use of life cycle assessment methodology to better ... · use of life cycle assessment methodology...

Use of Life CycleAssessment methodologyto better understandthe impact related to better understandthe impact related to different aspects of ICT

Jens Malmodin, Ericsson Research

Long history of LCA in the mobile telecom sector

50

60

70

80

90

100Total kg CO2e / subscription

3G

2G (GSM)

384 kbps

42 Mbps

Total kg CO2e / subscription

Only data (~laptops)

50

60

70

80

90

100

50

60

70

80

90

100

kg CO2e / GB

Public | © Ericsson AB 2012 | 2012-03-21 |

0

10

20

30

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2008

Ericsson LCAs 1990-2008

New equipment

Mature system model

2G (GSM) 42 Mbps

Network operation

and operator activities

One year mobile sub

~ 1 hour car travel

(fuel and car supply)

EARTH carbon footprint model 2008-2020

Average

Only phones

0

10

20

30

40

2008 2012 2016 2020

0

10

20

30

40

2008 2012 2016 2020

<1/200

Managed rural coverageZEBRA site carbon footprint

e pe

r su

b pe

r ye

ar

3,3

Site & System* part

1 PV panel + battery2 Antenna tower3 RBS equipment,

BSC*, Hub* and O&M*4 Satellite*TOTAL (per site)

(6.6 tonne for 20 years life time)

CO2e/yr.

125 kg111 kg

61 kg31 kg

328 kg 1

4


Total carbon footprint persub per year (subyear):

0.33 kg CO2e

kg C

O2e

per

sub

per

yea

r

# of subscribers (subs) per site

0,33

1000100

1

300

(6.6 tonne for 20 years life time)

2

3

3

LCA Case studies of ICT services and reduction potentials

E-referrals and e-prescription


Collaborative work Mobile money

Findings – LCA of ICT

› Energy consumption is the key parameter, both for the use/operation and the manufacturing stage

– Electricity is the key form of energy (use/operation and manufacturing)– Other energy (manufacturing processes, heating)– Transport and travel (fuel consumption)

› Energy consumption ~ CO2e emissions (“carbon footprint”)– Due to the high share of fossil fuels in the global energy system

› Other impacts are also related to fossil fuel use


› Other impacts are also related to fossil fuel use– Impacts like acidification, photo-oxidant creation (“smog”) and toxicity from emissions

like NOX, SOX and particles– Resource depletion (oil, gas, coal)

› High uncertainty for toxic impacts in LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment), harder to get good data

– Less relation to fossil fuel incineration, more dependant on rare and valuable metals› LCA requires broad knowledge and is resource demanding

– It’s however the method developed to better understand all environmental impacts

“LCA is more about understanding the typical product, system or service”

Findings - TS 103 199

› Works well for LCAs of different ICT product systems › Not suitable for product comparisons between studies› The most specific standard available for ICT

– High correlation with ITU-T L.1410 but somewhat stricter

› Clear system boundary guidance, allocation, cut-off and


› Clear system boundary guidance, allocation, cut-off and functional unit. Clear reporting requirements

› Lack of compatible input data for networks and services

Identified issues for next release:

- Clarify handling of SW products- Address gradual development of SW and HW- Distinguish between record keeping and external reporting- Clarify applicability of annexes when only GHG emissions are assessed

million tonnes CO2e

200

300

400

500million tonnes CO2e

200

300

400

500

ICT E&M

The Global Footprint of ICT andEntertainment & Media in 2007

1

ICT = 1.3% and E&M = 1.7% (of global CO2e)


0

100

TVs &

peripherals

Paper and

printed

media

Other E&M

HW

1) Malmodin, J., Å. Moberg, D. Lundén, G. Finnveden, N. Lövehagen. 2010. Greenhouse gas emissions and operational electricity use in the ICT and entertainment & media sectors. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2010.

0

100

PC industry Data centers Fixed

telecom

Mobile

telecom

The Global Footprint of ICT andEntertainment & Media in 2007

200

300

400


200

300

400


ICT E&M

Home andoffice printing

End-user equipment operation Network operation Manufacturing & business overhead

1

Uncertainforestry impact

ICT = 1.3% and E&M = 1.7% (of global CO2e)


0

100

All types of

PCs

Data centers Fixed

telecom

Mobile

telecom

0

100

TVs &

peripherals

Paper and

printed

media

Other E&M

HW

1.7 billion TVs900 million subs

(400 million CATV)STBs

Media players

160 Mtonpaper

1.6 billion subs(300 million BB)home modems/routers, PBXs,

faxes and variousbusiness systems

3 billion subs(mobilephones)

1.05 billion PCsNo peripherals

35 millionservers

Data networksTransmission

PC peripheralsAudio devices

mp3/media playersCameras & camcorders

Car infotainmentOther portables

Optical discs

1) Malmodin, J., Å. Moberg, D. Lundén, G. Finnveden, N. Lövehagen. 2010. Greenhouse gas emissions and operational electricity use in the ICT and entertainment & media sectors. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2010.

ICT sector estimate 2007-2020

0

100

200

300

400kg CO2e/user

Mobile user

Fixed user

AverageICT user

1200

1400

Mobile networks and mobile devices (incl. tablets)

User PCs (all types, work & home, but excl. tablets)

Data centers, data transmission & enterprise networks

Fixed networks and home devices (phones, CPE)

+60% CO2e emissions

13 billion devices/users

50x more data

BaU scenario


0

1990 2000 2010 2020

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 2000 2010 2020

fixed data(~ total data)

Mobile data

kg CO2e/GB

0

200

400

600

800

1000

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Mto

nne

CO

2e

50x more data

6 billion devices/users

New ICT sector study 2011

ICT 2007 (Smart 2020)

ICT 2007 (Reference study)

ICT 2011 (New estimate) Operation CO2Supply(CO2e)

Printers and overestimateof mobile networks


CO2 from fossil fuels and cement only (ref: WRI)

CO2 from fossil fuels and cement only (ref: WRI)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Aviation (2010)

ICT CDP 2010 (30 companies)

Operation CO2 Operation CO2eLarge

uncertainties

Supply(CO2e)

Smart 2020: Global eSustainability Initiative. 2008. Smart 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age.A report by The Climate Group on behalf of the Global eSustainability Initiative. Available at www.smart2020.org/publications/CDP: Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) 2010 data (2011). https://www.cdproject.net/en-US/Results/Pages/overview.aspxAviation: Gössling, Stefan. Upham, Paul (2009). Climate Change and Aviation: Issues, Challenges and Solutions.

Mtonne CO2e

ICT 2007 (Smart 2020)

ICT 2007 (Reference study)

ICT 2011 (New estimate)

Aviation (2010)

ICT CDP 2010 (30 companies)

New ICT sector study 2011

The Chart before


0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000Mtonne CO2e

CO2 from fossil fuels and cement only

All other CO2eCO2 from fossil fuels and cement only

Aviation (2010)

CDP 2010 (20 companies)

Global CO2 (2011)

Global CO2e (2011)

Ref: WRI

ICT 2011:1.5% of global carbon footprint (CO2e) (2.2% of global direct CO2 emissions)

Aviation 2010: 2-4% of global carbon footprint,

ICT is not equal to aviation

ICT networks – scope

Offices & stores,

travel & vehicles

Operator activitiesIncluding the operator’s data centers

User equipment

Fixed cordless

phones

Mobile phones,

Smartphones

and tablets

Older

phones…

Control and

core nodes

Access networks

Public | © Ericsson AB 2012 | 2012-03-21 | Enterprise networks

and data centers

Global

Internet

Business PCs and office equipment

ICT service

providers

User equipment

CPE (customer premises equipment)

Desktop and laptop PCs

IPTV (TV+STB)

Routers,

modems

Data transmissionand IP core network

Access networks

Data transmission,IP edge/metro/core

Operator activities(offices, data centers, stores)

3G mobile

PSTN

Fixed BB

Sweden total

2G mobile

ICT Networks study -Electricity consumption

› ~11 000 sites with energy measurements

› Data traffic measurements› Energy measurements

of user equipment in

Top down and bottom up dataapproaches to quantify equipment

and energy consumption


3rd part data centers &enterprise networks

Other user equipment(CPE, phones etc.)

User PCs (desktops,laptops, monitors)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Sweden total

GWh

GWh

of user equipment in400 Swedish households

› Sale statistics over time for equipment and primary subscription services

› Identification and energy measurements of various network equipment

› About 200 energy consumption models have been created

› Equipment database with>100 000 network equipment

Classic telephony[/line, 1 phone]

Broadband telephony[/line, 1 phone]

2G mobile communication[/subscription]

3G mobile broadband[/subscription]

ICT Networks study -carbon footprints per sub

Swedish study: Majority of emissionscomes from manufacturing abroad


[/subscription]

Fixed (DSL) broadband[/PC, 0.7 lines/PC]

Office LAN[/PC]

IPTV (low use)[/TV]

IPTV (high use)[/TV]

0 100 200 300 400 500

kg CO2e / subyear

Classic telephony[/line, 1 phone]

Broadband telephony[/line, 1 phone]

2G mobile communication[/subscription]

3G mobile broadband[/subscription]

ICT Networks study -carbon footprint per sub

Swedish study: Majority of emissionscomes from manufacturing abroad

Global scenario: Use stage emissionswith global average electricity insteadof Swedish electricity


[/subscription]

Fixed (DSL) broadband[/PC, 0.7 lines/PC]

Office LAN[/PC]

IPTV (low use)[/TV]

IPTV (high use)[/TV]

0 100 200 300 400 500

kg CO2e / subyear

Presentation Outline

› LCA methodology› A long history of LCA for the mobile telecom sector› The macro perspective

– Company LCA (GHG protocol, CDP, GRI)


– ICT sector

› The operator network and subscription perspective› Use of ETSI LCA standard (TS 103 199)› The product and service perspective (if we have time…)

“Use of Life Cycle Assessment methodology to betterunderstand the impact related to different aspects of ICT”

Life cycle assessment = LCAmethodology

Manufacturing

Assembly

ICT product / system studied

Specific LCA data

R&D,Transportsand travel =

Raw materials(incl. fuels &

chemicals)

Generic LCA data Environmentalinputs (ex.):

Resources:Material, Energy

Water, Land

Product

output

Environmentalimpact potential (ex.):

Land

depletion


Use

EoLT =

End-of-Life Treatment

AssemblyBusinesssupport

Wastetreatment

and travel =

Electricity andother energy

Mat

eria

l rec

yclin

g

...outputs (ex.):

Emissions to air:CO2, CH4NOX, SOX

Dust / aerosols / soot

Emissions to water:Cu, As

Pb, Cd, HgN, P

Residual waste:Landfill

Special storage

TotalCO2e

Materialdepletion

Toxicsto water

”carbonfootprint”

Ericsson carbon footprint 2011

20

25

Carbon Footprint Definition

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

indicator (100 yrs.) [IPCC],

based on LCA [ISO 14 04x]

CO2 CO2e

MtonneCO2e

Sites

Transports

Travel

2010 figures

± 10%~24


-5

0

5

10

15

Supply chain Operatoractivities

Productoperation

EoLTEricssonactivities

Commuting

± 30%~3

~-0.3

± 10%0.84

Activities in 2011 Future (life-time) operation ofproducts delivered in 2011

± 20%~4

LCA studies LCA studies

ICT Networks study -3G mobile broadband in Sweden

Averagemobile device


TransmissionIP metro/core

Base stationsites

Mobiledevices

Operatoractivities

Datacenters

Control &core network

0

10

20

30

40

50Operation (Swedish electricity)

Operation (other energy)

Manufacturing (including EoLT)Sweden 3G average (2009):~ 21 kg CO2e

kg CO2e / average3G subscription (/year)

ICT Networks study -3G, global scenario

Averagemobile device


TransmissionIP metro/core

Base stationsites

Mobiledevices

Operatoractivities

Datacenters

Control &core network

0

10

20

30

40

50Operation (Global average electricity)

Operation (other energy)

Manufacturing (including EoLT)Global average (2009,

based on Swedish 3G data):~ 44 kg CO2e

kg CO2e / average3G subscription (/year)

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