v \nßƒ°v A[ymbw5˛¬ a\- n-em-°mw.

kwkvIm-cw

F∂m¬-

s]cp-am-‰-ßsf Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø\

hn[-amWv.

s]cp-am-‰sØ ss\Xn-I-ambn \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ kwhn-[m\w.

Nn¥, at\m-`m-hw,hnizmkw F∂n-h-bpsS

Hcp coXn.

hy‡n Xs‚ kwL-Øn¬ \n∂v B¿Pn-s®-

SpØ ss]XrIw.

]T-\-k-©-b-ß-fpsSHcp Ie-hd

Hcp P\-X-bpsSsamØw Pohn-X-coXn.

B¿Pn-s®-SpØs]cp-am‰w.

s]cp-am-‰-Øns‚Aaq¿Øo-I-cWw.

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnhn-[-ß-fmb \n¿h-N-\-ß-fpsS amXrI Xmsg sImSpØ]Z-kq-cy-\n-eqsS Is≠-Ømw.

Ata-cn-°≥ \c-hwiimkvX-⁄-cmbB¬^Uv tIm_dpw (Alfred Krober),

ss¢Uv ¢qIvtlm\pw (Clyde-Kluckhohn)

kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v 1952˛¬ Culture: A

Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions

F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp- k-aK k¿th \S-Øn.

apI -fn¬ X∂n -cn -°p∂kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cpØn G‰hpwDNnX-am-bXv Is≠-Øp-I.

hyXykvX kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ kwkvImcwF∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v\ap-°-dnbmw. CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬Cu ]Zw Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂psh∂p Is≠-Øp-I.

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kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ am\-ßƒ(Dimensions of Culture)

kwkvIm-c-Øn\v aq∂p am\-ß-fp-≠v.

1. ⁄m\m-flIkwkvImcw(Cognitive culture)

\mw ImWp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p-∂-Xp-amb]In-b-Iƒ°v A¿Yw \¬Ip-∂-Xns\ ]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp samss_¬t^mWns‚ dnMvtSm¨ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv, HcpcmjvSobt\Xm-hns\°p-dn-®p≈ Im¿´q¨Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv.

2. ss\XnIkwkvImcw(Normative culture)

s]cp -am‰\nb-a -ßsf kw_-‘n -°p∂hsb-bmWv ss\Xn-I-am-\-ßƒ F∂p-

]-d-bp-∂-Xv. DZm-l-cWw: A]-cs‚ IØvXpd∂v t\m°m-Xn-cn-°p-I, ac-W-ho-ńses]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-Iƒ, NS-ßp-Iƒ.

3. ùXnIkwkvImcw(Material culture)

ùXnI D]m-[n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ F√m ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw CXn¬Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww: D]-I-c-W-ßƒ,b¥-ßƒ, C‚¿s\‰v Nm‰n-Mv, Acn-s∏m-Sn-sIm≠v Xd-bn¬ tImew hc-bv°p-∂-Xv.

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ F√m am\-ßfpw IqSn-t®-cp-tºm-gmWv AXv ]q¿WX ]m]n-°p-∂Xv.DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, ss\Xn-Ihpw ⁄m\m-fl-I-hp-amb Xe-ßsf°p-dn®v Adnhn√msXùXnIkwkvIm-c-sØ -]q¿W-ambpw a\- n-em-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-bn-√. AtX-k-abwkmaq-lnI]In-b-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Cu aq∂pafi-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ ⁄m\hpw \ap-°m-h-i-y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Hcp kap-Zm-b-ØnseNne¿°v amXw km£-c-X-bpsS ⁄m\m-flItijn-Iƒ kzm-b-Ø-am-Ip-tºmƒ,ss\XnI kwkvIm-c-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ IØns‚kzIm-cyX ]men°-s∏-SpI F∂ \nbawAÿm-\-Øm-Ip-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂Cu afi-e-ßsf Ipdn®v ]tX-y-I-ambnN¿®sNøp-tºmƒ ]e ][m-\-s∏´ Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw \ap°p e`n-°p-∂p.

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kwkvIm-c-Øns‚⁄m\m-flIXeßƒ

(Cognitive Aspects of Culture)

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ùXn-I-X-e-ßfpw(sXm -dn-bm\pw ImWm\pw tIƒ°m\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xv) ss\Xn-I-X-e-ßfpw (hy‡-ambn]kvXm-hn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv)t]mse Ffp∏wXncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-b√ ⁄m\m-fl-I-X-e-ßƒ. ⁄m\m-flIw F∂ hm°ns‚A¿Yw Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-°pI F∂m-Wv.Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬\n∂v \ap°p e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah-t_m[w AYhm [mcWD≠m-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv ⁄m\m-flIXF∂p- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. km£ckaq-l-ß-fn¬Bi-b-ßsf ]pkvX-I-ß-fnepw ]am-W-ß-fnepw ]I¿Øn Ah hmb-\-im-e-I-fn-temÿm]-\-ß-fntem KŸ-∏p-c-I-fntem kwc-£n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ \nc-£ckaq-l-ß-fn¬sFXn-ly-ßfpw IY-I-fp-sa√mw Hm¿a-bn¬kq£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hmsam-gn-bn-eqsSssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-IbpamWv. BNm-c-ß-fnepw BtLm-j-ß-fnepw Ch tIm¿sØ-SpØv hnh-cWw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v hmsam-gn-bn¬in£Ww kn≤n® hnZ-Kv[-cp-≠v.

Ie-bpsS \n¿am-W-Ønepw D]-t`m-K-Ønepw Fgp-Øns‚ kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-Im-c\pw Nn¥-I-\p-amb hmƒ´¿ HmMv (Walter

Ong) Orality and Literature F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-. 1971˛se Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ At±lw D≤-cn-°p-∂Xv \ne-hn-ep≈aqhm-bn-c-tØmfw mj-I-fn¬ Fgp-]Ønsb v(78) FÆ-Øn-\p-am-Xta kz¥-amb kmln-Xy-ap≈q F∂-XmWv. Fgp-X-s∏-SmØhkvXp-X-Iƒ°v Nne khn-ti-j-X-IƒAt±lw \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p-≠v. Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂Xv efn -X -am -°m≥ hm°p -I -fpsSBh¿Ø\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]cn-Nn-X-a-√mØHcp kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v hmbn-°p-∂-h-tc-

°mƒ IqSp-X¬ hmsam-gn-bpsS timXm-°ƒIqSp-X¬ kzoI-cy-cmbn°mWp-∂p. ]pkvXIwFgp-Xp-tºmƒ AXv hfsc hni-Zo-I-c-Wm-fl-I-ambn amdp-∂p.

\ΩpsS N-cnXw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬, hnti-jm-h-Im-i-ap≈ Ipd-®p-t]¿°v amXtaA£-cm-`ymkw e`n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q F∂pImWmw. AXp sIm≠pXs∂ Hcn -°¬t∏mepw hnZym-ebßfn¬ t]mbn-ń-√mØ IpSpw-_-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap≈ C¥y-bn¬AØcw P\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ km£-c-X-bv°p≈ ]m[m\yw kaq-l-im-kvX-]-T-\-ßƒ At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p-≠v.CØcw ]T-\-ßƒ A]-Xo-£n-X-amb Nne]Xn-I-c-W-ßfn-te°pw \bn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, CS-]m-Sp-Im¿ Xcm-\p-≈-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v a\-°-W°v sNøm≥ Ign-hp-≈-t∏mƒF¥n-\mWv Xm≥ A£-c-ame ]Tn-°p-∂-sX∂v Hcp ]®-°dnhn¬∏-\-°m-c≥ tNmZn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

ka-Im-en-I-tem-IØv \mw Bi-bn-°p-∂Xv enJn-Xhpw ihyhpw Zriy-hp-amb tcJ-I-sf-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ C¥y-bnse imkvXobkwKoX hnZym¿Yn-Isf C∂pw ]Tn-°m-\p≈Imcy-ßƒ FgpXnsbSp-°m≥ t]m¬km-ln-∏n-°m-dn-√. tI´p-]-Tn-°m\pw Hm¿a-I-fn¬kq£n-°m-\p-amWv Ah-tcmSv \n¿tZ-in°m-dp-≈-Xv. Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ßƒ, hnhn-[-Xcw Nm\-ep-Iƒ, Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ, C‚¿s\‰vF∂n-h-bpsS kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®v \ap-°n-t∏mgpw th≠X Adn-hn-√. \ΩpsS ⁄m\m-flI kwkvIm-c-sØbpw i≤-bpsS Ime-bf-hn-s\bpw Cu ]pXnb am[y-a-ßƒ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂pt≠m?

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ss\Xn-I-X-e-ßƒ(Normative Aspects of Culture)

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ss\XnIam\-Øn¬\m´p-co-Xn-Iƒ (Folk ways), BNm-c-ßƒ(Customs), hg-°-ßƒ (Mores), Iogvhg-°-

SCERT Ker

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ßƒ (Conventions), \nb-a-ßƒ (Laws)

F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Ch hyXykvX kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ kmaq-lnIs]cp-am-‰-Øn\v am¿K-\n¿tZiw \¬Ip∂ aqey-ßtfm \nb-a-ßtfmBWv. \mw ]e-t∏mgpw kmaq-ln-I-h-g-°-ßƒ]n¥p-S-cp-∂p. ImcWw, kmaq-lo-I-c-W-Øns‚ (Socialisation) e-ambn \maXv ioe-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kmaq-ln-I-tbm-Pn-∏ns\t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ AwKo-Im-c-ßƒ F√mkmaq-ln-I-h-g-°-ßƒs°m-∏hpw D≠m-hpw.A[ymbw 2˛¬ CXv hni-Zam-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

hg-°-ßƒ A¥¿eo-\-amb (Implicit

Rules) N -ß-fm-sW-¶n¬ \nb-a-ßƒ kv]jvS-amb N´ß-fmWv (Explicit Rules). ^©v kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄-\mb ]nbdn t_m¿Untbm(Pierre Bourdieu) bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬,as‰mcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hg-°-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ ian-°p-tºmƒ Ahbv°vA¥¿eo-\-amb Nne A¿Y-X-e-ß-fp-s≠∂v\mw \n›-b-ambpw Hm¿an-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, Hcp hy‡n X\n°v e`n®klm-b-Øn\v \µn-]-Im-in-∏n-°m≥ BK-ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ s]s´∂pXs∂ Xncn®pkΩm\w \¬Im≥ ]mSn -√. ImcWw,AXns\ kulr-Z-]-I-S-\-am-b√, Hcp_m[yX Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ ia-am-bn Icp-Xs∏Smw.

k¿°m¿ \n¿h-Nn-® Hcp Hu]-Nm-cnIDØ-c-hmWv \nb-aw. Hcp N´w AYhmXØzw F∂ \nebv°v ]uc-¿ \n¿_-‘-ambpw Ah A\p-k-cn-°-Ww. \nb-a-ßƒ]I-S-am-b-h-bm-Wv. AXv kaq-l-Øn-\m-I-am\w _m[-I-am -Wv . \nb-a -ew -L\win£m¿l-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, kqcym-kvX-a-b-Øn\p tijw Ipń-Isf hoSn-\p-]pdØp hnSm≥ \nß-fpsS IpSpw_w A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-s√∂p Icp-Xp-I, AXv \nb-a-a√,am\-Zfi-am-Wv (Norm). AXv \nß-fpsSIpSpw-_-sØ -amXw _m[n-°p∂ H∂m-Wv.

F∂m¬ as‰m-cm-fpsS hoń¬\n∂v \nßƒHcp kz¿W-ame tamjvSn-°p-Ibpw ]nSn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ \nßsf hnNm-cWsNbvXv in£hn[n®v Pbn-en-e-S-bv°p-IbpwsNøpw. ImcWw, \nßƒ km¿h-Xn-I-ambnAwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ kzImcykzØp \nbawewLn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Hcp cmjvS-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb \nb-a-ß-fmWv Ahn-SsØ P\-ßfpsS]Xo-£nXs]cp-am‰hyh-ÿsb (Acceptable

Behaviour) \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂-Xv. cmjvS-Øns‚A[n-Imcw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ F√m-h¿°pwAhn-SsØ \nbaw _m[-I-am-Wv. F∂m¬am\-Zfi-ßƒ (Norms) ]Z-hn-°-\p-k-cn®vhyXym-k-s∏- n-cn-°pw. kaq-l-Ønse ]_ehn`m-K-ßƒ Ah-cpsS am\-Zfißƒ \S-∏n-em-°-Ww. CØcw am\-Zfiw ]e-t∏mgpwhnth-N-\-]-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, Zen-Xsc ]_-e-hn-`m-K-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂]mX-Øn¬\nt∂m InW-dp-I-fn¬\nt∂msh≈w IpSn-°m≥ am\-Z-fi-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-®ncp∂n-√. kvXoIƒ°v s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬kzX-¥-ambn k©-cn-°m-\p≈ A\p-hm-Zhpw\¬Inbn-cp-∂n-√.

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ùXn-I-X-e-ßƒ(Material Aspects of Culture)

kwkvIm-c-Øn\v Hcp ùXn-I-X-e-ap-≠v.a\p-jy¿ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-IbpwsNøp∂ ùXnIhkvXp-°-fmWv CXn¬Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ, b¥-ßƒ, sIń-S-ßƒ, KXm-K-X-am¿K-ßƒ, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab D]-I-c-W-ßƒXpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw AXn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p.ùXnIkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp LS-I-amWv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy.

samss_¬t^m¨, ayqknIv knÃw,Imdp-Iƒ, _ p-Iƒ, F.Sn.Fw. (Automated

Teller Machine), d^n-P-td-‰¿, Iºyq- -dp-Iƒ

SCERT Ker

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F∂n-h-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn-ep≈ D]-tbmKw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-ep≈ Bi-b-Xz-Øns‚ kqN-I-ßfm-Wv. D¬∏m-Z\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn sshZyp-X-tam-t´m-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw tdUntbm D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Kma-ßƒt]mepw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-ZysbD]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ sXfn-hm-Wv.

kwkvIm-csØ s]mXpsh c≠mbn -Xn-cn-°mw˛ùXn-Ihpw uXn-tI-X-chpw. ⁄m\m-fl-Ihpw ss\Xn-I-hp-amb Xe-ß-fmWv uXn-tI-X-c-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. D¬∏m-Z\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Pohn-X-Øns‚KpW-ta∑ Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ùXn-I-am-\-ßƒ hfsc ][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ùXnIkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Xe-ßƒ AXn-thKw amdp-∂p. F∂m¬ uXn-tI-X-c-X-e-ß-fn¬ hfsckmh-[m-\-Øn-emWv am‰-ßƒ kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. uXn-I-kw-kvIm-csØ At]-£n®v uXn-tI-Xc kwkvIm-c-Ønse am‰-ßƒ H∏-sa-ØmØ Ah-ÿsb kmwkvIm-cnI Ne-\-amµyw (Cultural Lag) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

kwkvIm-chpw kzXzhpw(Culture and Identity)

kzXzw ss]Xr-I-ambn e`n-°p-∂-X-√.F∂m¬ ]cn-jvIr-X-amb H∂m-Wv. hy‡nbpwkwLhpw Ah-cpsS kzXzw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv a‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bp≈ Ah-cpsS _‘-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS kzXzwAbmƒ hln-°p∂ kmaq-lnI ]¶n-eqsS]I¿∂p-In-´p-∂-XmWv. B[p-\nIkaq-l-Ønse Hmtcm hy‡nbpw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈]¶p-Iƒ hln-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,IpSpw-_-Øn-\-IØv Abmƒ Hcp c£n-Xmthm As√-¶n¬ Hcp Ipńtbm BImw.Cu c≠p ]tXyI ]¶p-Iƒ°pw AXn-t‚-Xmb ]tXyI A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fp-ap-≠v.

Hcmƒ°v Abm-fpsS ]¶v \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw

amXw t]mcm, Ah Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-IbpwAwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thWw (]¶v \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂]tXyI mj-bpsS AwKo-Imcw hgn-bmWvCXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv). hnZym¿Yn-I-sfbpw¢mknse ]I-S-\-sØbpw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb mjm-co-Xn-I-fp-≠v. Cu`mj \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ah¿ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb A¿Y-ß-fp-sSbpw ]m[m-\y-ß-fp-sSbpwHcp temIw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-tºm-gmWv Ah-cpsS kzXzw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CtX-t]msekvXoIƒ°v ]pcp-j-∑mcn¬\n∂v amdn Ah-cp-tS-Xmb CS-ß-fn¬ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb `mjkrjvSn-°m-\-dn-bmw. Kma-ß-fnse Ipf-°-S-hnepw \K-c-ß-fnse sSd- n\p apI-fn¬XpWn- D-W-°m-\n-Sp∂ kvXoI-fp-sSbpw a‰pw]tX-yI mjbpw kwkm-c-co-Xn-bpw CXn-- \p-Zm-l-c-WamW-v.

Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øn¬Øs∂ ]e D]-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fp-ap-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, htc-Wy-h¿KkwkvIm-cw, bph-sXm-gn-emfnh¿K-kw-kvIm-cw. D]-kw-kvIm-c-ßƒ°v Ah-bp-tS-Xmb ssien, A`n-cp-Nn, kamPw F∂n-h-bp-≠v. Ah-cpsS kwkm-c-co-Xn, hkvX-[m-c-Ww,]tXy-I-Xcw kwKo-X-tØm-Sp≈ Xm¬∏cyw,a‰v AwK-ß-tfmSv CS-]-g-Ip∂ coXn F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Cu D]-kw-kvIm-c-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-Ipw.

D]-kw -L-ßƒ KmV-_‘w \ne -\n¿Øp∂ GI-I-ß-fmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-tXmsSm∏w AwK-ßƒ°v kzXz-t_m[w\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CØcw kwL-ßƒ°v t\Xm-°fpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Ds≠-¶nepw e£yw t\Sm-\mbn Ah¿ HsØm-cp-an®p ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,Ab¬]°kwL-Ønse bphm-°ƒ Hcp¢∫n\v cq]wsImSpØv Imbn-Ihpw Inbm-fl-I-hp-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.

SCERT Ker

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CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Cu ]tZ-iØv HcpKpWm-flI ]Xn—mb krjvSn-°p-Ibpw CXvAwK-ßƒ°v Hcp KpWm-flI hy-‡n-]Xn—mb \¬IpIbpw Ahsc \√]h¿Ø-\-ßfnte°p ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p. Cu kwL-k-z-Xzw Ahsc ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Zni-bn-te°p \bn-°p-∂p.kwLw a‰p kwL-ß-fn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ab¬]-°-kw-L-ß-fpsS AwKo-Im-chpw kzoImc-y-Xbpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS AXn-t‚-Xmb kz-Xzw krjvSn-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p.

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ D]-kw-kvImc kwL-ß-sf-°p -dn®v\nßƒ°-dn -bmtam? CØcwkwL-ßsf \nßƒ Fßs\Xncn-®-dn-bpw?

hwitItµm-∑pJX (Ethnocentrism)

kwkvIm-c-ßƒ XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ amX-amWv hwitItµm∑pJX cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. a‰p kwkvIm-c-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw s]cp-am-‰-sØbpwkz¥w kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsShne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv hwitItµm∑pJX F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. kz¥w kwkvImcw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS kwkvIm-c-tØ-°mƒanI-®-Xm-sW∂ [mc-W-bmWv Cu k¶¬∏-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w.

C¥y-bn¬ ]m›m-Xy-hn-Zym- ymkw \S-∏n-em-°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS 1835˛¬tXmakv __n-MvS¨ sa°msf (Thomas

Babbington Macaulay)- CuÃn-¥ym- I-º-\n°vth≠n Xbm-dm-°nb hnZym- ymk an\pSvkn¬(Minutes on Education) Cu kmwkvIm-cnIta¬t°mbva ]I-S -am -°-s∏-ń -´p -≠v.]m›mXyhnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£yw c‡-Ønepw \nd-Ønepw C¥y-°m-cmb, F∂m¬A`n-cp-Nn-bnepw ho£-W-Ønepw [m¿an-I-X-

bnepw _p≤n-bnepw Cw•o-jp-Im-cmb Hcph¿KsØ krjvSn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v At±lw]Jym-]n-®p. (Quoted in Mukherji 1948/1979:

87)

hwitItµm∑pJ-X-bpsS t\¿hn]-co-X-amWv km¿h-P-\o-\-X (Cosmopolitanism).km¿h-P-\o\ ImgvN-∏mSv a‰p kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS hyXy-kvXXIƒ°v hne I¬∏n°p-∂p.km¿h-P-\o-\-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp≈ Hcp hy‡na‰p-≈-h-cpsS aqey-ß-sfbpw hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw kz¥w kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øm-dn-√. km¿h-P-\o-\XhyXykvX kmwkvIm-cnI]h-W-X-Isf BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.kz¥w kwkvIm-csØ kºp-jvS-am-°p-∂-Xn\v kmwkvIm-cnIssIam-‰ -sØbpwISwhmß-en-s\bpw AXv t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. hntZ-i-hm-°p-Isf kz¥w ]Z-k-©-b-Øn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠vG‰hpw ]_-e-amb Hcp A¥¿tZ-iob hn\n-ab am[y-a-ambn Cw•ojv `mj Db¿∂ph∂Xpw ]m›mXy t]m]v kwKo-Xw, C¥y≥\mtSmSnkwKo-Xw, _m≥Kbpw Kkepwt]mse-bp≈ A¿[-¢m-knIv kwKoXw F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v IS-sa-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v lnµn Ne-®nXkwKoXw ]kn-≤n-bm¿Pn-®Xpw km¿h-P-\o-\-Xbv°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

Hcp B[p-\nIkaqlw kmwkvImcnI hy-X-ym-k-ßsf hne-a-Xn-°p-∂p. hntZ-i-Øp-\n-∂p≈ kmwkvImcnIkzm-[o-\-ßƒ°p t\scAXns‚ hmXn-ep-Iƒ sImń-b-S-bv°p-∂p-an-√.F∂m¬ AØcw kzm-[o-\-ßƒ F√m-bvt∏mgpw X\Xv kwkvIm-c-Øn-epƒs∏-SpØnXt±-iob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ LS-I-ß-fp-ambnIqńt®¿°p-∂p. hntZihm°p-I-fpsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-en-s√-¶n¬ Cw•ojv `mjbv°v kz-¥-ambn \ne-\n¬∏n-√. AXp-t]mse lnµn Ne-®nXKm\-ßƒ ISw-sIm-≈-ep-I-fn-eqsS

SCERT Ker

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AXns‚ khn-ti-jX \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-an√. hy-X-y-kvXco-Xn-Ifpw cq]-ßfpw i_vZ-ßfpw Iem-h-kvXp-X-Ifpw Dƒs∏-SpØnkm¿h-P-\o-\X kwkvIm-c-ßƒ°v ]tX-y-I-amb Hcp kz-Xzw \¬Ip-∂p. B[p-\nIhm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab D]m-[n-Iƒ kwkvIm-c-ß-

fpsS Zqcw Ipd-bv°p∂ BtKmf temIIa-Øn¬ km¿h-P-\o-\-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hy-X-ykvX kzm-[o-\-ßsf A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v kz¥w kwkvIm-csØ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

hwi-tI-tµm-∑pJX F∂Xv F√m-‰n-s‚bpw tIµw

kz¥w kwL-am-sW∂pw a‰p≈ kwL-ßsf

Af-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw sNøp-∂Xpw kz¥w

kwLsØ B[m-c-am-°n-bn- m-sW-∂pap≈

ImgvN-∏m-Sm-Wv Hmtcm kwLhpw kz¥w

A`n-am-\-sØbpw s]mß-®-sØbpw ]cn-t]m-jn∏n-°p-Ibpw

B[n-]Xy-sØ ]‰n hoºp-]-d-bp-Ibpw AXns‚

Znhy-XzsØ kvXpXn-°p-Ibpw

a‰p-≈-hsc Ah-⁄-tbmsS ImWp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

hneyw Klmw kav\¿

SCERT Ker

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Xmsg sImSp-Ø tImf-Ønse hm°p-Iƒi≤n-°p-I.

‘lnw•njv’ temIsØ IogS -°n -tb°mw.

lb¿ Umjv (Travell by Air), jUn(Underpants), Nmb (Indian Tea), tIm¿(10 Million), Ut°mbv‰v (Thief), em°v(100000), emw]‰v (Thug), tKmcm (White

Person), P≥Kven (Uncouth), H]v‰n-°¬(Spectacles), ]nt]m¨ (Bring Forward),

Ã∏n\n (Spare Tyre), hpUv-˛_n (Fiance

or Fiancee) F∂nh Nne lnw•njv ]Z-ß-fmWv. lnw•njn -ep≈ ]Z-ßƒ]eXpw _n´n-jp-Im¿°pw Ata-cn-°-°m¿°pw a\- n-em-°m-≥ Ign-bn-√.ssSw ]mkv, ]° (Pukka) F∂nh CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. CubnsS ]pd-tºm°p ]Wn Icm-dns‚ `mK-ambn]pXp-Xmbn D≠mb ]Z-amWv ‘_wK-fq¿Uv’

kmwkvIm-cn-I-am‰w (Cultural change)

kaq-l-ßƒ Ah-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnIIa-ßsf (patterns) am‰p∂ coXn-sb-bmWvkmwkvIm-cn-I-am‰w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cuam‰-Øn-\p≈ ]tNm-Z\w B¥-cn-Itam_mlytam BImw. ]pXnb Im¿jn-I-co-Xn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ D¬∏m-Z\w h¿[n-°p-Ibpw AXv Im¿jnIkap-Zm-b-Øns‚`t£ym-]-tbm-K-Ønepw Pohn-X-Øns‚ KpW-ta-∑-bnepw am‰ßƒ hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv kmwkvIm-cn-I-am-‰-Øns‚ B¥-cnIImc-W-ßƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. F∂m¬BI-aW-Øn-s‚tbm tImf-\n-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚tbm cq]-Øn-ep≈ CS-s]-S¬ Hcpkaq-l-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°pw. CØcw am‰-ßƒ_mly-Im-c-W-ßƒ°p≈ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

]mcn-ÿn-XnIam‰-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw a‰pkwkvIm-c-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-ß-fn-eq-sSbpwkmwkvIm-cnIam‰-ßƒ kw -hn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßƒ P\-ß-fpsSPohn-X-co-Xnsb Xs∂ am‰n-a-dn-t®-°mw. h\-hm-kn-I-fmb kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v h\-Øn-te-°p≈ ]th-i-\hpw h\-hn-`-h-ßfpw \nb-aw-aqew \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv Ah-scbpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-sbbpw hn\m-i-I-c-ambn _m[n-°pw. h\-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS\jvSw G‰hpw tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-®n-´p-≈Xv hS-°p- -In-g-°≥ C¥y-bn-sebpw at[y-¥y-bn-sebpw tKmX-k-aq-l-ß-sf-bmWv.

]cn-Wm-a-]-c-amb am‰-ßƒs°m∏w hnπ-h-I-c-amb apt∂‰-ßfpw D≠m-Imdp≠v. HcpkwkvIm-c-Øn\v Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ, AXns‚ aqey-ßfpw A¿Y-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw kaq-e-amb am‰-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ, hnπ-h-I-c-amb apt∂‰-ßƒkw -hn-°p-∂p. cmjvSob CS-s]-S¬, kmt¶-Xn-I-am-‰-ßƒ, ]mcn-ÿn-XnIam‰-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw hnπ-h-I-c-amb Ah-ÿIƒ°vXpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂p. 1789 se ^©v-hn-πhw^©v kaqlØn¬ kaq-e-amb am‰-ßƒsIm≠p-h-cpI-bp-≠m-bn. AXv ^m≥knseFtÃ‰v hyh-ÿsb XI¿°p-Ibpw cmP-hmgvN Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]uccn¬kzmX-¥yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂oaqey-ßƒ k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.ASpØ Ime-Ømbn Ce-I vtSm -WnIv˛A®Snam[y-a-ß-fpsS cwK-Øp-≠mbAXn-i-b-I-c-amb ]ptcm-KXn kmwkvIm-cn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ hnπ-hßƒ sIm≠p-h-∂n- p-≠v.kmaq-lo-I-cWw F∂ k¶¬∏\w a\- n-em-°m≥ H∂m-asØ A[ym-b-Ønse hy‡n-Ifpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-]-h¿Ø\w F∂Xv Hm¿sØ-Sp-°mw.

SCERT Ker

ala


IIIkmaq-lo-I-cWw (Socialisation)

“kk-y-ßƒ, I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, AXn-Yn-Iƒ, kZ-y-Iƒ, D’-h-ßƒ, Ie-l-ßƒ, kplr-Øp-°ƒ, Iq´p-Im¿, hnth-N-\w, Ah-tl-f\w apX-emb \ap°pNp‰p-]m-Sp-ap-≈-sX-√mw-IqSn tN¿∂-XmWvHcp kºq¿WPohnXw F∂v Rm≥hni-z-kn-°p-∂p. Ch-bn¬ an°-h-bp-sSbpw km∂n-[-y-ap≈ Hcn-S-amWv Fs‚hoSv. F¶nepw PohnXw Nne-t∏mƒk¶o¿W-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒRm≥ a\- n-em-°p∂p, AsXXkºq¿W-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂v. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Ipń-°m-e-Øn\v Rm≥ \µn-]-d-bp-∂p. ImcWw, Fs‚ Ipń-°m-eØv Nne-cpsS IjvS-X-Ifpw AXn-eqsSRm≥ A\p-`-hn-®-dn™ ka-K-amb[mc-W-Ifpw Fs‚ PohnXw Xnf-°-ap-≈-Xm-°n.” (ssh-tZln 1945)

P\-\-k-a-bØv Hcp inip-hn\v kaq-l-sØ-°p-dnt®m kmaq-lnIkz`m-h-sØ-°p-dnt®m bmsXm-∂p-a-dn-bn-√. F∂m¬ hf¿∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ uXnItemI-sØ-°p-dn®pw \√-Ip- n, NoØ-Ip- n, t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂s]cp-am‰w, \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ s]-cp-am‰coXnF∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-s®√mw Ipń a\- n-em-°p-∂p. \n -lm-b-\mb Hcp inip ItaWkzbw t_m[-hm\pw Adn-hp≈ hy‡nbpwP\n-®p-h-f¿∂ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ coXn-I-fn¬\n]p-W-\pam-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]In-b-bmWv kmaq-lo-I-c-Ww. anUv\m-]q-cnsesN∂mbv°pń-I-fpsS (Wolf Children of

Midnapore) IY \nßƒ tIń-cn-°p-at√m.1920˛¬ _wKm-fnse anUv\m-]q-cn-ep≈ HcpsN∂mbvKpl-bn¬ c≠v sNdnb s]Ïp- n-Isf Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ah¿ arK-ßsft]mse \mep-Im-en-emWv \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. ]®-amw-k-amWv Ah¿ Ign-°m-\n-jvS-s∏-´-Xv.kwkm-cn-°m≥ Ign-hn-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ah¿

sN∂m-bv°sf t]mse Hmcn-bn-ń-cp-∂p.CØcw kw -h-ßƒ temI-Øns‚ ]e- m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw dnt∏m¿ v sNbvXn- p-≠v. kmaq-lo-I-c-W-an-s√-¶n¬ F¥p kw -hn-°p-sa∂vCØcw A\p-`h-ßƒ \ap°v ImWn-®p-X-cp∂p.

\Ωƒ CXp-hsc N¿®sNbvXXv \h-PmXinip-°-fpsS kmaq-loI-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv.Hcp Ip- n-bpsS P\\w B Ipńsb hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏- -h-cpsS Pohn-X-Ønepw am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ]pXnb]T-\m-\p- -h-ßƒ°v Ahcpw hnt[-b-cm-hp-∂p.Cßs\ \nc-h[n ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpwA\p- -h-ß-fneqsSbp-amWv c£m-I¿XrXzwcq]-s∏- p-h-cp-∂-Xv. IpSpw_w H∂n-tesd Xe-ap-d-Isf _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. A—-\Ωam-cmbncn°p∂ hy‡n-Iƒ°v t]c-°p-ń-IƒP\n-°p-∂-tXmsS ]pXnb coXn-bn-ep≈ _‘-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXp-t]mse ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ P\n-°p-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn Hcp sNdnb Ipń-bpsS Pohn-X-Ønepw am‰-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p.

kmaq-lo-I-cWw Hcp BPo-h-\m¥ ]In-b-bm-sW-¶nepw AXns‚ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ ]In-b-Iƒ (\S-°p-∂Xv) PohnX-Øns‚ Bcw- -L- -ß-fn-emWv, AYhm ]mY-anI kmaq -lo -I -c -W-L-´ -ØnemWv.ZznXobkmaq-loI-cWw Hcp hy‡nbpsSPohnXmh-km\whsc \ofp-∂p.

kmaq-loI-c-Ww Hcp hy‡n-bn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-kzm-[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw, F√mkzm[o-\-ß-sfbpw Ipń \ncp-]m-[n-I-ambnkzoI-cn-°p∂ Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI \S-]-Sn-Ia(Cultural Programming) a√ kmaq-lo-I-c-Ww.\h-Pm-X-in-ip-°ƒt]mepw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw C—-Ifpw Ic-®n-en-eqsS ]I-Sn-∏n®vt\Sn-sb-Sp°mdp≠v. CØ-c-Øn¬ Ip™ns‚P\-\-tØmsS Hcp IpSpw-_-Ønse ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-I-a-ßƒ ]p\-I-ao-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv \nßƒ I≠n- p-≠m-Ip-at√m.

SCERT Ker

ala


]Z-hn, ]¶v, kmaq-ln-I-\n-b-¥-Ww, kwL-ßƒ, kmaq-ln-I-ti-Wo-I-c-Ww, kwkvIm-cw, hg-°-ßƒ, aqey-ßƒ apX-emb k¶¬∏-\-ß-sf√mw kmaq-lo-I-cW]In-bsb a\- n-em-°m≥ \sΩ klm-bn-°pw. Ipń HcpIpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ambn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]msektlm-Z-co-k-tlm-Z-c∑mcpw amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpwa‰p _‘p°fpa-S-ßp∂ Hcp henb _‘-K-W-Ønse AYhm Ipe-Ønse (Clan)AwKw IqSn-bm-Wv. Ah≥/Ahƒ Hcp AWp-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-setbm Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-setbmAwK-am-Imw. AtXkabw Ah≥/AhƒHcp tKmXw, D]-Pm-Xn, Ipew, aX-kw-Lw,`mjm-hn- m-Kw F∂n-h-t]m-ep≈ Hcp henbkaq-l-Ønse AwKw IqSn-bm-Wv. Cu kwL-ß-fn-sebpw ÿm]-\-ß-fn-sebpw AwKXzwNne s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-Ifpw aqey-ßfpw Ah-cpsS ta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-∂p. Cu AwK-Xz-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Ah≥/Ahƒ \n¿h-ln-t°-≠ Nne [¿a-ß-fp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\,vHcp aI-s‚-tbm aI-fp-sS-tbm t]c-°p-ń-bp-sStbm As√-¶n¬ Hcp hnZym¿Yn-bp-sStbm.Ch-sb√mw Htckabw \n¿h-ln-t°≠_lp-apJ[¿a-ß-fm-Wv. Cu kwL-ß-fpsShg-°-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw aqey-ßfpws]cp-am-‰-am-Xr-I-Ifpw ]Tn-°p∂ ]InbPohn-Xm-cw-`-Øn¬Øs∂ XpS-ßp-IbpwPohn-Xm-h-km\w hsc XpS-cp-Ibpw sNøpw.

Hcp kaq-l-Ønse Xs∂ hnhn[ PmXn-I-fnepw ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw kmaq-lnIh¿K-ß-fnepw aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepw tKmX-ß-fnepws]´ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse am\-Zfi-ßfpw aqey-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, HcmfpsS kwkmc`mj Abmƒ GXp]tZ-iØp\n∂p hcp∂p F∂-Xns\ Bi-bn-®n-cn-°pw. Hcm-fpsS `mj kwkm-c-`mjAYhm \mS≥ssien BIp-∂Xpw am\-I`m-j-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xpw Abm-fpsS/IpSpw-_-

Øns‚ kmaqln-I- -km-º-Øn-I- -kmw-kvIm-cnI Np‰p-]m-Sns\ Bi-bn-®n-cn-°pw.

kmaq-lo-I-cWØns‚ \n¿hm-l-I¿(Agencies of Socialisation)

Hcp Ipńsb kmaq-lo-I-cn-°p∂ [mcmfwGP≥kn-Ifpw ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. IpSpw-_w, hnZym-e-bw, ka-kw-Lw, Ab¬]-°w,sXmgn¬kw-Lw, kmaq-lnI-h¿Kw, PmXn,]tZ-iw, aXw F∂nhsbms° AXn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

IpSpw_w (Family)

IpSpw_kwhn-[m\w hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse hn`n∂ kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ hf-cp∂ inip-°-fpsS A\p- -h-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. \nß-fn¬ ]ecpw amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°pw ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ°p-sam∏w AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ Pohn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p Nne¿hnkvXrXIpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n AwK-ßƒs°m∏w Ign-bp-∂p. AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ][m\ kmaq-lo-I-cW\n¿hm-l-I-sc-¶n¬ hnkvXrXIpSpw-_-ß-fn¬apØ-—-≥, apØ-»n, AΩm-h≥ As√-¶n¬a®p-\≥ F∂n-h-¿ IqSp-X¬ \n¿W-mb-I-am-Ip-∂p.

Hcp ho´p -tPm-en -°m-cn -bpsSaIƒ Ah-sf kzbw hnebncpØp-tºmgpw Ah-cpsSAΩ tPmensNøp∂ IpSpw_whne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmgpw ImWp∂

kmayhyXym-k-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

Hcp Ipń hkvX-ßƒ°mbn IqSp-X¬]Ww apS-°p-tºmƒ as‰mcp Ipń hf-Iƒhßm-\mbn ]Ww apS-°p∂p.Ch¿ Htc kn\n-abpw kocn-b-ep-amWvImWp-∂-sX-¶nepw Ah¿ hyXykvXKmay`mj kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.

SCERT Ker

ala


ka-kwLw (Peer groups)

kmaq-lo-I-c-W-Øns‚ as‰mcp \n¿hm-l-I-L-S-IammWv ka-kw-Lw. Ipń-I-fpsS ka-]m-b-°m-cmb kplr-Zvkw-L-ß-fmWv ka-kw-L-ßƒ. Nne kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ ]tXy-In®v ]c-º-cm-KX sNdp-k-aq-l-ß-fn¬ hb- ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ka-kwLwcq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \mtem At©m hb- n\papI-fn-ep≈ Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ka]mb-°m-cmb kplr-Øp-°-fp-samØv [mcmfw kabwsNe-h-gn-°p-∂p.

ka-kw-L-ßƒ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v Xpey¿F∂m-W¿Yw. sNdnb Ipń-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ kulr-Z-_-‘-ßƒ ka-Xzm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw (Egalitarian). Imbn-I-ambn i‡-cmb Ipń-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ta¬ B[n-]Xywÿm]n-°m≥ ian-t®-°pw. F¶nepw IpSpw-_-km-l-N-cy-ßsf At]-£n®v sImSp-°¬hmß-ep-Iƒ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ IqSp-X-embn\ne-\n¬°pw.

amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-c-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Ipń-I-fp-sS-ta¬ s]cp-am-‰-®´w ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ ka-kw-L-ß-fn¬CXn\p hn]-co-X-ambn hyXykvX Xc-Øn-ep≈ kl-h¿Øn-Xz-amWv Ipń Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. AhnsS s]cp-am-‰-®´ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw ]co-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

ka-]m-b-°m-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w Hcphy‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw henbkzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p. Htc ÿeØvtPmensNøp-Itbm at‰m sNøp∂ A\u-]-Nm-cnI kwL-ßƒ hy‡n-I-fpsS at\m-`m-

Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂hbpsSkm\n[ytam Bkm\n[ytamGXmWv \nßsf Hcp hy‡nsb∂ \nebn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ kzm[o\n°p∂Xv.

$ (DSaÿX)-˛ sSenhnj≥ ayqknIv knÃw$ (CSw)˛ kz¥amb Hcp apdn$ (kabw)˛ hnZymebØnse kabhpw ho´pImcy

ßfpw a‰pw k¥penXambn sIm≠pt]mhp∂Xv.

$ (Ahkcßƒ)˛ bmXIƒ, kwKoX]T\w$ (\nßfpsS Np‰p]mSpIƒ)

Hcp kaq-l-Ønse ÿm]-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS ÿm\w hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. ]c-º-cm-KX kaq-l-ß-fn¬ Hcp hy‡nP\n-°p∂ IpSpw-_-amWv Abm-fpsS kmaq-ln-I-]-Zhn (Social Status) \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xv.Hcp hy‡n P\n-°p∂ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]tZ-ihpw kmaq-lnIh¿Khpw kmaq-lo-I-c-W-Øns‚ amXr-I-Isf KWy-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p. Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsS s]cp-am‰khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°p-∂Xv amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬\n∂pw Ab¬]-°-Øn¬\n∂pw As√-¶n¬ a‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n-∂psams°bm-Wv.

Nne Ipń-Iƒ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ X¿°-a‰ coXn-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.am‰-ßƒ hfsc thKw kw -hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-Im-eo\temIØv CXv kXy-am-Wv.]tXy-In®pw hyXykvX kmaq-lo-I-cW\n¿hm-l-I-cpsS km∂n[yw Ipń-I-fp-sSbpwIuam-c-°m-cp-sSbpw c£n-Xm-°-fpsSbpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ XΩn¬[mcmfw hyXym-k-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂p \nßƒ ]Tn-®-Xn¬\n∂p hy-X-y-kvX-ambn ka-kw-L-Øn¬\nt∂m am[y-a-ß-fn¬\nt∂m hnZym-e-bØn¬ \nt∂m A\p- -h-s∏´ GsX-¶nepw Hcp-Im-c-y-Øn\v DZm-l-cWw Is≠-Øp-I.

SCERT Ker

ala


hhpw kz`m-hhpw -cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ][m\ ]¶p hln-°p-∂p.

kplr-Øp-°-fp-ambpw c£n-Xm-°fpambpw apXn¿∂ Bfp-I-fp-am-bpap≈ CS-s]-S -epIfn¬\nßƒ°p-≠mb A\p -`hw,hyXym-k-ßƒ ]¶ph-bv°p-I.F¥mWv Ch XΩn -ep≈

hyXymkw? ]Z-hn-sb-°p-dn®pw (Status)

]¶n-s\-°p-dn®pw (Role) ap≥ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ \S-Ønb N¿®-Iƒ Cu hyXym-k-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ \nßsf klm-bn-®n- pt≠m?

-hnZym-e-b-ßƒ (Schools)

Hcp \n›nXamb ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnj-b-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Hu]-Nm-cnI ]In-b-bmWv hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse]T\w. kvIqfp-Iƒ F√m A¿Y-Ønepwkmaq-lo-I-c-W-Øns‚ GP≥kn IqSnbm-Wv.kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Hu]-Nm-cnI ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-tbm-sSm∏w Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\sØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ad-™n-cn-°p∂ ]mTy- (Hidden

curriculum) ]-≤-Xn-bpap-s≠∂v kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄-¿ ]d-bp-∂p.

C¥y-bn-sebpw Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnsebpwNne kvIqfp-I-fn¬ s]Ïp- n-Iƒ, A]q¿h-ambn BÏp-ń-Ifpw Ah-cpsS ¢mkvap-dn-Iƒ hrØn-bm-°-W-sa∂v ]Xo-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Nne kvIqfp-I-fn¬ CXns\ FXn¿°m-\p≈ ia-ßƒ \S-∂n- p-≠v. Ah-cn¬\n∂pkaqlw ]Xo-£n-°mØ tPmen -IƒsNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv Cu FXn¿∏p ]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv. CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Is≠-Ømtam?

_lp-P-\-am-[yaw (Mass Media)

_lp-P-\-am-[yaw \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-Øns‚ Ah-iy-L-S-I-ambn amdn-°-gn-™p. sSen-hn-j≥ t]mse-bp≈ Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ßƒ C∂v hym]-I-am-Wv. CXp-

t]mse A®Snam[y-a-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpwh¿[n-®n- p-≠v. 19˛ mw \q‰m-≠n¬ A®-Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ 's]cp-am-‰-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ' (Conduct Books) A®-Sn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. \√ ho -Ω-amcpw IqSp-X¬ i≤m-ep-°-fmb mcy-amcpw BIm-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ kvXoIƒ°v Ah \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.AØcw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]e `mj-I-fnepw]kn-≤oI-cn-°-s∏- p. am[y-a-ßƒ hnh-c-ß-fpsS e`yX IqSp-X¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-°p-∂p. km£-c-Xm-tI-µ-ßtfm tdmUp-ItfmC√mØ IpKm-a-ß-fn¬ t]mepw Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ßƒ°v FØn-t®-cm≥ Ign-bpw.

Ipń-I-fnepw bphm-°-fnepw sSen-hn-j≥sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®v \nc-h[nKth-j-W-ßƒ \S-∂n- p-≠v. _n -\nse Hcp]T\w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv \qdv kvIqƒ]hrØn-Zn-\-ßƒ°v Xpey-amb kabw Ipń-Iƒ Sn.hn. ImWm≥ sNe-h-gn-°p∂p F∂m-Wv. ]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-b-hcpw CXn¬ H´pw ]pd-In-e-√. ]cn-Wm-amflI ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬\n∂phyXy-kvX-ambn CØcw Kth-jW Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ft∏mgpw A\p-am-\-ßsf \n¿Wm-b-I-am-°p-∂n-√. sSen-hn-j≥ kvIo\n¬ImWp∂ AI-a-Zr-iy-ßfpw NqS≥ s]cp-am-‰-ßfpw Ipń-I-fn-ep-≠m-°p∂ kzm[o-\-ßƒCt∏mgpw N¿®sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.

am[y-a-ßƒ P\-ßsf Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-sa∂v Hcmƒ°pw ]h-Nn-°m-\m-hn-√.F∂m¬ Hcm-fpsS A\p- -h-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v B kzm[o-\-Øns‚ hym]vXn FX-bp-s≠∂v hy‡-ambn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, C¥y-bnse Sn.hn. kocn-b-ep-

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Iƒ°pw Ne-®n-X-ßƒ°pw ss\Po-cn-b,A vKm-\nkvXm≥, Xn_-‰n¬ \n∂p≈ IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ F∂n-h¿°nS-bn¬ [mcmfw t]£-I-cp-≠v. alm-`m-cXw samgn-am‰w \SØnXmjvI‚n¬ kwt]-jWw sNbvX-t∏mƒAXn\p henb kzoI-mcyX-bmWp e`n-®-Xv.F∂m¬ Cw•o-jv amXw kwkm-cn-°p∂ e≠-\nse Ipń-Iƒ samgn-am‰w \S-Øm-sX-bp≈alm- m-cXw Bth-i-tØmsS ho£n-®p.

GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv kwt]-jWw sNbvX i‡n-am≥ kocn-b¬ I≠vIpń-Iƒ sIń-S-ß-fpsS apI-fn¬\n∂vNmSn amc-I-amb A]IS-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A\p-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS ]Tn-°pI F∂Xv P\-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpwsNøp∂ Hcp coXn-bm-Wv. Ipń -IfpwCXn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-c-√.

kz¥w Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬\n∂phyXy-kvX-ambn Fß-s\-bmWvP\-ßƒ kocn-b-ep-Isf t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv? As√-¶n¬ apØ-—-s‚tbm apØ-»n-bpsStbm H∏w

sSen-hn-j≥ ImWp-tºmƒ, t]mKm-ap-I-fpsS aqey-ß-sf-°p-dn®v X¿°-ap-≠m-Im-dp -≠v . AØcw Ah-k-c -ß-fn¬Fs¥√mw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fmWv Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-I? B ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifn¬ am‰w hcm-dpt≠m?

a‰p kmaq-loI-cW \n¿hm-l-I¿(Other Agencies of Socialisation)

apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® kmaq-lo-I-cW\n¿hm-l-Isc IqSmsX hy‡n-Iƒ Ah-cpsSPohn-X-Ønse \s√mcp ]¶pw sNe-h-gn-°p∂a‰p kwL-ßfpw kmaq-lnI]-›m-Ø-e-ß-fp-ap-≠v. F√m kwkvIm-c-ß-fn-sebpw sXmgn¬afi-e-ß-fn¬ kmaq-lo-I-cWw \S-°p-∂p-

≠v. hymh-km-bnIkaq-l-ß-fn¬ hen-sbmcphn`mKw P\-ßƒ hoSn-\p- ]p-d-ØmWv tPmensNøp-∂-Xv. ]c-º-cm-KXkaq-l-ß-fn¬ hoSn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ]mS-ß-fn-emWv P\-ßƒ sXmgn-se-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. Nne¿°v hoSp-I-fn¬Øs∂]Wn-im-e-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

kmaq-loI-c-Whpw hy‡n-kzm-X-¥yhpw(Socialisation and Individual Freedom)

km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ P\-ßsf ]q¿W-ambpw kmaq-lnIhg-°-ß-tfmSp s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ kmaq-lo-I-c-W-Øn\p Ign-bn√F∂Xv sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ]e LS-I-ßfpw kwL¿jsØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.kmaq-lo-I-cW GP≥kn-Iƒ XΩn¬, hoSpwka-kw-L-ßfpw XΩn¬, hoSpw kvIqfpwXΩn¬ kwL¿j-ßƒ D≠m-tb-°mw. P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ kmaq-lnI-]-›m-Øew \ΩpsSs]cp-am-‰sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬\ΩpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØbpw kzX¥ C—-sbbpw AXv Ih¿s∂-Sp-°p∂p F∂ A`n-]mbw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn sX‰m-Wv. P\\wapX¬ acWw hsc \Ωƒ a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn]c-kv]c ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.CXv \ΩpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØbpw ]men-®p-h-cp∂ aqey-ß-sfbpw s]cp-am-‰-ß-sfbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AtXkabw kmaq-lo-I-cWw\ΩpsS hy‡n-Xzhpw kzmX-¥yhpw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ D¤htIµ-am-Wv. kmaq-lo-I-cWw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ \ΩƒkzXz-t_m-[hpw kzX-¥-ambn Nn¥n-°m\pw]h¿Øn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhpw hf¿Øn FSp-°p-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, kmaq-lo-I-cWwhy‡n-kzm-X-¥ysØ A]-l-cn-°p-I-b√,hf¿Øp-I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv.

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kmaq-lo-I-cWw FXamXwenwK-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p?

(How Gendered is Socialisation)

BÏp- n-Iƒ sXcp-hns\ ImgvN-Iƒ ImWm\pw HmSn-°-fn-°m\pw kabw t]m°m\pw\S-Øm\p-sams° D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ s]Ïp- n-Iƒ°Xv kvIqfn¬ \n∂p t\schoń-se-Øm-\p≈ Hcp hgn amX-am-bn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. amX-a√ BI-an-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂`b-Øm¬ kwLw tN¿∂m-W-h¿ k©-cn-°p-∂-Xv. (Ipam¿: 1986)

apI-fn¬ sImSp-Ø ]kvXm-h\ hmbn®v kmaq-lo-I-c-W-]-Inb Fß-s\-bmWv enwK-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂p N¿®sNøpI.

\mep ]mT-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm°n. ASpØ t]Pv i≤m-]q¿hw hmbn°pI.

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]ta-b-ßƒ N¿®sNøpI.

$ apXn¿∂-h¿s°-Xn-cm-bp≈ s]Ïp- n-I-fpsS hnπ-h-Øn¬ hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-

ep≈ _‘w.

$ Kma-ß-fnepw ]´-W-ß-fnepw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ss\Xn-I-X-e-ßƒ Fßs\ hyXym-

k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p?

$ ]ptcm-lnXs‚ aIsf aWn apg-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xnse Btcm-]nX]Z-hn.

$ ‘Ahsf kvIqfnse kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ Bcpw Cu coXn-bn¬ ImWm-Ø-Xn¬ kam-[m-\n®p.’

F∂ hmIyw kmaq-lnI GP≥kn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwL-´-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

CXv hy‡-am-°p∂ GsX-¶nepw hmIyw Is≠-Ømtam?

kqN\:

enwK-]-cw + apSn-No-Ip∂p, AI-º-Sn, in£, tijvT-amb ]∏-S-Øns‚ km∂n-[yw,\n»_vZ-X, Im¬∏¥v Ifn-°m-Xn-cn-°¬.

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C∂p sshIp-t∂-csØ t£X-Z¿i\w Akm-[-mc-W-amb Hcp Bth-i-Øn-em-Wv. D®-Xn-cn™v `£-W-Øn\p apºv aWn apg-°m-\p≈ Xocp-am\w ]Jym-]n-®-t∏mƒAhƒ°pw apXn¿∂-h¿°p-an-S-bn¬ Hcp X¿°-ap-≠m-bn.

X¶-Øn\v aWn-ap-g-°m-sa-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v X\n°v Ign-bn-√ ˛ Ahƒ tIm]-tØmsStNmZywsNbvXp. sR´temsS Db¿∂ i_vZØn¬ Ah¿ ]Xn-tj-[n-®p. t£X-Ønse]qPm-cn-bpsS aI-fmWv X¶w. aWn sXmSm≥ Ahƒ°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠v. X¶w Hfn-®p-I-fn-°m≥ hcp∂ Hmtcm Znh-khpw Ahƒ a‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn s]cp-am-dm-dn-√. Ahƒ tIm]m-Ip-e-bmbn ]Xn-I-cn-®p. IqSmsX Rßƒ ssZh-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬Xpey-cm-sW∂v a‰p-≈-hsc ]cn-l-kn-®p-sIm≠v Ahƒ Iqń-t®¿Øp. F∂m¬ D®-`-£-W-Øn\ptijw Ah¿ ]ndp-]n-dp-°p-∂Xv tI´p: “FXp Cw•ojv kvIqfn-emWv Ahƒt]mIp-∂-Xv.”

Ah¿ Ahsf Kuc-h-ambn FSp-Øn-s√∂v Dd-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv apXn¿∂-h-cpsS ]iv\-am-Wv. Ahƒ°v ]mb-am-Ip-tºmƒ F√mw a\- n-emhpw F∂v Ah¿ ]Xo£n®p.Ahƒ AhcpsS A[nImchpw ssh`hhpw tNmZyw sNømsX AwKoIcn°psa∂pwFXn¿Øp-\n¬°m≥ kz]v\w ImWn-s√∂pw hnNm-cn-®p. Cu kabw ho≠pw hoń¬Ahƒ Akp-J-I-c-amb coXnbn¬ Xs‚ apSn HXp°n sI´p∂Xn\v kl-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂p. Hmtcm aqSnbpw \nh¿∂Xpw Xnf-°-ap-≈Xpw Ah-km\w apSn-bpsS A‰w Poh-\-‰-Xp-t]mse ]n∂n¬ Xqßn-°n-S-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Ah-fpsS apØ»n apSn-bn¬ FÆ ]pc-ń.F∂n´v Ah-fpsS Xe-bn¬ Hcp ssIsIm≠v apSn- HXp°n Db¿Øn apdp°n Xe°papI-fn¬ sIń. kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ ImWm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn¬ Ahƒ kam-[-\n®p.

A\p-K-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv X\n°v FX-amXw ]cn-lm-ky-ambn tXm∂p-∂p-sh∂v Ah¿°vF¥mWv a\- n-em-I-Ø-Xv... ]≠p ]´-W-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Rm≥ F√m Znh-khpwhnZym-e-b-Øn-te°v \S-∂p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v AΩ-tbmsS FX-X-hW ]d-™-Xm-Wv... ioIr-jvWs‚ Aº-e-Øn-t\mSp tN¿∂p≈ ]d-ºn¬ Im¬]¥v Ifn XpS-ßn-°-gn-™Xv Ahƒ i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. Ifn-°msc \nco£n°p-∂Xv Ahƒ°v hfsc Xm¬∏-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]tXy-In®v B Ifn-bpsS Du¿P-kz-e-X-bn¬ B\µw Is≠-Øp-∂-XnepwAXnse ]cp-£-amb i_vZ-Øn-ep≈ hnh-c-W-ßƒ tIfp-\m-bsc Xoh-ambn ]tIm-]n-∏n-®-Xpw...

Xnc-t°-dnb ][m\ tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ Ahƒ thK-Øn¬ h∂p. Ah-fpsS Xocp-am-\-sØ-°p-dn®v ]›m-Ø-]n°p-∂-Xn\v apºv Ahƒ Xn°n-Xn-c°n apXn¿∂ kvXoI-fpsSCSn-bn-eqsS Ipg∏w]nSn® ]Sn-I-fn-¬ \oßn. apI-fn-ep≈ henb aWn-bpsS ImgvN Ah-fn¬ Bthiw P\n-∏n-®p. tIfp-\m-b-cpsS `m¥-Nn-Ø-\mb òj-Wn-Iƒ Ahƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign™p. ]t£, Ahƒ apI-fn-seØn, aWn apg-°n. AXyp-®-Øn¬ apg-ßp∂ aWn-bpsS i_vZ-Øn¬, F¥mWv kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂v tIfp-\m-b¿ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv Ahƒ ]Sn-Iƒ Xmsg-°n-d-ßn. tIfp-\m-b¿ Xs∂ hen-®n-g-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-tºmgpw Ccp≠ t\m´-ßfpw ]n¥p-S-cp∂ HXp-ßnb a¿a-c-ßfpw Ahƒ aß-temsS Xncn-®-dn-™p... Ahƒ Zmcp-W-amb A`n-am-\-`mw-K-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Nq≠p-Iƒ]qń-s°-ńb Ah-cpsS \ni-_vZX `mj-W-tØ-°mƒ A]-cn-anX hmN-e-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p...AØm-g-Øn\v Xs‚ ]nb-s∏´ ]∏-S-Øns‚ it≤-b-amb Akm-∂n-[yw-t]m-se...

(From The Bell, by Gita Krishnakutty)

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Hcp ]tXyI kwkvImcØns‚ A\pKpW AwKambnØocm≥ th≠p∂at\m`mhßfpw aqeyßfpw ]hrØnIfpw hy‡n B¿Pn°p∂ ]InbbmWvkmaqloIcWw. DZmlcWØn\v, FkvIntam IpńIƒ ]£nIfpsSbpwa’yßfpsSbpw thhn°mØ (]mIw sNømØ) IpS¬ame BkzZn®v`£n°mdp≠v. ssN\°mcmb IpńIƒ ]∂nbpsS Bamib tImißƒcpNn°m≥ ]Tn°p∂p. F∂m¬ \Ωƒ CØcw hkvXp°ƒ `£n°p∂XcØn¬ kmaqloIcn°s∏ńń√. kmaqloIcWw F∂Xv ]mbØn\pwenwKt`ZØn\pw (Gender) kmaqlnI]›mØeØn\pw A\pkrXambnkaqlw \Ωn¬\n∂p ]Xo£n°p∂Xnt\mSp tN¿∂p\n¬°emWv.PohimkvX]camb Ipń (Biological child) khntijamb kmwkvImcnIkzXzw(Cultural identity) t\SpIbpw AXns\m∏w ]XnIcn°m≥ ]Tn°pIbpwsNøp∂XmWv kmaqloIcWw F∂p Npcp°n∏dbmw. kmaqloIcWw F∂XvF√m k¶o¿WXtbmSp IqSnb kmaqlnI]T\]InbbmWv. ]mYanIwAs√¶n¬ ASnÿm\ kmaqlnIÿm]\ßfn¬\n∂p≈ At_m[ambhy‡y[njvTnX ]InbbmWv (Subjective Process) kmaqloIcWw. F∂m¬hnZym`ymkw (Education) Hcp kpt_m[ ]cniaamWv. AXv ZznXobkmaqlnIÿm]\ßfn¬ \n∂v a\∏q¿hw e`n°pIbpw sNøp∂p.(DZm : hnZymebw)

Reference

P. M.Nayak, 2016. Sociology of Education. New Delhi ; Best publishing house

A¬∏w-IqSn

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kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-Wm-a-Xzw (Cultural Evolutionism)

]Ir-Xn-bnse a‰n-\-ß-sf-t∏mse kwkvIm-chpw hy-X-y-kvX-X-I-fn-eq-sSbpw kzm- m-hnIXnc-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sSbpw ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip∂p F∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ kn≤m-¥-am-Wn-Xv.

FtÃ‰v kº-Zmbw (Estate System)

^yq-U¬Im-e-L- -Øn¬ bqtdm-∏n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ sXmgn-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈Hcp tiWo-I-cW coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]`p-°ƒ, ]ptcm-ln-X¿, km[m-c-W-°m¿ F∂n-h-cmWv Cu aq∂v FtÃ-‰p-Iƒ. Ah-km\ hn`m-K-°m¿ apJ-y-ambpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpwa[y-h¿Khn`m-K-Øn¬s∏ -h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm FtÃ-‰p-w AXns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-IsfXnsc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ I¿j-I¿°pw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw thm -h-Imiw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

_rlZv]mc-º-cyw (Great Tradition)

Fgp-X-s∏- Xpw kaq-l-Ønse hnZ-ym-k-º-∂cpw Adn-hp-≈-hcpamb Ipeo\¿°p kzo-Im-c-y-hp-amb kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ AYhm ]mc-º-c-y-Øns‚ kz- m-h-Kp-W-ßsf _rlZv]m-c-º-cyw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

eLp]mc-º-cyw (Little Tradition)

hmsam-gn-bn-eqsS KmaoWXe-Øn¬ ]N-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kmwkvIm-cnI KpW-ßsfAYhm ]mc-º-c-y-ßsf eLp-]m-c-º-cyw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

kz-X-z-_nw_w (Self Image)

a‰p-≈-h-cpsS IÆn-eqsS ]Xn- -en-°p∂ Hcm-fpsS cq]w.

kmaq-lnI]¶v (Social Roles)

Hcp hy-‡n-bpsS kmaq-lnI]Z-hn°pw ÿm\-Øn-\p-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ A[n-Im-c-ßfpwNpa-X-e-Ifpw.

kmaq-lo-I-cWw (Socialisation)

\mw kaq-l-Ønse Hcw-K-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ ]In-b-bmWv kmaq-lo-I-c-Ww.

D]-kw-kvImcw (Sub Cultural)

henb kwkvIm-c-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ ImWp∂ ]tX-yI hni-zm-k-ßfpw aqe-y-ßfpw ]Xo-I-ß-fp-ap≈ thdn´ P\-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS kwkvIm-cw.

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1. ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ kwkvImcw F∂ hm°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw kaq-limkvX-Øn¬ kwkvIm-csØ a\- n-em-°p-∂Xpw Fßs\ hy-X-ym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p?

2. kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hy-X-ykvX am\-ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂v Fß-s\-bmWv Hcps]mXpkwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂p hniI-e\w sNøp-I.

3. \nßƒ°p ]cn-N-b-ap≈ GsX-¶nepw c≠p kwkvIm-c-ßƒ Xmc-X-ayw sNøpI.

4. kmaq-lnIam‰-ßsf°pdn®v ]Tn-°m≥ Ah-ew-_n-°m-hp∂ c≠p kao-]\coXn-IƒN¿®sNøpI.

5. km¿h-P-\o-\-Xsb B[p-\nIXbp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNøp-I.

6. hwi-tI-tµm-fl-pJX \nco-£n®v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ \¬Ip-I.

7. \nß-fpsS Xe-ap-d-bnse kmaq-loI-c-W-Øns‚ G‰hpw kzm-[o\w sNep-Øp∂GP‚ v GXmWv? CXv apºp-≈-h-bn¬\n∂p hy-X-y-kvX-am-sW∂p \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?

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