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GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Part I

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT, Kerala)2015

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Social Science

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala

Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : [email protected] : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869

Typesetting and Layout : SCERT, Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya heBharata-bhagya-vidhata.

Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-MarathaDravida-Utkala-Banga

Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-GangaUchchala-Jaladhi-taranga.Tava shubha name jage,Tava shubha asisa mage,

Gahe tava jaya gatha,Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he

Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!

PLEDGE

India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. Ilove my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.I shall always strive to be worthy of it.

I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect, and treateveryone with courtesy.

To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. In theirwell-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.

Dear Students,

Social Science is a window to the world. It leads you towardsimmense possibilities in knowledge that informs andfascinates. Golden moments in history are preserved hereas travelogues; tokens of the past; eternal symbols of ournation's culture; stories narrated by the land, soil, rainand man; economic activities and constitutional rights.Social Science presents such a world of diverse hues. Itwill guide you to imbibe history, love nature, understanddiversities, and to become responsible citizens. May thediscussions, debates, enquiries, and analyses make yourclassrooms lively.

With warm regards,

Dr. S Raveendran NairDirector

SCERT

Rajan P PUPSA, GUPS Mundothuparamba, MalappuramH A SalimHeadmaster, GUPS, Kumaramchira,ShasthamcottaShanlal A BHSST, Govt. Model Boys HSS, HarippadYusaf Kumar S MHSST, Govt. Model Boys HSS, AttingalVijay Kumar C RHSST, Govt. Boys HSS, Mithirmala,Thiruvananthapuram

ExpertsDr. Abdul Razak P PAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, PSMO College,ThirurangadiDr. Ashok AlexAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, Womens College,ThiruvananthapuramI P JosephAssistant Professor (Rtd.), SCERT

Dr. Priyesh MAssistant Professor, Department ofEconomics, University College,ThiruvananthapuramP S Manoj KumarAssistant Professor, Department of History,KKTM College, Kodungalloor,ThrissurManoj K VResearch Officer, SCERT

Abdul Azees V PHSST, VPKMM HSS, PuthoorpallikkalDr. Babukuttan PSenior Lecturer, DIET, KollamJayakrishnan O KHSA, KPCHSS, Pattannoor, KannurNisha M SUPSA, PHSS, Mezhuveli, PathanamthittaNisanth Mohan MHSST, Govt. Tamil HSS Chalai,ThiruvananthapuramPradeepan THSST, GHSS, Kallachi, Kozhikode

Textbook Development TeamParticipants

Academic Co-ordinator

Chithra Madhavan, Research Officer, SCERT

English VersionAlpha ManjooranAssociate Professor of English (Rtd.), University College,ThiruvananthapuramI P JosephAssistant Professor (Rtd.), SCERT,ThiruvananthapuramMeera Baby RAssistant Professor of English, Govt. College,Kanjiramkulam, ThiruvananthapuramManoj K VResearch Officer, SCERT

Nisanth Mohan MHSST, Govt. Tamil HSS Chalai,ThiruvananthapuramDr. Priyesh MAssistant Professor, Department of Economics,University College, ThiruvananthapuramDr. Saidalavi CAsst. Professor, Department of Linguistics,Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University, ThirurVijay Kumar C RHSST, Govt. Boys HSS, Mithirmala,

CCCCContent

1. Medieval India: The Centres of Power 07

2. Medieval India:Society, Resource, and Trade

3. Kerala: The land, the Rain, and the People

4. Production Process 47

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21

595. The Earth: Myth and Reality

6. World of Diversities 79

Certain icons are used in thistextbook for convenience

Extended activities

Let us assess

Significant learning outcomes

Summary

Questions for assessing the progress

For further reading (Need not besubjected to assessment)

Learning activities

Self assessment

Friends,Friends,Friends,Friends,Friends,I am the River Yamuna.I am the River Yamuna.I am the River Yamuna.I am the River Yamuna.I am the River Yamuna.

You might have heard of me. I am one of theYou might have heard of me. I am one of theYou might have heard of me. I am one of theYou might have heard of me. I am one of theYou might have heard of me. I am one of the

tributaries of the Ganga, the longest river in India. Itributaries of the Ganga, the longest river in India. Itributaries of the Ganga, the longest river in India. Itributaries of the Ganga, the longest river in India. Itributaries of the Ganga, the longest river in India. I

originate from the Yamunotri in Uttarakhand. Delhioriginate from the Yamunotri in Uttarakhand. Delhioriginate from the Yamunotri in Uttarakhand. Delhioriginate from the Yamunotri in Uttarakhand. Delhioriginate from the Yamunotri in Uttarakhand. Delhi

is one of the important cities on my way .is one of the important cities on my way .is one of the important cities on my way .is one of the important cities on my way .is one of the important cities on my way .

The Qutb Minar, the Iron Pillar of Mehrauli, theThe Qutb Minar, the Iron Pillar of Mehrauli, theThe Qutb Minar, the Iron Pillar of Mehrauli, theThe Qutb Minar, the Iron Pillar of Mehrauli, theThe Qutb Minar, the Iron Pillar of Mehrauli, the

Juma Masjid, the Red Fort, the India Gate....ManyJuma Masjid, the Red Fort, the India Gate....ManyJuma Masjid, the Red Fort, the India Gate....ManyJuma Masjid, the Red Fort, the India Gate....ManyJuma Masjid, the Red Fort, the India Gate....Many

such majestic historical monuments can be found here.such majestic historical monuments can be found here.such majestic historical monuments can be found here.such majestic historical monuments can be found here.such majestic historical monuments can be found here.

Delhi has witnessed the rise and fall of severalDelhi has witnessed the rise and fall of severalDelhi has witnessed the rise and fall of severalDelhi has witnessed the rise and fall of severalDelhi has witnessed the rise and fall of several

dynasties.dynasties.dynasties.dynasties.dynasties.

Haven't you listened to what the Yamuna spoke about Delhi? Shall we journey into themedieval history of Delhi?The period between CE 8th century and 18th century is generally known as the medievalperiod in Indian history.

Medieval India: The Centres of Power

8Medieval India: The Centres of Power

Social Science

Across the topography of Delhi…Observe the map (map 1.1) given below.What all information can you gather from it?

Indo-Gangetic plain

You have seen that Delhi is situated in theIndo-Gangetic plain. The fertility of theregion has been favourable foragricultural progress.Observe the location of the Aravallimountain ranges marked on the map.These mountain ranges helped Delhi toresist the invasions of enemies. Themassive rocks of this mountain rangesupplied the stones for the constructionof forts and buildings. The river Yamuna

facilitated water transportation and ensured enough water supplyfor Delhi. It was these geographical features that attracted therulers to Delhi.

Delhi as a seat of powerIt was under the Tomar kings, who were Rajputs, that Delhi firstbecame a seat of power in CE 8th century. Back then, Delhi wasknown as 'Dhillika'. Following the Tomars, the Chauhan dynastyruled Delhi. Prithviraj Chauhan was the last king of the Chauhan

Map 1.1

What were the geographical features that motivated the rulers

to opt Delhi as the centre of their power?


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dynasty. Muhammad of Ghor (in the presentAfghanistan) defeated Prithviraj Chauhan andestablished his domination over Delhi.Qutbuddin Aybak was his Commander-in-chief. Afterthe death of Muhammad of Ghor, Qutbuddinestablished his rule in CE 1206 with Delhi as theseat of power. This dynasty is known as the Mamlukdynasty (Slave Dynasty). Four major dynasties ruledDelhi after the decline of the Mamluk dynasty and their rulelasted until CE 1526. The rulers of Delhi between CE 1206 andCE 1526 are known as Sultans and the period of their reign isknown as the Sultanate period.Look at the flow chart given below. It chronologically lists thedynasties and the respective major rulers during the Sultanateperiod.

The Rajputs were the kshatriyasof the central and north-westIndia. The Tomars and theChauhans were prominentamong them.

Rajputs

Tughluq DynastyMuhammad Bin Tughluq, Firuz Shah Thughluq

Sayyid Dynasty

Qutbuddin Aybak, Iltutmish, BalbanMamluk Dynasty (Slave Dynasty)

Khalji DynastyAlauddin Khalji

Lodi Dynasty

Khizr Khan

Ibrahim Lodi


Social Science

Let us discuss the expansion of power of the Delhi Sultans toother parts of the Indian subcontinent.Iltutmish was the ruler who assumed power after Qutbuddin. Heconquered Multan, Lahore, Bengal, etc. He introduced a uniformmonetary system in the regions under his control. Tanka andJital were the newly introduced coins.Balban was the major ruler who rose to power after the reign ofIltutmish.

The regionsunder Iltutmish

Gujarat

Complete the table given below based on the flow chart

MultanLahore

Bengal

Dynasties of the Major rulersSultanate period

• Mamluk dynasty • Qutbuddin Aybak, Iltutmish, Balban

• •

• •

• •

• •

The coins of Iltutmish

Map 1.2

Sultana Raziyya was the onlywoman ruler of the DelhiSultanate. She was the daughterof Iltutmish. She lost her powerowing to the protest from somenobles.

Sultana Raziyya


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The expansion of the SultanateThe Khalji dynasty succeeded the Mamluk dynasty. AlauddinKhalji was the most prominent among the Khalji rulers. It wasduring his reign that the south and west regions of India cameunder the Delhi Sultanate. Gujarat was the first region that cameunder his control.Identify Gujarat in the given map 1.2.What are the geographical peculiarities of Gujarat?You can find that the long coastline is a peculiar feature ofGujarat. Therefore, several seaports exist here.With the conquest of Gujarat, these sea ports came under thecontrol of Alauddin Khalji. He could import fine horses fromIraq through these ports. This strengthened his military powerand he conquered the regions in the southern and western India.

The region underthe control ofMuhammad BinTughluq

The region under the controlof Alauddin Khalji. Arrowmarks denote the militarymovements

Daulatabad

How did the domination over Gujarat strengthen the military

of Alauddin Khalji?

Map 1.3 Map 1.4


Social Science

The Khalji dynasty was succeeded by the Tughluq dynasty.Muhammad Bin Tughluq was an important ruler of the Tughluqdynasty. To rule more efficiently he shifted the capital from Delhito Devagiri and renamed the latter as Daulatabad. Observe thelocation of Daulatabad in map 1.4. Daulatabad was situated almostat the centre of the expanded state. Muhammad Bin Tughluqthought that all the regions could be controlled effectively byshifting the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. Later he foundthat shifting the capital was not practical and withdrew thedecision. The rulers of the Sayyid and the Lodi dynasties whosucceeded the Tughluq dynasty were weak. The Sultanate rulebegan to decline with the end of the Tughluq dynasty.

Delhi under the Mughal rule

Battlefield of Panipat - An illustration

26th April 1526...The armies of Sultanate ruler Ibrahim Lodiand Babur, the ruler of Kabul (in Afghanistan)fought at Panipat near Delhi.Since the army of Babur made use of cannonand gunpowder, they could easily defeat thearmy of Ibrahim Lodi. Babur ended theSultanate reign and established a new ruleknown as the Mughal rule with Delhi as thecapital.


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The Mughal rule established by Babur was laterextended. Akbar played an important role in theexpansion of the Mughal empire. He formed a hugearmy. To maintain it, he adopted a special systemknown as Mansabdari. Under this system, everyofficer was liable to maintain a specific number ofsoldiers. Raja Man Singh, Raja Todar Mal, Birbal,Raja Jay Singh, etc. were the prominent Rajputs whoheld important office during the Mughal period.Observe the map 1.5 and complete the diagram.

India under Akbar

Khandesh

Bengal

Bihar

GujaratMalwa

Delhi

KashmirKabul

Multan Khandesh

The region underthe Mughal

empire

Delhi was ruled by Sher ShahSuri of the Sur dynasty from CE1540 to CE 1545. He rose topower by defeating the Mughalruler Humayun. His successorswere weak. Hence, Humayuncould recapture Delhi in CE1555.

Sher Shah Suri

Map 1.5

Let us see the names of the major Mughal rulers with the helpof the flow chart given below.

Babur1526-1530

Shah Jahan1627-1658

Jahangir1605-1627

Akbar1556-1605

Humayun1530-1540,1555 - 1556

Aurangazeb1658-1707


Social Science

Centres of power in southern andwestern India

We have discussed the growth of Delhi as a seat of power inmedieval India. The other important kingdoms that prevailed insouthern and western India during the period are given below.

Prepare a seminar paper on 'The expansion of the Sultanate-Mughal rule in medieval India'.

India underAurangazeb

Marathas

Map 1.6

Akbar Nama is a work on historywritten by Abul Fazl, a courtier ofAkbar. The work is in three volumes.The first volume deals with Akbar'sancestors, the second with the eventsduring Akbar's reign, and the thirdwith Akbar's administration. The thirdvolume is also known as Ain-i-Akbari.

Akbar Nama andAin-i-Akbari

Kingdom Region

CholaVijayanagara Southern IndiaBahmaniMaratha Western India

RajputsJats

The Mughal empire expanded the mostduring the reign of Aurangazeb. (Observemap 1.6). He ruled for fifty years. Thoughthe empire began to decline afterAurangazeb, it lasted until 1857.


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This prince has inThis prince has inThis prince has inThis prince has inThis prince has inhis dominions threehis dominions threehis dominions threehis dominions threehis dominions threehundred ports, eachhundred ports, eachhundred ports, eachhundred ports, eachhundred ports, eachof which is equal toof which is equal toof which is equal toof which is equal toof which is equal toCalicut and on terraCalicut and on terraCalicut and on terraCalicut and on terraCalicut and on terrafirma his territoriesfirma his territoriesfirma his territoriesfirma his territoriesfirma his territoriescomprise a space ofcomprise a space ofcomprise a space ofcomprise a space ofcomprise a space of

three monthsthree monthsthree monthsthree monthsthree monthsjourney. Thejourney. Thejourney. Thejourney. Thejourney. Thecountry is for thecountry is for thecountry is for thecountry is for thecountry is for themost part wellmost part wellmost part wellmost part wellmost part wellcultivated, verycultivated, verycultivated, verycultivated, verycultivated, veryfertile. The troopsfertile. The troopsfertile. The troopsfertile. The troopsfertile. The troopsamount in numberamount in numberamount in numberamount in numberamount in numberto eleven lakhs.to eleven lakhs.to eleven lakhs.to eleven lakhs.to eleven lakhs.

Abdur RazzaqAbdur RazzaqAbdur RazzaqAbdur RazzaqAbdur Razzaq

Chola kingdomThe Chola dynasty became powerful by CE9th century. Raja Raja Chola and RajendraChola were the prominent Chola rulers. TheCholas had a powerful navy. The influenceof the Cholas was extended even to countrieslike Malaysia and the Indonesian islands.Observe the map 1.7 and locate the nationsoutside India that were under the dominionof the Chola rule .

Vijayanagara kingdom

Map 1.7

MalaysiaSriLanka

This is an extract from the description of the Persian travellerAbdur Razzaq. What information can you obtain from it?

There were many ports in Vijayanagara.

Indonesian IslandsIndonesian Islands


Social Science

Pune

The Vijayanagara kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukkain CE 14th century. Krishnadeva Raya was the major ruler ofVijayanagara.

Maratha kingdom

It was in CE 17th century that the Marathasbecame a prominent power. The geographicalfeatures of the region helped the growth of theMarathas. The Vindhya- Satpura mountain rangesand the Narmada-Tapti rivers separated theMaratha region from the nearby regions. Thesegeographical features offered natural protectionto it. The Marathi language and literatureinstilled a sense of unity among the Marathas.

With the help of a map, locate the present Indian states wherethe Raichur region is situated.

What are the factors that motivated the Vijayanagara and

Bahmani rulers to engage in battles for the Raichur region?

Map 1.8

Region under theMaratha kingdom

Bahmani kingdomAlauddin Hasan Bahman Shah was the founder of the Bahmanikingdom. The Raichur region located between the Tungabhadraand the Krishna rivers was fertile. It was known as 'the rise bowlof South India'. The rulers of Bahmani and Vijayanagarafrequently engaged in wars to gain control over the Raichurregion.


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It was the geographical features that inspired the rulers toopt Delhi as a centre of power.It was under the Tomar kings that Delhi first became thecentre of power.The Sultanate rule was established with Delhi as its capital.The Sultanate rule expanded further during the reign ofAlauddin Khalji and Muhammad Bin Tughluq.Babur who defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipatin 1526 established the Mughal rule.Akbar and Aurangazeb played an important role in theexpansion of the Mughal empire.Different centres of power existed in western and southernIndia during the medieval period.

Shivaji was the major ruler of the Maratha kingdom. He adoptedthe title 'Chatrapati'. The Marathas had strong army and navy. Ithelped them to be a major political power. Pune was the capitalof the Maratha kingdom.

What were the factors that helped the growth of the Marathas?

In addition to Delhi, various centres of power existed in differentparts of India during the medieval period. Prepare a note onthem.


Social Science

Medieval India

Tomar Dynasty (Delhi)

Chauhan Dynasty (Delhi)

Sultanate Rule (Delhi)

Mughal Dynasty (Delhi)

The learner :explains the topographical features that helped Delhi tobecome a centre of power.analyses the growth and expansion of the Sultanate andMughal dynasties .analyses the influence of the topographical features in thegrowth of the dynasties.explains the various centres of power that existed insouthern and western India.

Cholas (South India)

Vijayanagara (South India)

Bahmani (South India)

Maratha (Western India)


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Which are the geographical factors that contributed toDelhi becoming a centre of power?The battle of Panipat was crucial in the history of India.Substantiate.Analyse the policy adopted by Akbar in the expansion ofthe Mughal empire.The rulers of Vijayanagara and Bahmani frequently engagedin wars for the possession of the Raichur region. Basedon this statement, examine the features of the Raichurregion.Which are the geographical factors that helped in the riseof the Maratha kingdom?Match column 'A' with 'B'

A B

Iltutmish The battle of PanipatKrishnadeva Raya Mansabdari systemMuhammad Bin Tughluq Jital coinBabur VijayanagaraAkbar Shifting of capital

Collect the proof for the cultural relations betweensoutheast Asian countries and India.


Social Science

Completely Partially Needimporvement

Can identify the geographical features ofDelhi

Can identify the dynasties that made Delhitheir capital

Can analyze the expansion of theSultanate rule

Can identify the regions under the controlof the Sultanate rulers

Can identify and explain the importanceof the battle of Panipat

Can analyze the policies of Akbar in theexpansion of the Mughal empire

Can explain the different centres ofpower that originated in various parts ofmedieval India

Self assessmentSelf assessmentSelf assessmentSelf assessmentSelf assessment

Prepare an Atlas incorporating the maps of the regionsunder the control of the different dynasties in the medievalperiod.The southeast Asian countries are the major releasingcentres for Tamil films. Find out the reason.

a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-ßƒ

Hindustan is a wonderful land. Compared to otherHindustan is a wonderful land. Compared to otherHindustan is a wonderful land. Compared to otherHindustan is a wonderful land. Compared to otherHindustan is a wonderful land. Compared to othercountries, it is entirely different. The mountains,countries, it is entirely different. The mountains,countries, it is entirely different. The mountains,countries, it is entirely different. The mountains,countries, it is entirely different. The mountains,rivers, forests, and deserts here are unique. Therivers, forests, and deserts here are unique. Therivers, forests, and deserts here are unique. Therivers, forests, and deserts here are unique. Therivers, forests, and deserts here are unique. Theanimals, plants, people, languages, rain, and wind areanimals, plants, people, languages, rain, and wind areanimals, plants, people, languages, rain, and wind areanimals, plants, people, languages, rain, and wind areanimals, plants, people, languages, rain, and wind areall diverse…all diverse…all diverse…all diverse…all diverse…

Babur Nama

The description given above is taken from Babur Nama, the memoirof the Mughal emperor Babur. What information can you gatherabout India from it?Babur speaks about the diversity and resources of India. It is thisdiversity and prosperity that attracted the foreign travellers to Indiaduring the medieval period. Their travelogues help us tocomprehend the socio-economic conditions of that period.

Medieval India:Society, Resource, and Trade

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Social Science


Agriculture and artisanshipFor farming cereals and grazing cattle, land revenueFor farming cereals and grazing cattle, land revenueFor farming cereals and grazing cattle, land revenueFor farming cereals and grazing cattle, land revenueFor farming cereals and grazing cattle, land revenueand grazing tax were to be paid to the rulers.and grazing tax were to be paid to the rulers.and grazing tax were to be paid to the rulers.and grazing tax were to be paid to the rulers.and grazing tax were to be paid to the rulers.Similarly, tax was to be paid on income from trade.Similarly, tax was to be paid on income from trade.Similarly, tax was to be paid on income from trade.Similarly, tax was to be paid on income from trade.Similarly, tax was to be paid on income from trade.One sixth of the income was to be spent for theOne sixth of the income was to be spent for theOne sixth of the income was to be spent for theOne sixth of the income was to be spent for theOne sixth of the income was to be spent for theprotection of the country.protection of the country.protection of the country.protection of the country.protection of the country.

Al-Biruni

Given above is an extract from the travelogue of Al-Biruni, atraveller who reached India from Central Asia. What are theoccupations and taxes mentioned in this description?Agriculture was the chief occupation of the people of medievalIndia. Cotton, cereals, pulses, indigo, sugarcane, etc. were themajor crops.In this period, there was plenty of cultivable land in India thatwas kept uncultivated. Those who first cultivated in such landwere granted its ownership right. The hardworking farmers triedto win the ownership of such lands in this way.Let us see the steps taken by the rulers for the progress ofagriculture.

Arranged irrigation facilitiesSupplied seedsGranted tax relaxation

In the medieval period the officers were given land as wages.This system was known as Iqta during the Sultanate period andJagirdari during the Mughal period.

What were the factors that promoted the progress of agricultureduring the Sultanate and the Mughal periods? Discuss.

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Discuss how the agricultural sector promoted the growth of thetextile industry.

Spinning wheel

In addition to agriculture, many occupations formaking agricultural tools existed in villages. Whatmight be they? Discuss.

Metal work

Weaving and other handicrafts were the majoroccupations in towns. The cotton, indigo, and silkproduced by the rural folks enriched the textileindustry. The Indian weavers produced garments ofdifferent colours and quality. The garments madeof silk, cotton, and wool were important amongthem. New tools like spinning wheel and looms were used forweaving. Indigo and colour mixtures were used for dyeing thetextile. Indian textile won world acclaim.

Towns and trade

The great town Vijayanagara is situated near steepThe great town Vijayanagara is situated near steepThe great town Vijayanagara is situated near steepThe great town Vijayanagara is situated near steepThe great town Vijayanagara is situated near steepmountain ranges. There are attractive gardens andmountain ranges. There are attractive gardens andmountain ranges. There are attractive gardens andmountain ranges. There are attractive gardens andmountain ranges. There are attractive gardens andgroves in this town. The markets of this prosperousgroves in this town. The markets of this prosperousgroves in this town. The markets of this prosperousgroves in this town. The markets of this prosperousgroves in this town. The markets of this prosperoustown are full of costly goods.town are full of costly goods.town are full of costly goods.town are full of costly goods.town are full of costly goods.

Nicolo ContiNicolo Conti

A water wheelused for irrigation

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Social Science


Have you read the description about Vijayanagra by Nicolo Conti,the Italian traveller who visited India?The agricultural progress created favourable conditions for theprosperity of trade and commerce. Indian spices, textiles, leather,

gems, sandal, metals, pearl, ivory, etc. were in greatdemand in foreign countries. These commoditiesattracted traders to India. Several traders fromdifferent parts of the world reached India in themedieval period.The foreigners who engaged in trade with India.

Chinese Arabs Portuguese Dutch English

French

Haven't you listened to the descriptions of Indian towns by Ibn

The towns in India areThe towns in India areThe towns in India areThe towns in India areThe towns in India arehighly populous andhighly populous andhighly populous andhighly populous andhighly populous andwealthy. The streets ofwealthy. The streets ofwealthy. The streets ofwealthy. The streets ofwealthy. The streets ofthe cities were floodedthe cities were floodedthe cities were floodedthe cities were floodedthe cities were floodedwith diverse goods. Delhiwith diverse goods. Delhiwith diverse goods. Delhiwith diverse goods. Delhiwith diverse goods. Delhiand Daulatabad areand Daulatabad areand Daulatabad areand Daulatabad areand Daulatabad arecolourful cities.colourful cities.colourful cities.colourful cities.colourful cities.

Ibn Battutah

Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, andAgra, Fatehpur Sikri, andAgra, Fatehpur Sikri, andAgra, Fatehpur Sikri, andAgra, Fatehpur Sikri, andAhmedabad are biggerAhmedabad are biggerAhmedabad are biggerAhmedabad are biggerAhmedabad are biggerthan London, the biggestthan London, the biggestthan London, the biggestthan London, the biggestthan London, the biggestcity in the world. Delhi iscity in the world. Delhi iscity in the world. Delhi iscity in the world. Delhi iscity in the world. Delhi isa big and wealthy city.a big and wealthy city.a big and wealthy city.a big and wealthy city.a big and wealthy city.

Ralph Fitch

Ralph Fitch

Cotton textiles wereexported from Calicut. Thesetextiles were known as Calicoin the European market.Kozhikode was called Calicutby the Europeans.

Calico and Calicut

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Ahmedabad

Surat

Hampi

Kanchipuram MahabalipuramUrayurThanchavoor

MaduraiKozhikodeKochiKollam

MurshidabadCalcutta

Dacca

Paithan

Bay of B

engal

Arabi

an sea

AgraDelhi

Haven't you listened to the descriptions of Indian towns by IbnBattutah, the Moroccan traveller, who visited during theSultanate period and Ralph Fitch, the English traveller, whovisited during the Mughal period?What information can you gather from them about the Indiantowns of that period? Discuss.Towns developed around the production centres and markets.Dacca, Paithan, Kanchipuram, Urayur, Madurai, etc. were thetowns that developed this way. Artisans, traders, officers,servants, slaves, and so on constituted the urban population.

The major trade centres in medieval India

Find out the major trade centres of medieval India from thegiven map.Discuss the common geographical features that helped theprogress of the South Indian trade centres.

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Social Science


Bernier

Workshops

Big rooms where Karkhanas function are found inBig rooms where Karkhanas function are found inBig rooms where Karkhanas function are found inBig rooms where Karkhanas function are found inBig rooms where Karkhanas function are found inmany places. Embroiderers working under a supervisormany places. Embroiderers working under a supervisormany places. Embroiderers working under a supervisormany places. Embroiderers working under a supervisormany places. Embroiderers working under a supervisorare found in one room. Goldsmiths in another… Dyersare found in one room. Goldsmiths in another… Dyersare found in one room. Goldsmiths in another… Dyersare found in one room. Goldsmiths in another… Dyersare found in one room. Goldsmiths in another… Dyersand cobblers work in different rooms...and cobblers work in different rooms...and cobblers work in different rooms...and cobblers work in different rooms...and cobblers work in different rooms...

Bernier

Karkhanas were the centres that produced and supplied goodsfor the palaces of the Mughal kings and nobles.

Karkhana in the Red Fort: A painting

Which occupational groups could be found in the Karkhanas?

Given above is the description by Bernier, the French traveller,about the workshops and the occupational groups.

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Social lifeListen to the description about the social life in India byTavernier, the French traveller, who visited India during theMughal period.

The lifestyle, dressing, and food habits are extensivelyThe lifestyle, dressing, and food habits are extensivelyThe lifestyle, dressing, and food habits are extensivelyThe lifestyle, dressing, and food habits are extensivelyThe lifestyle, dressing, and food habits are extensivelyvaried across India. Extravagantly colourfully dressedvaried across India. Extravagantly colourfully dressedvaried across India. Extravagantly colourfully dressedvaried across India. Extravagantly colourfully dressedvaried across India. Extravagantly colourfully dressedpeople and those sparsely clad were also found here.people and those sparsely clad were also found here.people and those sparsely clad were also found here.people and those sparsely clad were also found here.people and those sparsely clad were also found here.

Tavernier

What information about the social life of the period can beobtained from this description?Social and economic inequalities existed among the people backthen. Let us see what they were.

Social status was determined on the basis of caste,occupation, and wealth.Kings, lords, priests, officers, etc. enjoyed higher socialstatus.Those who engaged in agriculture and handicraft belongedto lower social strata.Each caste had its own customs and rituals.Evil customs like the sati and child marriage prevailed.

India, the abode of knowledgeWe, the Indians can speak any language. But it isWe, the Indians can speak any language. But it isWe, the Indians can speak any language. But it isWe, the Indians can speak any language. But it isWe, the Indians can speak any language. But it isdifficult for others to master our language. Indiansdifficult for others to master our language. Indiansdifficult for others to master our language. Indiansdifficult for others to master our language. Indiansdifficult for others to master our language. Indiansdo not go abroad in search of knowledge. It is thedo not go abroad in search of knowledge. It is thedo not go abroad in search of knowledge. It is thedo not go abroad in search of knowledge. It is thedo not go abroad in search of knowledge. It is thepeople from other countries who come to India. Chess,people from other countries who come to India. Chess,people from other countries who come to India. Chess,people from other countries who come to India. Chess,people from other countries who come to India. Chess,the Panchatantra stories, and Mathematics are thethe Panchatantra stories, and Mathematics are thethe Panchatantra stories, and Mathematics are thethe Panchatantra stories, and Mathematics are thethe Panchatantra stories, and Mathematics are thecontributions of India to the world.contributions of India to the world.contributions of India to the world.contributions of India to the world.contributions of India to the world.

Amir Khusrau

Tavernier

28

Social Science


These are the words of Amir Khusrau, the poet who lived duringthe Sultanate period.What can you comprehend from this description about theadvancement in learning in India?We have discussed Nalanda University in the previous class.Several educational centres existed in medieval India as well.Students from different parts of the world flocked to thesecentres in search of knowledge. The educational centres inBanaras, Agra, Lahore, Kanchi, Mathura, and Delhi wereremarkable among them.Astronomy and Mathematics advanced during the period. Lilavatiby Bhaskaracharya was a famous work in Mathematics.Observatories were established in Jaipur, Delhi, Ujjain, andBanaras. Several texts were translated into Persian.

The travelogues of the foreigners provide informationabout medieval India.During the medieval period several foreigners came toIndia for trade.The rulers facilitated the progress of agriculture and trade.Handicrafts and trade centres developed during themedieval period.Karkhanas were the centres that produced and suppliedgoods for the palaces of the Mughal kings and nobles.

Organize a seminar on the topic 'The socio economic conditionsand the advancement of learning during the medieval period'.

29

Standard VI


Social and economic inequalities existed during themedieval period.India attained economic progress along with advancementin learning.

The learner :recognizes the importance of travelogues as a source ofhistory.analyses the social and economic life in medieval India.evaluates different kinds of economic activities thatfavoured the growth of towns.explains the advancement in the field of learning inmedieval India.

The agricultural activities in medieval India wereadmirable. Explain.How did the spread of weaving and trade facilitate thegrowth of towns?What were the factors that attracted the travellers andtraders to medieval India?Examine the progress attained by medieval India in thefield of learning.

30

Social Science


Prepare a travelogue based on your study tour.List the major trade centres in medieval India and thepresent states where they are located.Read various travelogues and prepare notes.List the names of the travellers and their works that youhave familiarised in this unit.

Completely Partially Needimporvement

Can recognize the travellers who cameto India during the medieval period

Can analyze the social life in the medievalperiod from travelogues

Can recognize the socio-economicconditions of medieval India

Can comprehend that agriculture was thefoundation of prosperity of medievalIndia

Can recognize that weaving and tradewere the foundation for the growth oftowns.

Can recognize the progress in the fieldof learning during the medieval period

Self assessmentSelf assessmentSelf assessmentSelf assessmentSelf assessment

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