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Growing up with hemophiliaHealth related quality of life and psychosocial functioningLimperg, P.F.
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Download date: 26 Jun 2020
Chapter 11
Summary and general discussion
IntroductionThis thesis ‘Growing up with hemophilia: health related quality of life and psychosocial functioning’ focused on the development and evaluation of reliable and valid instruments (Part I; chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5), health related quality of life (HRQOL) and psychosocial outcomes (Part II; chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9) and psychosocial care (Part III; chapter 10).
This fi nal chapter of this thesis summarizes the main fi ndings; it considers the limitations and challenges of the studies. Furthermore, clinical implications and future perspectives are discussed and fi nally, conclusions and key messages are highlighted. An overview of the main results of the studies are presented in Table 1.
Main fi ndings Part I: development and evaluation of instrumentsThe fi rst study in this thesis, Chapter 2, addresses various important challenges when measuring HRQOL in children, such as generic versus disease-specifi c questionnaires, age-specifi c questionnaires with a narrow versus a wide age range, self-report versus proxy-report, and paper-pencil versus online questionnaires. Although not comprehensive, this overview provides the most relevant topics to keep in mind when considering the implementation of HRQOL measures in daily clinical practice or starting a research program measuring HRQOL in children.
The aim of Chapter 3, a systematic review, was to obtain a comprehensive overview of the measurement properties of HRQOL questionnaires in hemophilia across geographic and age boundaries, by systematically assessing the methodological quality of studies. In total, 22 articles were assessed, including 8 questionnaires. The fi ndings suggest that from the three questionnaires for children, the CHO-KLAT questionnaire is the most optimal disease-specifi c questionnaire to use at this moment. For adults, out of fi ve questionnaires, the Haemophilia Well-Being Index and the HAEMO-QoL-A are the most optimal instruments. No new disease-specifi c HRQOL questionnaires in hemophilia are required. However, additional research using the existing
206
11
Discussion
207
Chap
ter
Aim
Sam
ple
Mea
sure
s/co
nten
tM
ain
findi
ngs/
conc
lusio
ns2
To d
emon
stra
te th
e im
port
ance
of m
easu
ring
HRQ
OL
in p
edia
trics
and
its
cha
lleng
es.
HRQ
OL
mea
sure
s pr
ovid
e th
e un
ique
op
port
unity
to h
ave
insig
ht in
to a
num
ber
of d
iffer
ent d
omai
ns o
f th
e ch
ild’s
func
tioni
ng.
This
chap
ter p
rovi
des
a gl
obal
ove
rvie
w o
f the
ph
iloso
phy
of a
nd to
ols
used
in H
RQO
L re
sear
ch
in c
hild
ren.
Impo
rtan
t cha
lleng
es re
gard
ing
the
use
of
HRQ
OL
inst
rum
ents
are
repo
rted
: gen
eric
vers
us d
iseas
e-sp
ecifi
c qu
estio
nnai
res,
age-
spec
ific
ques
tionn
aire
s w
ith a
nar
row
ve
rsus
a w
ide
age
rang
e, s
elf-r
epor
t ver
sus
prox
y-re
port
, and
pap
er-p
encil
ver
sus
onlin
e qu
estio
nnai
res.
1) Ta
king
HRQ
OL
into
acc
ount
in c
linica
l pra
ctice
is o
f utm
ost i
mpo
rtan
ce, b
ut c
omes
with
ch
alle
nges
.2)
Pay
ing
atte
ntio
n to
HRQ
OL
mak
es it
pos
sible
to m
onito
r a c
hild
ove
r tim
e an
d pr
ovid
e in
terv
entio
ns w
here
app
ropr
iate
.
3To
ass
ess
the
met
hodo
logi
cal q
ualit
y of
stu
dies
on
the
psyc
hom
etric
pro
pert
ies
of H
RQO
L in
stru
men
ts
deve
lope
d in
pat
ient
s w
ith h
emop
hilia
, usin
g th
e CO
SMIN
che
cklis
t.
The
initi
al s
earc
h yi
elde
d 15
97 a
rticl
es, o
f whi
ch
22 a
rticl
es w
ere
inclu
ded
and
asse
ssed
: ful
l-tex
t or
igin
al re
sear
ch a
rticl
es
(e.g
. not
an
abst
ract
or
revi
ew),
publ
ished
in
Engl
ish, a
nd fo
cuse
d on
the
deve
lopm
ent
or e
valu
atio
n of
m
easu
rem
ent
prop
ertie
s of
a H
RQO
L qu
estio
nnai
re. T
he
ques
tionn
aire
had
to b
e se
lf- o
r par
ent p
roxy
-re
port
ed, a
nd s
pecif
ically
de
velo
ped
or e
valu
ated
in
indi
vidu
als
with
he
mop
hilia
(≥50
% o
f the
sa
mpl
e w
ith h
emop
hilia
A/
B).
Thre
e pe
diat
ric q
uest
ionn
aire
s: -
CHO
-KLA
T-
Hae
mo-
QoL
-
Unna
med
mea
sure
('To
ddle
r que
stio
nnai
re')
Five
adu
lt qu
estio
nnai
res:
- H
emof
ilia-Q
oL-
Hae
mop
hilia
Wel
l-Bei
ng In
dex
- H
AEM
O-Q
oL-A
- H
aem
-A-Q
oL-
SF-3
6
1) T
he C
HO
-KLA
T w
as th
e pe
diat
ric m
easu
re th
at s
how
ed th
e st
rong
est m
easu
rem
ent
prop
ertie
s in
hig
h qu
ality
stu
dies
. 2)
The
Hae
mop
hilia
Wel
l-Bei
ng In
dex
and
HAE
MO
-QoL
-A p
erfo
rmed
bes
t am
ong
the
adul
t mea
sure
s. 3)
The
re is
no
need
for n
ew d
iseas
e- s
pecif
ic H
RQO
L qu
estio
nnai
res
for h
emop
hilia
.4)
Add
ition
al re
sear
ch is
nec
essa
ry to
doc
umen
t the
mea
sure
men
t pro
pert
ies
of th
e cu
rrent
ly a
vaila
ble
ques
tionn
aire
s, sp
ecifi
cally
focu
sing
on th
e st
ruct
ural
val
idity
, m
easu
rem
ent e
rror a
nd re
spon
siven
ess.
4To
ass
ess
the
relia
bilit
y an
d va
lidity
of t
he H
CPT
(boa
rd g
ame)
, aim
ing
to a
sses
s co
ping
and
pe
rcep
tion
in b
oys
with
he
mop
hilia
.
- N
=32
boys
with
he
mop
hilia
(8-1
2 ye
ars)
.-
Socio
-dem
ogra
phic
ques
tionn
aire
-
The
Hem
ophi
lia C
opin
g an
d Pe
rcep
tion
Test
(HCP
T)-
Copi
ng w
ith a
Dise
ase
(CO
DI)
- Q
uest
ionn
aire
Op
Koer
s fo
r Chi
ldre
n (Q
OK-
c)-
Stat
e-Tr
ait A
nxie
tyIn
vent
ory
for C
hild
ren
(STA
I-C)
- Ev
alua
tion
ques
tionn
aire
1) T
he H
CPT
copi
ng s
cale
ass
esse
s th
e m
ore
prac
tical
com
pete
ncie
s of
cop
ing,
suc
h as
se
lf-m
anag
emen
t, ra
ther
than
the
psyc
holo
gica
l con
stru
ct o
f cop
ing.
2) T
he H
CPT
can
be u
sed
by n
urse
s or
psy
chol
ogist
s as
a to
ol to
get
insig
ht in
to th
e kn
owle
dge,
sel
f-man
agem
ent a
nd p
erce
ptio
n of
boy
s w
ith h
emop
hilia
and
to p
rovi
de
tailo
red
psyc
ho-e
duca
tion.
3)
Boy
s an
d pa
rent
s ha
d a
posit
ive
attit
ude
tow
ards
the
HCP
T.
Tabl
e 1.
Mai
n fi n
ding
s of
this
thes
is: d
evel
opm
ent a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
inst
rum
ents
.
5To
val
idat
e an
d co
llect
no
rmat
ive
data
for
a ge
neric
HRQ
OL
inst
rum
ent f
or y
oung
ad
ults
.
- N
=649
you
ng a
dults
fro
m th
e ge
nera
l po
pula
tion
(18-
30 y
ears
).
- So
cio-d
emog
raph
ic qu
estio
nnai
re-
Peds
QL_
YA G
ener
ic Co
re S
cale
You
ng A
dult
vers
ion
(Ped
sQL_
YA)
1) T
he D
utch
ver
sion
of th
e Pe
dsQ
L_YA
Gen
eric
Core
Sca
les
dem
onst
rate
s ov
eral
l ad
equa
te p
sych
omet
ric p
rope
rtie
s. 2)
With
the
obta
ined
nor
m d
ata,
the
Peds
QL_
YA c
an b
e ut
ilized
as
a to
ol to
eva
luat
e H
RQO
L in
you
ng a
dults
.
Mai
n fin
ding
s in
part
II o
f thi
s the
sis: H
RQO
L an
d ps
ycho
soci
al o
utco
mes
Chap
ter
Aim
Sam
ple
Mea
sure
s/co
nten
tM
ain
findi
ngs/
conc
lusio
ns
6To
ass
ess
the
gene
ric a
nd
dise
ase-
spec
ific
HRQ
OL
of c
hild
ren
with
ble
edin
g di
sord
ers.
- N
=146
chi
ldre
n w
ith
blee
ding
diso
rder
s (0
-18
year
s)
- So
cio-d
emog
raph
ic qu
estio
nnai
re-
TAPQ
OL
(0-5
yea
rs ;
n=43
)-
Peds
QL
(6-1
8 ye
ars;
n=10
3)-
Hae
mo-
QoL
(4-1
8 ye
ars;
n=48
)
1) B
oys
0-12
yea
rs d
o no
t rep
ort l
ower
HRQ
OL
than
hea
lthy
peer
s.2)
Boy
s 13
-18
year
s re
port
hig
her t
otal
HRQ
OL
and
emot
iona
l fun
ctio
ning
than
hea
lthy
peer
s.3)
Girl
s (1
3-18
yea
rs re
port
low
er to
tal H
RQO
L, s
choo
l fun
ctio
ning
and
psy
chos
ocia
l he
alth
than
hea
lthy
peer
s.4)
Boy
s w
ith s
ever
e he
mop
hilia
repo
rt w
orse
fam
ily fu
nctio
ning
than
boy
s w
ith n
on-
seve
re h
emop
hilia
.
7To
cap
ture
the
pers
pect
ives
of
adol
esce
nts
and
youn
g ad
ults
(YA)
with
con
geni
tal
blee
ding
diso
rder
s on
th
eir c
ondi
tion
and
iden
tify
whi
ch th
emes
are
re
leva
nt in
thei
r dai
ly li
fe,
base
d on
qua
litat
ive
data
.
- N
=12
YA w
ith b
leed
ing
diso
rder
s (1
6-30
yea
rs)
- So
cio-d
emog
raph
ic qu
estio
nnai
re
- 3
Focu
s gr
oups
1) Y
A w
ith b
leed
ing
diso
rder
s st
ill ex
perie
nce
obst
acle
s in
dai
ly li
fe.
2) M
ajor
them
es w
ere:
rela
tions
hip
with
par
ents
, cap
abilit
ies
in s
port
s, ca
pabi
litie
s in
ou
tings
and
trav
elin
g, s
elf-m
anag
emen
t, illn
ess
perc
eptio
n an
d ac
cept
ance
, and
ca
pabi
litie
s in
edu
catio
n an
d em
ploy
men
t. 3)
The
find
ings
pro
vide
add
ition
al in
sight
s in
to Y
A’s e
xper
ienc
es, e
spec
ially
rega
rdin
g th
e tra
nsiti
on p
erio
d to
adu
lthoo
d.
8To
ass
ess
the
heal
th
rela
ted
qual
ity o
f life
, de
velo
pmen
tal m
ilest
ones
an
d se
lf-es
teem
in
Dut
ch y
oung
adu
lts
with
ble
edin
g di
sord
ers,
com
pare
d to
a g
roup
of
pee
rs.
- N
=95
YA (1
8-30
yea
rs)
with
ble
edin
g di
sord
ers
- So
cio-d
emog
raph
ic qu
estio
nnai
re-
Peds
QL_
YA-
Cour
se o
f Life
Que
stio
nnai
re (C
oLQ
)-
Rose
nber
g Se
lf-Es
teem
Sca
le (R
SES)
1) Y
A m
en w
ith b
leed
ing
diso
rder
s re
port
an
impa
ired
tota
l HRQ
OL,
phy
sical
func
tioni
ng,
scho
ol/w
ork
func
tioni
ng a
nd lo
wer
sel
f-est
eem
in c
ompa
rison
to th
eir h
ealth
y pe
ers.
2) Y
A w
omen
do
not r
epor
t diff
eren
ces
on a
ny o
f the
out
com
es in
com
paris
on to
thei
r pe
ers.
3) S
yste
mat
ic m
onito
ring
of H
RQO
L in
dai
ly c
linica
l pra
ctice
is n
eede
d.
9To
des
crib
e th
e ps
ycho
socia
l im
pact
of
hem
ophi
lia o
n m
othe
rs.
- N
=30
mot
hers
of b
oys
with
hem
ophi
lia (8
-12
year
s)
- So
cio-d
emog
raph
ic qu
estio
nnai
re-
Hos
pita
l Anx
iety
and
Dep
ress
ion
Scal
e (H
ADS)
- D
istre
ss T
herm
omet
er fo
r Par
ents
(DT-
P)-
Hae
mo-
QoL
(8-1
2 ye
ars)
1) M
othe
rs o
f boy
s w
ith h
emop
hilia
do
not r
epor
t abe
rran
t lev
els
of a
nxie
ty a
nd
depr
essio
n in
com
paris
on to
mot
hers
of h
ealth
y ch
ildre
n.
2) 2
1% o
f mot
hers
repo
rted
clin
ical l
evel
s of
dist
ress
(on
dist
ress
ther
mom
eter
).3)
Thi
s un
derli
nes
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f mon
itorin
g m
ater
nal p
sych
osoc
ial f
unct
ioni
ng a
nd
dist
ress
sys
tem
atica
lly in
dai
ly c
linica
l pra
ctice
.
Tabl
e 1.
Mai
n fi n
ding
s of
this
thes
is: d
evel
opm
ent a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
inst
rum
ents
. (Co
ntin
ued)
208
11
Discussion
209
Mai
n fin
ding
s in
part
III o
f thi
s the
sis: p
sych
osoc
ial c
are
Chap
ter
Aim
Sam
ple
Mea
sure
s/co
nten
tM
ain
findi
ngs/
conc
lusio
ns
10To
pro
vide
a d
escr
iptio
n of
psy
chos
ocia
l car
e pr
ovid
ed b
y th
e m
ultid
iscip
linar
y te
am
of th
e H
emop
hilia
Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Care
Ce
ntre
(HCC
C) a
t the
Em
ma
Child
ren’
s H
ospi
tal
in A
mst
erda
m, t
he
Net
herla
nds.
Psyc
hoso
cial c
are
prov
ided
by
the
mul
tidisc
iplin
ary
team
, fo
r all
child
ren
unde
r tre
atm
ent a
t the
HCC
C an
d th
eir p
aren
ts.
Core
ele
men
ts o
f the
psy
chos
ocia
l car
e ar
e m
onito
ring
and
scre
enin
g of
HRQ
OL
(e.g
. in
dai
ly c
linica
l pra
ctice
via
ww
w.he
tklik
t.nu
), ps
ycho
educ
atio
n (h
emop
hilia
cam
p,
hem
ophi
lia s
choo
l, di
seas
e sp
ecifi
c ac
tiviti
es,
mee
tings
for g
irls,
pare
nt m
eetin
gs),
prac
tical
he
lp (E
mm
a at
Wor
k, a
n em
ploy
men
t age
ncy
for a
dole
scen
ts a
nd y
oung
adu
lts; E
duca
tiona
l Fa
cility
and
sch
ool v
isits
), ps
ycho
socia
l in
terv
entio
ns (t
he O
n Tr
ack
grou
p in
terv
entio
n an
d th
e H
emop
hilia
Cop
ing
and
Perc
eptio
n Te
st),
and
indi
vidu
al c
are
(psy
chol
ogica
l co
unse
lling
and
refe
rral
s).
1) B
y pr
ovid
ing
this
over
view
of p
sych
osoc
ial s
uppo
rt o
ffere
d an
d by
sha
ring
this
know
ledg
e, p
sych
osoc
ial c
are
can
beco
me
mor
e st
ruct
ured
and
con
siste
nt b
etw
een
HCC
Cs a
roun
d th
e w
orld
. Pot
entia
lly, p
roce
sses
and
out
com
es o
f car
e ca
n be
impr
oved
.
Tabl
e 1.
Mai
n fi n
ding
s of
this
thes
is: d
evel
opm
ent a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
inst
rum
ents
. (Co
ntin
ued)
measures, or items of the existing measures, is necessary to support and document the lacking measurement properties of currently available questionnaires. The results of this systematic review are intended to be used in choosing the best questionnaires for future research purposes, development of guidelines, evidence-based care, policymaking and core outcome sets.
Chapter 4 describes the reliability, validity and evaluation of the Hemophilia Coping and Perception Test (HCPT), which is a board game that has been developed by the Hemophilia Comprehensive Care Center (HCCC) of the Emma Children’s Hospital/AMC in 2009/2010. The HCPT consists of two scales (coping and perception), and can be played with children under supervision of a nurse or psychologist to get insight into coping and perception. The coping scale showed satisfactory reliability and low construct validity. Based on the insights gained during this study, we hypothesize that the HCPT coping scale assesses the more practical competencies of coping, such as self-management, rather than the psychological construct of coping. The perception scale showed adequate validity and low reliability, which may be caused by the items tackling diverging aspects of this concept (e.g. anxiety, feeling different). Regarding the evaluation, boys appreciated talking about experiences and diffi culties regarding their
disease in a playful way. The HCPT is a tool to get insight into the knowledge, self-management and perception of boys with hemophilia and to provide tailored psycho-education.
With the increase of research on young adults with a chronic health condition, and for use in clinical practice, norm data for this age group have become indispensable. Chapter 5 provides Dutch norm data and psychometric properties of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Young Adult Generic Core Scales (PedsQL_YA) in 649 Dutch young adults (both men and women) aged 18–30 years. The Dutch version of the PedsQL_YA demonstrates overall adequate psychometric properties. With the obtained norm data, the PedsQL_YA can be utilized as a tool to evaluate HRQOL in young adults with chronic health conditions, such as hemophilia.
Part II: HRQOL and psychosocial outcomesIn the second part of the thesis, HRQOL and psychosocial outcomes of patients (in different age groups) and of mothers are described. In Chapter 6, the generic and disease-specifi c HRQOL of patients (0-18 years) under treatment at the HCCC was assessed. In total, 146 children participated and results show that boys and girls with bleeding disorders (0-12 years) do not experience lower HRQOL than their peers. Contrary to our assumption, boys of 13-18 years report higher HRQOL than their chronically ill and healthy peers on total HRQOL and emotional functioning. On the other hand, girls (13-18 years) experience lower HRQOL than their healthy peers on total HRQOL, school functioning and psychosocial health. Boys with severe hemophilia report lower HRQOL than their peers with non-severe hemophilia on family functioning. The results suggest that the overall HRQOL of boys with hemophilia is comparable to peers. However, it is important to systematically monitor HRQOL, of girls especially, because possible infl uencing psychosocial factors can change over time. Chapter 7 captures the perspectives of adolescents and young adults (YA; 16-30 years) with bleeding disorders on their condition and identifi es which themes are relevant in their daily life, based on qualitative data from
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focus groups. In total, 3 focus groups were conducted, including 12 YA. Despite growing up in a developed country with adequate treatment, YA with bleeding disorders still experience obstacles in daily life. Several major themes were identifi ed: relationship with parents, capabilities in sports, capabilities in outings and traveling, self-management, illness perception and -acceptance, and capabilities in education and employment. Moreover, two paradoxes were identifi ed; with having the responsibility over their treatment, YA may feel that the consequences, such as joint damage or pain, are in their own hands. This responsibility creates a complex situation; when adherent to treatment, life can be lived to the fullest and YA feel ‘normal’. On the other hand, patients often do deviate and are not adherent, and confrontation with the consequences is immediate. The second paradox identifi ed was that YA are often being told to be grateful for living in a country and era where treatment is available, unlike many developing countries and previous generations, while they are still suffering from pain, arthropathy and limitations. This may result in feeling like they ought not to complain. These fi ndings provide additional insights into YA’s experiences, especially regarding the transition period to adulthood. Chapter 8 builds on the fi ndings of Chapter 7, by administering several validated questionnaires to 95 YA (18-30 years) with bleeding disorders, related to the themes identifi ed. This study assesses HRQOL, developmental milestones and self-esteem in Dutch YA with bleeding disorders compared to a group of (healthy) peers. The results show impaired total HRQOL, physical functioning and school/work functioning young adult men with bleeding disorders. Signifi cant lower self-esteem was found in YA men with bleeding disorders in comparison to peers. YA men with bleeding disorder achieved signifi cantly more psychosexual developmental milestones than peers, but show a delay in ‘paid jobs, during middle and/or high school’. For YA women with bleeding disorders, no differences were found on any of the outcomes in comparison to their peers. These fi ndings emphasize the need for systematic monitoring of HRQOL, especially with regard to school/work functioning, in daily clinical practice.
Next, Chapter 9 addresses the psychosocial impact of hemophilia on mothers. Mothers of 32 boys with hemophilia (ages 8-12 years) do not report aberrant levels of anxiety and depression in comparison to mothers of healthy children. However, still 21% of mothers report clinical distress, which underlines the importance of also monitoring maternal psychosocial functioning and distress systematically.
Part III: psychosocial careIn Chapter 10, a description of the psychosocial care provided by the multidisciplinary team of the HCCC at the Emma Children’s Hospital in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, is given. The focus of the psychosocial care provided by the multidisciplinary team is on preventing psychosocial problems and medical related stress, and supporting and equipping the child with hemophilia and its parents with as many skills as possible to lead an independent life with a high HRQOL. Core elements of the psychosocial care are therefore monitoring and screening of HRQOL (e.g. in daily clinical practice via KLIK), psycho-education (hemophilia camp, hemophilia school, disease specifi c activities, meetings for girls, parent meetings), practical help (Emma at Work, an employment agency for adolescents and young adults; Educational Facility and school visits), psychosocial interventions (the On Track group intervention and the Hemophilia Coping and Perception Test), and individual care (psychological counselling and referrals). By providing this overview of psychosocial support offered and by sharing this knowledge, psychosocial care can become more structured and consistent between HCCCs around the world. Potentially, processes and outcomes of care can be improved.
LimitationsThe studies described in this thesis have some overall limitations to take into account.
Adequate measurement propertiesIn pediatrics, the abundance of different instruments, user fees and limited
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use in international research and clinical settings, makes it diffi cult to obtain enough empirical data about specifi c instruments’ measurement properties [1]. As a result, performing (methodological) research with such instruments is extremely complicated.
A guideline to assess the methodological quality of instruments, is the standardized COSMIN checklist, which we used in chapter 3. However, it has some limitations, such as high standards that often cannot be met in research in rare diseases such as hemophilia, or not being able to distinguish between low reporting and low methodological quality of studies. However, COSMIN has been developed in an international Delphi study and has widely been used internationally. It can be considered a strong starting point for a methodological assessment of outcomes [2, 3]; we are not aware of a more standardized applicable system for the rating of the quality of measurement properties.
Most measures available for patients with hemophilia have shown to have good group-level measurement properties (chapters 3 and 5). However, most are not suffi ciently strong to be able to make individual clinical decisions and most information on interpretability is lacking. When looking at the concrete steps to develop usable instruments, some of those steps have been missed in hindsight. For example, responsiveness was not addressed in our study in Chapter 5. Therefore, we have no information on how well the PedsQ_YA is able to detect change over time in HRQOL of YA in the Netherlands.
Sample size and representativeness of patientsSmall sample sizes often led to poor or fair rating for the quality of the study in the systematic review (chapter 3). Unfortunately this is often the reality with disease-specifi c questionnaires in rare diseases, making the development of instruments with adequate measurement properties diffi cult. In the case of chapter 4, the cause of a small sample in the HCPT study was due to the narrow age range of the HCPT (8-12 years old) and the response rate being rather low.
Even though nearly 700 participants from the general Dutch population were included in the PedsQL_YA study (chapter 5), sample sizes were still
relatively small for some subgroup analyses. More importantly, the assessment of the health condition status was based on self-report rather than on physician-report, which is an important limitation in collecting normative data. Also, it is possible that more severely ill young adults did not participate because they were not able to sit behind the computer and complete questionnaires due to the severity of their health condition or not wanting to burden themselves with participation. Therefore, it is possible that our sample contains a slightly different type of chronic condition than encountered in clinical practice, which is a common issue when collecting norm data. Another concern with regard to representativeness of our samples, is that most participants were born in the Netherlands, were mostly highly educated and ethnic minorities were underrepresented. Moreover, we did not have information regarding non-respondents and their medical information, and therefore examining selection-bias was not possible in chapters 7, 8 and 9.
A reference group for the Distress Thermometer for Parents (DT-P) was not available in chapter 9. Thus, we could not compare our DT-P results to the general population. However, recently, normative data has been collected for the DT-P, and it would therefore be interesting to study a larger sample of both mothers and fathers, and compare their levels of distress to the general population [4].
Clinical implications and future perspectives Burden on patients and adequate measurement propertiesWhen asking patients to report on their functioning, the burden should be as little as possible. To satisfy previously noted limitations (e.g. small sample sizes, inadequate measurement properties), patients would ideally only have to complete one single set of questionnaires, while this information is used for multiple purposes: research as well as clinical care. A method to decrease the burden for patients is with the use of computer adaptive testing (CAT). With CAT, items from an item bank (a set of questions that all measure the same construct) can be administered more effi ciently compared to short questionnaires with fi xed items [5]. The patient-reported outcomes measurements information system
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(PROMIS) is an initiative developed in the USA, aiming to develop self-reported item banks using CAT and item response theory (IRT) that are applicable across a wide variety of chronic disorders. By using PROMIS item banks in the future, patients or parents may only need to answer 4–8 items per item bank, because with CAT only relevant questions are presented. This new system has shown to have higher validity, reliability, and better responsiveness than the existing PROMs [6-9]. It is expected that PROMIS will be implemented worldwide and will rapidly replace existing PROMs [5, 10-12]. PROMIS measures have already been used in several pediatric populations, such as sickle cell disease and asthma [13-15]. As emphasized by Recht et al. (2016), there is a need for personalization patient-reported outcomes in hemophilia. This could be an enormous improvement in psychometric assessment of HRQOL in hemophilia [15]. With the most appropriate items of existing questionnaires put together in a CAT, the most optimal HRQOL instrument can be developed for patients with hemophilia. Therefore, our next project is to develop a hemophilia-specifi c item bank, to facilitate the use in different international studies and to decrease the burden for patients.
Another option to minimize respondent burden and improve information on measurement properties, is by using core outcome sets of instruments across studies [16]. Core sets represent the minimum that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials of a specifi c condition [17]. It is expected that when core outcomes are always collected and reported, the results of trials can be compared, contrasted and combined [17]. For example, the systematic review performed in chapter 3, can provide a basis for what HRQOL questionnaires to choose in a core outcome set for hemophilia. It is obviously benefi cial to use corresponding strategies for HRQOL assessment in rare diseases such as hemophilia.
(Inter)national collaborationWith the previously mentioned issues of small sample sizes and lack of information on measurement properties (e.g. cross-cultural validity) in mind, expanding collaboration across centers and borders could overcome some
of these issues. Concrete steps in the development of internationally usable instruments involve item development, translation, psychometric testing (e.g., examination of reliability, validity, and responsiveness), and collection of norm data (obtaining reference data for the questionnaire from large (non)clinical populations). Guidelines on how to conduct these steps have been published [18, 19]. As stated in 2005 already, there is a need of (inter)national collaboration in clinical research on hemophilia [20]. Very few of the research questions can be tackled by studies done in single, albeit large, hemophilia centers. Suffi cient sample size is essential for research in a rare disease such hemophilia and this goal can only be achieved through collaborative multicenter studies. Moreover, it is necessary to maintain a high interest and expertise in the fi eld of hemophilia, with advances in treatment happening so quickly [20]. An excellent example of national collaboration is the ‘Hemophilia in the Netherlands’ (HiN) study; since 1972, a series of 5 national surveys have been performed [21, 22], and the sixth edition is planned for 2017.
New developments in hemophiliaSome very interesting advances in hemophilia treatment that are currently going on, behold the long acting factor replacement products. Several studies have shown that recombinant factor VIII and factor IX have prolonged half-life, and also demonstrated safety, bleeding control and prevention in patients with hemophilia A and B [23-25]. This means that, instead of infusing two or three times a week, patients now have the possibility to infuse once every two weeks. It is expected that this will infl uence HRQOL positively [23], since the treatment burden for patients will be lower. But on the other hand, new issues will arise such as staying adherent to (infrequent) treatment, insecurity related to remaining factor levels present in the blood or self-management issues regarding the decision on what day to infuse. Such issues can also infl uence HRQOL, which means a new area of discovery in hemophilia research and -care will be revealed. In any case, all HCCCs should pay close attention to patients shifting to new treatment products, systematic monitoring of HRQOL and adequate guidance in this process is warranted. With the use of the KLIK
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system at the HCCC in Amsterdam, we will have the possibility to follow the HRQOL and psychosocial functioning of children and young adults shifting to new treatment products over time and compare their HRQOL to before the new products were used.
HRQOL and longitudinal dataAs we have seen in this thesis, the HRQOL of boys growing up with hemophilia in the Netherlands is good. This may raise eyebrows and doubts with regard to the necessity of monitoring HRQOL and providing a broad range of psychosocial care for this population. However, as we described in the introduction of this thesis, several factors are of infl uence on HRQOL, such as psychosocial stressors (e.g. restrictions, treatment) and stress processing. Psychosocial stressors, but also child- and family factors, change continuously [26]. For this reason, although this population of boys with hemophilia fares well, it is important to keep monitoring HRQOL and psychosocial problems in clinical practice. Moreover, the fi nding that girls with bleeding disorders (13-18 years) report lower HRQOL supports this as well. It is hypothesized that girls are confronted with issues regarding their bleeding disorder as teenagers (e.g. when they start menstruating, which can lead to very heavy bleeding), while boys start to face consequences and issues when they are older (e.g. physical impairments). From another perspective, it is also possible that these boys are doing so well because of the psychosocial care they are receiving from the HCCC (e.g. psycho-education, peer support). For that reason, it will be interesting to follow this population over time.
Longitudinal data were not incorporated in this thesis. Longitudinal analysis provides insight into the causality of outcomes over time. With this information, children and adolescents can be identifi ed who are more likely to develop problems in daily life (e.g. low self-esteem), as well as having more insight into the causality of problems. A method to collect this longitudinal data is with the data collected in the KLIK portal, which has been described in chapters 6 and 10 [27, 28]. KLIK has become standard care in fi ve Dutch HCCCs; Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Leiden, Groningen and Nijmegen. In the future, while
increasing sample size, data from all these HCCCs should be analyzed in a collaborative study.
In addition, KLIK has recently been implemented (since January 2017) in the daily care for YA (18-30 years) with bleeding disorders in Amsterdam. This provides the opportunity to monitor children with bleeding disorders over time (from 0-30 years with the PedsQL questionnaire) while they grow up into YA. The studies in this thesis have incorporated two broad, but separate, groups of patients: children and young adults. This hinders the within-group comparison in children and YA at this point. In the future however, with the use of KLIK, we will be able to make statements about the course of HRQOL and psychosocial functioning over time in patients with bleeding disorders. Not only does this give insight in their functioning during the transitional phase, but the adult healthcare provider already has information on how the patient was functioning before transition. Moreover, this implementation also adds opportunities to our previously identifi ed needs for (inter)national collaboration; KLIK can be implemented for young adults in other HCCCs in the Netherlands as well.
Furthermore, as we have seen in chapter 3, the CHO-KLAT [29] has shown to be the most optimal measurement in children at this point. However, the Haemo-QoL questionnaire has been incorporated in KLIK since 2014. Consequently, it would be interesting to add the CHO-KLAT to the KLIK system, perhaps instead of the Haemo-QoL [30], and study the lacking measurement properties.
Work and educationYA with bleeding disorders struggle with the impact of their condition on daily life. This fi nding is disturbing when realizing the adequate HRQOL boys (0-18 years) with bleeding disorders reported during childhood (as shown in chapter 6). In contrast to their younger counterparts, YA show impaired HRQOL (as shown in chapter 8). For all children, transition into adulthood is challenging. But the transition for YA with bleeding disorders is more challenging than for healthy peers, perhaps even more than expected. Although this is in line with previous research in patients with chronic health conditions [31], this could be
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a starting point for increased psychosocial care for young adults with bleeding disorders. Apparently, transition is associated with a decrease in HRQOL in YA with bleeding disorders, indicating the necessity of awareness of this issue in both pediatric and adult healthcare providers. From our results, we can deduce that autonomy development is a complex process. Chapter 7, for example, shows that YA struggle with many issues regarding gaining independence; relationship with parents, being able to travel, fi nding a suitable job. Chapter 8 adds to these fi ndings by demonstrating a lower HRQOL related to school/work functioning in YA men, as well as lower rates of paid employment. The previously mentioned nationwide HiN study also demonstrated that patients with severe hemophilia participated less in full-time work in 2001 compared with the general population, despite having comparable educational levels [32]. Although it can be assumed that those numbers have improved over the years, a possible explanation for this difference may be that hemophilia patients more often follow fulltime education over a longer period of time. This seems likely, as a higher level of education is needed for ‘white collar ’ jobs, which are often suitable jobs for hemophilia patients, since the risk of bleeding due to physical activities at work is low [32]. It will be interesting to compare these fi ndings in the sequel of the HiN study.
Transition in healthcareAnother factor that adds to the diffi culties during the transition phase is the large difference between pediatric and adult healthcare. The multidisciplinary care for children with bleeding disorders is extensive (as is demonstrated in chapter 10), and YA are expected to be independent and fully responsible for their own treatment when they are 18 years old. However, research has demonstrated that the mean age of YA for complete self-management and responsibility is not reached until the age of 22 [33]. With this information in mind, the gap between pediatric and adult healthcare is currently too large. Despite the availability of protocols for transition, more effort should be put into the improvement of healthcare during transition [34-36]. A fi rst step that just has been taken is the monitoring of HRQOL with KLIK during the transitional
phase. A step further could be to use the questionnaires incorporated in KLIK as reports of symptoms and health status from home before, or instead, of visiting the outpatient clinic. This way, KLIK can be used as a tool to decide whether a patient needs an outpatient visit, and care can become more patient-centered. Moreover, the increase of cross-over outpatients clinics (with both the pediatric and adult healthcare providers present) could be benefi cial. In the current situation, YA have one conjunct consultation before transition. It is advisable to start with such conjunct consultations earlier, during adolescence (around age 15) and continue until the age of 25 years. In this process, the role of the pediatric hematologist, in collaboration with parents and YA, should be diminished slowly, while the role of the adult hematologist and YA slowly increases. A pediatric nurse can also be involved to smoothen this process, being a familiar person for the YA with hemophilia. In addition, implementing a transition checklist for healthcare providers into daily clinical practice may be benefi cial. Initiatives such as the Transition Readiness Questionnaire (TRAQ [37]) and the Dutch ‘On Your Own Feet Transfer Experiences Scale’ [31] could be useful to incorporate in KLIK for this challenging population.
Screening parents and families at riskThe results of chapter 9 underline the importance for healthcare providers to be aware of the fact that parents, mothers in this case, of boys with hemophilia are at risk for distress. In clinical practice, parents with high levels of distress should be identifi ed by the multidisciplinary team. In the Emma Children’s Hospital/AMC, the Distress Thermometer for Parents (DT-P) is used in clinical practice as a screening tool for parental distress. However, it is still diffi cult to identify which parents need or want psychosocial support in advance. The identifi cation of families at risk for psychosocial problems can be improved by screening early with the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT). This is a screening instrument developed in the US, that assesses psychosocial risk in families [38]. In the PAT, psychosocial problems are assessed, as well as problems in beliefs regarding the illness, availability of social support, symptoms of traumatic stress, and other psychosocial stressors within the family [39]; domains that are
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related to the risk- and protective factors described in the model by Wallander & Varni in the introduction of this thesis [26, 40]. The PAT has potential clinical utility in hemophilia practice and has been validated among multiple pediatric populations [39, 41, 42]. The PAT takes 10-15 minutes to complete, and could be included in the KLIK portal to be completed (once) before clinic visits to assess the risk for psychosocial problems, for example when patients are new to the HCCC. This screening could make the psychosocial support more targeted towards those families who need it the most, while preventing problems from deteriorating.
As mentioned earlier, the fi ndings in chapter 9 encourage more research on psychosocial functioning of mothers of boys with hemophilia. In hemophilia, mothers have a unique position. Due to the X-linked nature of the condition, mothers are often carriers of the hemophilia gene, which means they have a father or brother who has hemophilia as well. However, the difference between the generation of the father growing up with hemophilia and a son growing up with hemophilia is immense. It has been shown that a family history of hemophilia is related to increased stress in mothers of children with hemophilia [43]. Our clinical experience points in the same direction; mothers of children with hemophilia are often stressed, worried and anxious. This could be related to the degree of enmeshed cohesion shown by mothers [43]. In addition, it suggests that prior knowledge of hemophilia does not necessarily improve coping: it is not the same when a brother or father has hemophilia compared to a son. Although levels of distress and anxiety may also depend on the stage the parents have attained in their management of hemophilia and how well they are managing the condition, this has never been truly captured in research before [44, 45]. Relating these outcomes to the psychosocial functioning of children would be interesting.
Furthermore, questionnaires currently used for parents are possibly not capturing the true experience, including feelings of guilt and continuous anxiety for life-threatening bleeds. By adding a qualitative aspect to future research, other problems can come into focus, which do not result from questionnaires. We learned from conducting focus groups, as described in chapter 7, that
some problems are not exposed easily and perhaps cannot be captured in questionnaires [46]. An interview or focus group approach could add value to identify what mothers of boys with hemophilia experience, but also to get insight into what ways we can support them, tailored to their needs. For example, although more research is needed in parents of children with hemophilia to develop the appropriate treatments for parents, parent support groups could be benefi cial. The previously mentioned group course ‘On Track’ has just been developed online for parents of chronically ill children at the Emma Children’s Hospital/AMC, and its effectiveness is being studied at this point. In this online group course, problem solving therapy and stimulation of social support are an important base of the intervention.
In addition to an increased need for research in mothers, young girls who are carriers or who have lower factor levels in their blood deserve more attention. Within the range of hemophilia being a rare condition, being a girl with a bleeding disorder (or low levels of factor VIII/IX due to being a carrier) is even more rare. Nevertheless, problems are substantial, as is shown in chapter 6, where girls with bleeding disorders show lower HRQOL than their healthy peers. This should be kept in mind when developing new studies or interventions.
Cost-eff ectivenessPsychosocial care is not standard everywhere, mostly due to lack of fi nancial resources. Although the role of psychosocial care providers (such as health psychologists and social workers) is increasingly recognized, guidelines as to what minimum of psychosocial care should be offered, do not exist unfortunately [47-50]. It is recommended that such guidelines are established. For the future, it would be interesting to address the cost-effectiveness of the psychosocial care. Interventions can have other desirable outcomes, related to costs. For example, interventions that promote adaptation to the illness and that promote adherence to treatment could potentially reduce hospital days, use of clotting factor, visits to the clinic and prevent problems from deteriorating [51]. Another cost-benefi cial example can be the use of online interventions
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and networks, especially for adolescents. Modern communication technologies may offer health benefi ts through peer support and learning gained through online social networking [52].
ConclusionsIn this thesis, three major elements in the research around growing up with hemophilia are presented: development and evaluation of instruments (Part I), HRQOL and psychosocial outcomes (Part II) and psychosocial care (Part III). This thesis is the fi rst to describe what it is like to grow up with hemophilia, in terms of HRQOL and psychosocial functioning, for both patients and their mothers. The development and evaluation of several HRQOL and psychosocial instruments (Part I) showed us that this process is diffi cult, although measuring HRQOL with adequate instruments is indispensable, and should be an integral part of care. Additional research using the existing measures is necessary to support and document the lacking measurement properties of currently available questionnaires. The instruments developed and evaluated gave us the opportunity to assess psychosocial outcomes (Part II), showing that HRQOL in young boys with hemophilia, in contrast to their females counterparts, is not impaired, until young adulthood is reached. YA men are struggling with physical impairments, gaining autonomy, transfer to adult healthcare and school/work functioning. All these aspects have a great impact on YA, and appropriate support should be offered during this transitional phase, to YA but also to parents; the gap between the extensive multidisciplinary care in childhood in terms of psychosocial support (part III) and YA healthcare is too big. Continuity of multidisciplinary healthcare for children, adolescents, YA and parents is necessary to ensure adequate health related quality of life and psychosocial functioning, and improve that of vulnerable groups (such as girls and YA men).
Key messages
Part I • Measuring HRQOL in pediatric patients is challenging. • For children with hemophilia, the CHO-KLAT is the most optimal questionnaire
at this point. For adults, the Haemophilia Well-Being Index and HAEMO-QoL-A are most optimal.
• The HCPT is a useful tool to assess knowledge, self-management and perception in boys with hemophilia (8-12 years).
• The PedsQL_YA reliably measures HRQOL in young adults (18-30 years) and with the obtained norm data, the PedsQL_YA can be utilized to evaluate HRQOL in young adults with chronic health conditions, such as hemophilia.
Part II • HRQOL of boys with hemophilia (0-18 years) is comparable to peers, girls
with bleeding disorders (13-18) do report lower HRQOL than their peers. • Despite growing up in a developed country with adequate treatment, young
adults with bleeding disorders still experience obstacles in daily life. • Young adult men with bleeding disorders have a lower HRQOL and self-
esteem than their (healthy) peers and struggle with school/professional functioning. Young adults with bleeding disorders do not experience a delay in developmental milestones compared to their peers.
• One in fi ve mothers of boys with hemophilia (8-12 years) reports clinical distress.
Part III • The current psychosocial care, with different degrees of intensity, is extensive
for children with bleeding disorders and their parents at the Emma Children’s Hospital/AMC.
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