VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIATECHNICAL & NON-TECHNICAL

MEASURE POLICY

Dr. B. SenguptaMember Secretary

Central Pollution Control BoardMinistry of Environment & ForestsGovernment of India, New Delhi

Paper Presented at Regional Workshop on Transport SectorPaper Presented at Regional Workshop on Transport SectorInspection & Maintenance Policy in Asia Organized byInspection & Maintenance Policy in Asia Organized byESCAP/UN(DESA) in BangkokESCAP/UN(DESA) in Bangkok during 10-12 Dec’2001during 10-12 Dec’2001

• High vehicle density in Indian urban centers

• Older vehicles predominant in vehicle vintage

• Inadequate inspection & maintenance facilities

• Predominance of two stroke two wheelers

• Adulteration of fuel & fuel products

• Improper traffic management system & road conditions

• High levels of pollution at traffic intersections

• Absence of effective mass rapid transport system & intra-city railway networks

• High population exodus to the urban centers.

VEHICULAR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN INDIAVEHICULAR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN INDIA

8%8%20%20%

72%72%

DomesticDomestic IndustrialIndustrial VehicularVehicular

CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SECTORS TO AMBIENTCONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SECTORS TO AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES

1915221374

2350725505

2766030287

3385037231

43159

4824053100

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Nu

mb

ers

in T

ho

usa

nd

GROWTH OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN INDIA

FUEL SHARE IN INDIAFUEL SHARE IN INDIA

GASOLINEGASOLINE DIESELDIESEL CNGCNG LPG/ELECLPG/ELEC

280065280065

541098541098

7091570915126782126782

706998706998

12681031268103

336671336671 300841300841

00

200000200000

400000400000

600000600000

800000800000

10000001000000

12000001200000

14000001400000

MUMBAIMUMBAI DELHIDELHI KOLKATAKOLKATA CHENNAICHENNAI

METRIC TONNES

METRIC TONNES

MSMS HSDHSD CNGCNG

FUEL CONSUMPTION IN METRO CITIES(1999-2000)FUEL CONSUMPTION IN METRO CITIES(1999-2000)

2S2W2S2W 4S2W4S2W 3W3W

GASOLINE CARGASOLINE CAR DIESEL CARDIESEL CAR TAXISTAXIS

MUVGMUVG MUVDMUVD TRUCKTRUCK

BUSBUS LCVLCV CNGCNG

SHARE OF ON-ROAD VEHICLES IN DELHI

00

500000500000

10000001000000

15000001500000

20000002000000

25000002500000

1980

1980

1982

1982

1984

1984

1986

1986

1988

1988

1990

1990

1992

1992

1994

1994

1996

1996

1998

1998

2000

2000

Year Year

Num

ber

of V

ehic

les

Num

ber

of V

ehic

les

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF TWO WHEELERS IN DELHI

65323624163382S/2W

23211224S/2W

137184<11383W

21<1212224TRUCKS

<1<1<111<1<1TAXIS

<1<1<11<1<1<1PCD

1649416351736PCG

<131136<13MUVD

<121<1111MUVG

131141017LCV

1<1<1152311BUS

O3POTENCIAL

(402)

BUTADINE

(0.36)BENZENE

(3.0)

PM

(14.4)

NOX

(63)

HC

(112.6)

CO

(292.6)

Types

Load Th.t

% EMISSION LOAD CONTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT% EMISSION LOAD CONTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENTVEHICLES IN YEAR 2000 IN DELHIVEHICLES IN YEAR 2000 IN DELHI

VEHICLE VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

FUEL QUALITYFUEL QUALITY

AFTER COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGYAFTER COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY

ALTERNATIVE FUELALTERNATIVE FUEL

ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES (ZEVS)ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES (ZEVS)

MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMMASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

URBAN ROAD & FLYOVER PROJECTSURBAN ROAD & FLYOVER PROJECTS

I&M / PUC PROGRAMMEI&M / PUC PROGRAMME

TECHNICAL MEASURES

1990

1st set norms notified

1995

Emission norms forcatalytic vehicles

1996

2nd set normsnotified

2000/01

Euro-I equivalent (Country)Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros) 2005

Euro-II (Country)Euro-III (7 megacities)

2010

Euro-III (Country)Euro-IV (metros)

VEHICLE EMISSION NORM SCHEDULE IN INDIA

GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS & SCHEDULE

2.72.0--Oxygen

%by Vol.,max

4245--Aromatics

% v/v., Max

0.0150.050.100.10(unleaded)

0.20 (leaded)

Sulphur

%by Mass,max

0.0050.0130.0130.15%(low pb)

0.013% (unleaded)

Lead

G/m3, Max

1.03.0 (all)

1.0 (metro)

5.0

3.0 (metros)

5.0BENZENE

%by Vol.,Max

6035-60-35-70RVP at38deg.c,kpa

2010200520001996YEARS

SPECIFICATIONSPARAMETER

DIESEL SPECIFICATIONS & SCHEDULE

11---Polyaromatic

360370370-Distillation

T95

0.0350.050.25

0.05(METRO)

0.50Sulphur %

W/w, Max

51484845Cetane No,Min

2010200520001996YEAR

SPECIFICATIONSPARAMETER

GASOLINE BENZENE REDUCTION PRORAMME IN INDIA

Before 1996

No Specifications

April 1996

5 %

April 2000

3% in Metro cities

Nov. 2000

1 % in NCT &Mumbai

GASOLINE LEAD PHASE-OUT PROGRAMME IN INDIA

June 1994

0.15 g/l (4 metro)

April 1995

Unleaded4 metros

Jan1997

Low leadedEntire Country

Jan1999

UnleadedNCR

Feb2000

UnlededCountry

DIESEL SULPHUR REDUCTION PROGRAMME IN INDIA

April 1996

Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj

August 1997

Sulphur 0.25%Delhi & Taj

April 1998

Sulphur 0.25%Metro cities

Jan 2000

Sulphur 0.25%Entire Country

Jan 2001

Sulphur 0.05%Mumbai

June 2001

Sulphur 0.05%NCR

Sulphur 0.05%Chennai & Kolkata

July 2001

INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION SYSTEM

•Fitness certification is a statutory requirement for commercial vehiclesand public transport vehicles. Periodicity for certification is once in aYear.

•For non-commercial passenger cars, fitness certification is required for renewalof registration, only after 15 years from the date of first registration. In case of twowheelers no such requirement exists.

•Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificates are required to be obtained everythree months for all categories of vehicles. In case of petrol vehicles idling COmeasurements are taken and in case of diesel vehicles, free acceleration smoke ismeasured.

•RTOs, filling stations & service stations are authorized to issue PUC certificates.There are more than 400 PUC centers in Delhi.

•The agency for issue of Fitness Certificate is the Transport Department.

•A fee of Rs.150 per vehicle for heavy commercial vehicles and Rs.50 for medium& light commercial vehicles is levied for obtaining PUC certificates.

Current & Proposed Emission Standards for in-use Vehicles Current & Proposed Emission Standards for in-use Vehicles

-

-

4.5

3.0

-

-

2/3 Wheeler

4-Wheeler

LPG/CNG

Not Proposed75 HSU80% loadDiesel Agri Tractors

Not Proposed65 HSUFree acceleration

Not Proposed

75 HSU (SmokeDensity)

Full loadDiesel Vehicles otherthan agriculturaltractors

2000.5--With close loop Cat.Con.

To beproposed

3.0-3.0Without close loopCat. Con.

Gasoline 4-wheelers

90003.5-4.54-stroke

90003.5-4.52-strokeGasoline 2/3 Wheelers

HC (ppm)CO(%)

HC(ppm)

CO (%)

ProposedStandard

CurrentStandard

CategoryVehicles

VEHICLE CHECK SHEET FOR FITNESS CERTIFICATE

Seating, mudguard, emergency gate, window size, glasses, floor, etc.Body13

Insulations, switches, doom light, spark arresterElectrical14

Riveting, welding, bonnet, crankcase cover, etc.Finishing15

Clutch, transmission, axels & performanceRoad Test16

As per CMVR, DMV rulesDimension12

As per specifications.Others17

Wiper fitment & functioningWiper11

As per Act and rulesPainting10

Functioning, speed governors.Speedometer9

Chassis & engine no. identification plate, month & year of mfg.Embossing ofchassis

8

Headlamps, parking, turn signal, top lights, reflectorsLamps/signals7

Total brake effort > 45%, stopping distance at 30 kmph < 13 mtrs, parking brake,brake oil leakage

Brake6

Electrical, bulb, pressure hornHorn5

Leafspring position, clamping, shock absorber, bushes,shackle, centre boltSuspension4

Noise level 85 dBEngine3

Gear backlash, kingpin, stub axle, steering freeplaySteering2

Cut, deformation, threadease wereTyres1

CheckItemS

TECHNICAL MEASURE EVALUATION BY EMISSION

Up gradation of fuel quality & tightening of vehicle emissionnorms resulted in decreasing trends of pollution in major cities ofIndia.

Inspection & Maintenance has definite utility on emissionperformance.

Concentration of lead in traffic intersection shows gooddownward trends.

SO2 shows decreasing trends over the years.

Nox & PM still remain a problem though trends are decreasing.

Marginal decrease in RSPM observed at traffic intersections.

42

66

55.87

25

63

54.5

2020

60

42.41

18

59

46.86

19.1

33.5

13.6

21.6

7 10.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

SO2 NO2 LEAD CO RSPMSO2/

NO

2-ug

/m3

RSP

M-1

0 x

ug/m

3

LE

AD

-10

x ng

/m3

CO

-100

x u

g/m

3 1995 1998 1999 2000

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (TRAFFIC INTERSECTION) IN DELHIAMBIENT AIR QUALITY (TRAFFIC INTERSECTION) IN DELHI

33.43

55.87 55.4

46.86

30.69

23.7227.96

31.6734

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1994 1996 1998 2000 2001( CO

IN u

g/m

3X 1

00 /

VE

HIC

LE

S IN

LA

KH

S)

COCO VEHICLESVEHICLES

AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFICAMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFICINTERSECTION IN DELHIINTERSECTION IN DELHI

66

75

6359

01020304050607080

1994 1996 1998 2000

NO

2 IN

ug/

m3

NO2NO2

4235

2518 16

100

50

25

5 50

20

40

60

80

100

120

1994 1996 1998 2000 2001SO2

IN u

g/m

3 /D

IESE

L S

IN

100

X

ppm

SO2SO2 DIESEL SDIESEL S

AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFICAMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFICINTERSECTION IN DELHIINTERSECTION IN DELHI

40.8

31.2

13.610.1

56

15

1.3 1.30

10

20

30

40

50

60

1994 1996 1998 2000

LE

AD

IN

10

X u

g/m

3 / P

TR

L P

b IN

mg/

l

LEAD PETRL Pb

20 19.116.3

25

5 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1998 2000 2001RSP

M I

N 1

0 X

ug/

m3

/ D

IESE

L S

IN

10

0 X

ppm

RSPM DIESEL S

CORRELATION OF AMBIENT NO2 LEVEL WITH CALM CORRELATION OF AMBIENT NO2 LEVEL WITH CALM CONDITIONS OF WIND IN DELHI CONDITIONS OF WIND IN DELHI

0

20

40

60

80

1 0 0

1 2 0

JAN

MAR

MAY

JUL

SEPNOV

JAN

MAR

MAY

JUL

SEPNOV

JAN

MAR

MAY

JUL

SEPNOV

JAN

MAR

MAY

JUL

SEPNOV

NO2 CALM

1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0

PART-IIPART-II

NON-TECHNICAL MEASURE POLICYNON-TECHNICAL MEASURE POLICY

EMISSION WARRANTYEMISSION WARRANTY

SCRAPING OLD POLLUTING VEHICLESSCRAPING OLD POLLUTING VEHICLES

TOLL TAX FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLESTOLL TAX FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES

SUBSIDIES FOR CLEAN VEHICLESSUBSIDIES FOR CLEAN VEHICLES

PARKING CHARGES & FINEPARKING CHARGES & FINE

ENCOURAGING CAR POOLENCOURAGING CAR POOL

AWARENESS CAMPAIGNSAWARENESS CAMPAIGNS

NON-TECHNICAL MEASURES

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

MUMBAI CALCUTTA DELHI CHENNAI

WORK EDUCATION SOCIAL

PERCENTAGE TRIPS FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES IN MEGA CITIES

ECONOMIC GROWTH & VEHICLE GROWTH

05000

10000150002000025000300003500040000

1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00

Number of Vehicles in Delhi X 1000Per capita State Domestic Product (Delhi)Per Capita Net National Product

Per capita Income (Rs)

Source-NEERI

POPULATION- ROAD LENGTH-VEHICLE DENSITY IN DELHI

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1971 1981 1991 1996 1998

ROAD LENGTH X 100 KmVEHICLE DENSITY (NO. PER KM)POPULATION IN DELHI (X/10) Lakhs

Source-NIPFP

PUBLIC PERCEPTION FOR TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN DELHI

Enchroachment

Increased Vehicles

Bad Road Condition

Traffic Indiscipline

Mixed Traffic

Police Barrier

Insufficiant pedestrianfacilityInsufficiant road width

Others

Source-NEERI

INDICATIVE FUEL PRICING STRUCTURE IN INDIA

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

PRE 90s 1995 2000

PR

ICE

IN

RS.

GASOLINE DIESEL

CNG VEHICLE GROWTH IN LAKHS

PARKING CHARGES

* Administered Pricing Mechanism (APM) will be off by 2002.

DIESEL

GASOLINEGASOLINE

CNG

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

MUMBAI KOLKATA CHENNAI DELHI

BUS FARE IN RS.

INDICATIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORT FARE IN METROS

Source-T&CPO/GOI

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

MUMBAI KOLKATA CHENNAI DELHI

Proposed Investment in road infrastructureProposed Investment in road infrastructure(Million Rs)(Million Rs)

Source-T&CPO/GOI

30694686545055873343CO (ug/m3)

-

-

34.0

43.0

31.67

41.69

27.96

-

23.72

-

Vehicle No.(Lac)

% Calm Wind

163191200--RSPM (ug/m3)

-101136312408Pb (ng/m3)

-59637566NO2 (ug/m3)

1618253542SO2 (ug/m3)

.All autos/taxisand buses to runon CNG.

. At present 1600buses, 11000taxis and cars,25000 autos onCNG.

. Buses more than 8 years oldphased out

. Replacement of pre-1990autos/taxis with vehicles onclean fuels

.Conversion of post-1990 autosto CNG initiated

. Fuel testing lab established

.15 yearsoldcommercialvehicles banned

.Pre-mix 2-T oil inretail outlets

.Govt. vehicles to run onCNG/Catalytic Converter.

-Other Measures

.Diesel with 0.05%sulphurthroughoutretail outlets inNCT.

.Diesel sulphur reduced to0.05% in selected outlets.

.Gasoline Benzene reduced to1%

.Gasoline sulphur with 0.05%max.sulphur in all outlets..Low smoke 2-T oil introduced

.Diesel sulphurreduced to 0.25%

.Gasoline Benzenereduced to 3%

.Gasoline Lead phasedout

.Fuel quality specificationsnotified under EPA for thefirst time.

Pb (g/lit)=0.15

Diesel S=0.5%Gasoline Benzene=5%

.Diesel S 1%

.Gasoline lead 0.56g/l

.Benzene no limit

Fuel QualityImprovement

CNG/LPGNorms finalized.

.Euro-I equivalent norms forall types of vehicles exceptpassenger vehicles which areEuro-II equivalent.

.Emission norms forcat.converter fittedvehicles madestringent.

.Hot-start replaced bycold –start tests whichgives less emissions.

.Emission norms madestringent as compared to1991.

.Relaxed normsEmission Normsof Vehicles

2001 (Jan-Jun)2000199819961994

VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES TAKEN AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN DELHI VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES TAKEN AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN DELHI

370

336

289

268

212199

188176

63 66 68 67 60 58 54.244.8

188

128

101 9485

7465 64.7

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

u g

m/m

3

CO NOX PM

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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CO -STANDARD

NOX AND PM

STANDARD

CO=ugmX 10

2000 2005 2010 A 2010 B 2010 C 2010 D 2010 E 2010 F

F / VTA- 2000/2000B- 2000/2005C- 2005/2000D- 2005/2005E- EUROIII/EUROIIIF- EUROIV/EUROIV

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION & EMISSION EVALUATIONPRESENT & FUTURE PROJECTION FOR DELHI

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