Urea

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TechnologiesUhde

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Table of contents2

1. Company profile 3

2. Introduction 5

3. The urea process 6

3.1 Synthesis 8

3.2 Recirculation and evaporation 12

3.3 Desorption and hydrolysis 13

3.4 Features of the Stamicarbon Urea 2000plusTM

CO2 stripping process 14

3.5 Fluid bed granulation 16

3.6 Features of the UFT fluid bed granulation process 17

4. Consumption figures and product characteristics 18

5. Services for our customers 22

6. Recent references 23

Page

A fruitful partnershipFertilisers are used worldwide in agriculture to secure world food

supplies and to reclaim barren and uncultivated land. Uhde provides the necessary prerequisites for this with its

ultra-modern large-scale plants and economical processes for the production of fertilisers.

1. Company profile 3

Uhde’s head office in Dortmund, Germany

With its highly specialised workforce of more than 4,900 employees and its international network of subsidiaries and branch offices, Uhde, a Dortmund-basedengineering contractor, has, to date, successfully completed over 2,000 projectsthroughout the world.

Uhde’s international reputation has been built on the successful application of its motto Engineering with ideas to yield cost-effective high-tech solutions for itscustomers. The ever-increasing demands placed upon process and application technology in the fields of chemical processing, energy and environmental protectionare met through a combination of specialist know-how, comprehensive service packages, topquality engineering and impeccable punctuality.

SAFCO IV fertiliser complexin Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia.Capacities: 3,300 mtpd of ammonia

3,250 mtpd of urea3,600 mtpd granulation unit

4

2. Introduction

Uhde has been a renowned partner in the engi-neering and construction of urea plants for morethan four decades. Plants built by the companyare located all over the world, some in regionswith extreme climatic conditions.

In the last eleven years Uhde has boasted a further landmark in its fertiliser plant business:Twelve new fertiliser plants with a total annualurea capacity of over nine million tonnes havebeen constructed and commissioned.

A milestone for Uhde was the large QAFCO 4fertiliser complex for Qatar Fertiliser Company(QAFCO), Mesaieed. This complex was success-fully started up in 2004, making QAFCO theworld's leading urea producer at a single loca-tion.

Now, the SAFCO IV fertiliser complex, com-missioned for Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Companyin Al Jubail in 2006, has an even higher ureacapacity. It comprises one of the world's biggesturea synthesis plants as well as the biggest eversingle-train urea granulation plant.

5

For the production of urea Uhde provides a portfolio containing the top state-of-the-art technologies from leading licensors:

• Urea 2000plusTM technology from Stamicarbon, licensing subsidiary of DSM, The Netherlands

• Fluid bed granulation from Uhde Fertilizer Technology and Stamicarbon, both The Netherlands

• Prilling technique from Stamicarbon

Urea 2000plusTM is Stamicarbon's latest devel-opment for its CO2 stripping process. Two high-ly-efficient and economical process variants forthe urea synthesis are available.

With the acquisition of the exclusive licence rightsfor the fluid bed urea granulation technologyfrom Yara Fertilizer Technology, Uhde FertilizerTechnology (UFT) has taken over the full rightsto this outstanding granulation technology,which is the world's most successful used inmore than 50 urea plants.

Uhde's references, which account for a wide rangeof services from revamps to turnkey projects,have contributed to our reputation for plantswith high process efficiency and reliability, lowemissions and excellent product quality.

QAFCO 4 ammonia/urea complex in Mesaieed, Qatar, successfully commissioned by Uhde as early as 2004.Capacities: 2,000 mtpd of ammonia

3,200 mtpd of urea3,500 mtpd granulation unit

3. The urea process6

The CO2 stripping process is unrivalled in itsefficiency because it uses carbon dioxide asstripping-agent.

As shown in the block diagram, the process issimplicity itself allowing excess unconvertedammonia from the synthesis sector to be recycled as carbamate in just one single stage.In this recirculation section the unconverted NH3and CO2 are removed from the main productstream, condensed into carbamate again andrecycled to the synthesis sector using a high-pressure carbamate pump.

The feedstock consumption figures are almostequal to the stoichiometric values for ammoniaand carbon dioxide, leaving no room for furtherreduction.

The effluent and emission values are extremelylow and meet the environmental requirements of most countries.

Process simplicity, with less equipment andfewer process steps than any other process,guarantees high onstream factors, ease of operation and low maintenance costs. Further-more, high-capacities achieved in single-lineplants are within reach.

Low-pressurerecirculation

Evaporation

Prilling orgranulation

Urea product

Desorption andhydrolysis

Purified processcondensate

Ureareaction

Carbamatecondensation

Synthesis

CO2 stripping

NH3

CO2

Carbamaterecycling

H2Owater

2 NH3 CO2+ammonia carbon dioxideexothermic

ammonium carbamate

endothermic

H2Ourea water

+ –NH4O

H2NC O

+ –NH4O

H2NC O

CH2N

H2NO

H2N

H2NC O

Reaction sequences in the urea process

Block diagram of theCO2 stripping process

7View of the urea synthesis plant and part of the urea granulation plant of EFC in Egypt.

It is our policy to offer our customers the most reliableprocesses as well as state-of-the-art technology.

These include: (see followingpages for diagrams)

• Urea 2000plusTM with stan-dard pool condenser.

• Urea 2000plusTM with pool reactor.

• CO2 stripping process with falling-film type carbamate condenser.

The pool condenser is basicallya horizontal reactor vessel witha submerged U-tube bundle.It combines the function of thefalling-film type carbamatecondenser in the conventionalCO2 stripping process with partof the reactor function. A 30 -40 % reduction in the reactorvolume is achieved by shiftingthe reaction volume to the poolcondenser.

This is of particular advantagefor high-capacity single-trainplants since the reactor is one ofthe heaviest items of equipment.

3.1 Synthesis

3D model of Urea 2000plusTM

with pool reactor for Turkmendokunhimiya, Tecen, Turkmenistan

The pool condenser representsthe state-of–the-art concept inmodern urea plants.

Uhde engineered and construct-ed its first Urea 2000plusTM ureaplant with pool condenser forthe QAFCO 4 fertiliser complex.The SAFCO IV ammonia/ureafertiliser complex provides Uhdewith a further reference for thistechnology.

The advantages ofStamicarbon’s Urea 2000plusTM

technology with pool condenserare:

• Investment cost savings dueto the size reduction of highpressure items.

• Operational advantages drawn from recent experi-ence with a pool condenser within a synthesis loop, which include- more stable level/pres-

sure control- less sensitivity to

changes in the loador the N/C ratio.

• A reduced construction height, resulting in reduced construction costs.

8

Turkmendokunhimiya's Urea synthesisplant with Urea 2000plusTM poolreactor at Tecen, TurkmenistanCapacity: 1,050 mtpd Urea

A further step towards full inte-gration of equipment items suchas the high-pressure scrubber,the pool condenser and theurea reactor is the horizontalpool reactor.

When it came to marketing its new synthesis technology, Urea 2000plusTM, Stamicarbonchose Uhde as its partner tointegrate the world's first poolreactor into DSM’s new ureaplant at Geleen, the Netherlands.Meanwhile, the world's secondpool reactor, engineered andcommissioned by Uhde, hasnow come on-stream.

In all CO2 stripping processes,ammonia and carbon dioxideare fed directly to the synthesissection. Optimum processconditions of approx. 140 barand 180°C are maintained.Carbon dioxide, to which a smallquantity of air is added to pre-vent corrosion, is compressedto synthesis pressure in a multi-stage compressor, while theammonia pressure is raised bya high-pressure pump.

The high-pressure sections ofrecently-built urea plants aremade of Safurex®, a duplexsteel specially developed forthe Stamicarbon urea process

by Sandvik, Sweden. This steeloffers excellent corrosionresistance and high tenacity andpermits a reduction in theamount of added passivation air.

Hydrogen is removed from thefresh carbon dioxide feed streamin the H2 removal reactor locatedbetween the compressionstages. The exothermic conden-sation to ammonia carbamateas well as the endothermicdehydration of the carbamateto urea and water takes placein the synthesis section.

The reaction described resultsin a chemical equilibrium; partof the ammonia and carbondioxide is not converted to ureaand water. For this reason, thereaction mixture is subjectedto a stripping process, usingcarbon dioxide to strip off theunreacted ammonia.

This design feature is highlyeffective because of its lowenergy requirement and reten-tion of unconverted reactantsin the synthesis section. Thestripper offgases are introducedinto the high-pressure poolcondenser together with thecarbamate solution from thehigh-pressure scrubber and

fresh ammonia. The heatreleased by the formation ofcarbamate in the high-pressurepool condenser is recovered togenerate low-pressure steam.

Subsequently, the mixture ofgas and liquid flows into theurea reactor in which the mainurea formation takes place.The liquid reaction mixturewhich leaves the reactor via anoverflow is introduced into thestripper top.

The exhaust gases (inert gases,NH3, CO2 and H2O), which areseparated from the liquid atthe reactor top, are scrubbedin the high-pressure scrubberwith carbamate solution fromthe low-pressure recirculationsection. Thus, most of the gasesare recovered and returned tothe pool condenser via the high-pressure ejector. The non-con-densables withdrawn from thehigh-pressure scrubber arescrubbed in a low-pressureabsorber, thereby minimisingammonia emissions.

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3D model of Urea 2000plusTM

with pool condenser for SAFCO IV, Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia

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1. CO2 compressor2. H2 removal reactor3. HP ammonia pump4. HP heat exchanger (stripper)5. HP carbamate condenser (HPCC)

5.a Pool condenser 5.b Pool reactor

6. Reactor7. HP scrubber

7.a HP scrubber sphere

8. LP absorber9. Dissociation heater and separator

10. LP carbamate condenser 11. Level tank for LPCC 12. HP carbamate pump 13. Atmospheric absorber 14. Flash tank 15. Pre-evaporator 16. Urea solution tank

NH3

CO2

Air

NH3

CO2

Air

Stamicarbon Urea 2000plus™Synthesis with pool condenser Recirculation Evaporation

Stamicarbon Urea 2000plus™ Stamicarbon CO2 stripping processSynthesis with pool reactor Synthesis with conventional HPCC

Gases

Liquids

Urea

Steam/cooling water

CO2

Air

Recyclingfrom

granulation

NH3

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2627

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33 32

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17. Urea solution pump18. Evaporator19. Condenser20. Flash tank condenser21. NH3 water tank22. Reflux condenser23. Level tank f. reflux cond.24. First and second desorber25. Hydrolyser

26. Urea melt pump27. Granulator28. First cooler29. Bucket elevator30. Vibrating screens31. Final cooler32. Granulator scrubber33. Cooler scrubber34. Roll crusher

Desorption & hydrolysis Fluid bed granulation

Air Air Air

Ureagranules

Purifiedprocesswater

Recyclingtoevaporation

UF

11

3.2 Recirculation and evaporation

Only one recirculation stage is required due tothe low ammonia and carbon dioxide concentra-tions in the stripped urea solution.

The ammonia and carbon dioxide still containedin the urea solution discharged by the stripper arerecovered in this low-pressure stage. The idealratio of ammonia and carbon dioxide in therecovered gases means that dilution by theresulting ammonium carbamate solution is min-imised despite the low pressure of around 3 bar.As a result, the carbamate pump requires a muchlower capacity and less undesirable water isrecycled to the synthesis section.

The urea solution leaving the recirculation sec-tion is further concentrated in the evaporationsection to meet the requirements of the granu-lation process. Vacuum evaporation is chosen tominimise biuret formation. A urea solution tankis provided to collect the solution during theperiodical cleaning period of the granulator.

The entire process condensate is collected inthe process condensate tank, from whereit is sent to the desorption section.

12

3.3 Desorption and hydrolysis

In the first desorption column, ammonia andcarbon dioxide are expelled from the processcondensate, which is then pumped to the hydrolysis column where any urea still presenttherein is dissociated.

The liberated ammonia and carbon dioxide aredesorbed in the second desorption column withthe aid of steam. The gas leaving the first desorption column at the top is fed to the refluxcondenser, where the NH3, CO2 and H2O vapoursare condensed, and the majority is then pumpedto the LP carbamate condenser. The rest isreturned to the first desorption column.

The process water leaving the second desorbermeets even the most stringent statutory environmental requirements, allowing this wastewater to be used as make-up for the coolingwater system or even as boiler feedwater.Consequently, there is no waste water effluentstream from this urea process.

13

3.4 Features of the Stamicarbon Urea 2000plusTM

CO2 stripping process14

The successful combination of the followingfeatures creates a variety of benefits includ-ing: lower capital investment and operatingcosts; a reduction in energy consumption;maintenance costs and plant emissions;increased efficiency and on-stream time;improved safety and reliability.

Easy maintenance

The limited amount of equipment and the plant’s compact arrangementgreatly facilitate plant maintenance.

Furthermore our layout guarantees easy access for servicing andmaintenance with all rotating equipment located at ground level.

Large single-stream plants

Uhde is a world leader in the construction of urea plants:The SAFCO IV plant, built by Uhde for Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Company,has a huge capacity of 3,250 mtpd of urea solution, making it one of theworld’s biggest single-train urea plants, and in fact the granulation unit, whichhas a capacity of 3,600 mtpd of urea granules, is the biggest in the world.

The Abu Qir III plant in Egypt provides a foretaste of the future, since itsdesorption and hydrolysis section purifies the process condensate from twoplants and is equivalent in size to a condensate treatment section of a3,700 mtpd urea plant.

Our commitment to providing advanced technology for the futurerepresents the driving-force behind our in-house research and development.

High safety standards

The process feed, in particular CO2, contains combustibles such ashydrogen. If precautions are not taken, these combustibles can combine withthe oxygen in the passivation air to create a highly flammable atmosphere.Although this phenomenon is common to all competitive processes, none ofthese use Stamicarbon’s safety precautions.

A hydrogen removal reactor and continuous monitoring are primarysafety precautions. Equipment designed to cope with the failure of suchprecautions eliminates the danger for personnel and equipment.

Lower investment and higher reliability

SAFUREX®, a new material specially developed for theStamicarbon process by the company Sandvik, now enables Uhde to offer itscustomers an even greater degree of plant reliability.Its improved corrosion resistance in carbamate solutions and greaterresistance to stress corrosion cracking make the new material a perfectchoice. In addition, its superior mechanical properties allow wall thicknessesto be reduced without compromising strength. As a synthesis unit madecompletely of SAFUREX® does not require the addition of passivation oxygen,the efficiency is enhanced and the risk of any explosion is eliminated.

SAFUREX® pays off, both in investment and in the service life ofyour plant. SAFCO IV is the first plant in the world in which the entire synthesisunit is manufactured from SAFUREX®.

On-stream time

In today’s competitive market unscheduled downtime is morecostly than ever before.

Operational simplicity combined with gravity flow, fewer processsteps, less synthesis equipment and the most moderate synthesis conditionsfacilitate operation and guarantee high on-stream times.

15

Process Efficiency

The process conditions in the CO2 stripping process result in anoptimum conversion of both reactants eliminating the need for an MPrecirculation section and a pure ammonia recycle.

Stripping with CO2, which is much less soluble in urea than NH3,contributes substantially to the extremely low recycle rates.

CO2 and NH3 consumption is reduced to almoststoichiometric values by continually improving the process withrespect to emissions.

Low corrosion

The aggresive nature of the process media means that theprocess with the lowest temperature will ultimately create the leastcorrosive conditions.

Unique preventive process conditions and application of the bestavailable construction materials minimise corrosion and achieveoutstanding on-stream factors. No need for elaborate zirconium ortitanium materials.

Low utilities consumption

The favourable process conditions allow excellent heat recoverywithin the urea unit, for instance the recovery of heat released duringcarbamate condensation.

A steam system integrated into the ammonia complex improvesoverall utility consumption.

Low synthesis pressure, low carbamate recycle and the fact that we donot have a separate ammonia recycle, are all factors which minimise energyconsumption.

Low emissions

The low NH3/CO2 ratio reduces the content of free ammonia in the ureasolution, thereby minimising ammonia emission in the finishing section.

The application of state-of-the-art technology for treatinggaseous and liquid effluents ensures minimal environmental impact.The result: a purified process condensate that can be reintroducedas make-up water for cooling water or as boiler feedwater.

Simple operation

The process involves far less equipment and fewer process stepsthan competitive processes and, with its unique measurement of the N/C ratiousing an advanced density meter, operational comfort is always ensured.

We take full advantage of the advances in computer control technologyand supply advanced process control systems to suit the needs of youroperators.

To facilitate process handling even further, we also provide operatortraining on process simulators.

Blocking-in the synthesis loop during plant shutdown (up to 72 hours)greatly facilitates restart and enables a rapid return to production.

Uhde’s newly-introduced high-pressure centrifugal pumps in ammoniaand carbamate service, developed together with Flowserve (Irving, USA),have more than lived up to expectations: In operation at the QAFCO 4 plantsince late December 2004, they have proved themselves to be highly reliableand to require minimal maintenance.

3.5 Fluid bed granulation16

View of a fluid bed granulator

UFT fluid bed granulationFormaldehyde is added to theurea melt as a granulation aidbefore it is injected into thegranulator. The granulationmode causes accretion, whichmeans that granules areformed through solidification ofthe urea melt deposited on theseed material.

Fluidisation air, which even invery hot and damp climates isnot dehumidified, is suppliedto the product layer through theperforated plate. The granulatedproduct extracted from thegranulator is cooled down inthe first fluid bed cooler andlifted by bucket elevators to thescreening section.

The oversize material is crushedand returned to the granulatoras seeding particles togetherwith the undersize grains.

The specification-grade productis sent to storage after finalcooling. Urea dust entrained inthe air from the granulator, the fluid bed coolers and variousdedusting points is recoveredin a scrubbing system.Process condensate from thedesorption section is used asmake-up water for the scrub-bing liquid, which is recycledto the evaporation section as45% solution.

The fluid bed granulationprocess is the leading granula-tion technology because of itshigh efficiency and a granula-tor that ensures excellent product quality with extremelylow solids recycle rates. This

process has allowed the con-struction of the world’s largestsingle-train granulation plantswhich a capacity of 3,600 tpdfor SAFCO IV. The fact thatthere is no waste water andonly minimum dust emissionmeans it conforms to the most stringent environmental laws.Maximum operating flexibilityand reliability as well as mini-mum maintenance require-ments and fewer operatingstaff are further features of thisadvanced process.

The granules produced by thistechnology are round and veryhard and therefore highly resist-ant to crushing and abrasion.They can be produced in awide range of defined sizes.

Stamicarbon’s granulationtechnologyIn 1995 Stamicarbon intro-duced its patented granulationtechnology, which was devel-oped in the 1970's and 1980’s.This technology, first appliedby Uhde for three grass-rootsplants in Egypt, can be offeredas an alternative.

3.6 Features of the UFT fluid bed granulation process

17

Urea granules are produced in all requested product size distributions.

The UFT fluid bed technologyis renowned as the most suc-cessful granulation process.Uhde now has unlimited accessto this technology, which fea-tures the following highlights:

FlexibilityIts outstanding flexibility permitsvirtually all requested productsize distributions, from an aver-age diameter of 2 - 7 mm, tobe produced in the same plantwithout interrupting operationfor size change. The granula-tion unit provides simple start-up and shutdown proceduresand a turndown ratio which is40 % of the nominal capacity.

On-stream timeThe inherent reliability of theprocess is largely due to the factthat the granulators have nomoving parts, the blowers andfans are only used for the treat-ment of ambient or scrubbedair and no belt conveyors arerequired to transport solidswithin the granulation unit.

EmissionsEfficient, cost-effective scrub-bing technology is used torecover the valuable productand to meet the most stringentenvironmental requirements.

Large single-train capacitiesWith its compact granulationunit the process is the idealchoice for large single-trainurea production plants. Thegranulation units for SAFCO IV in Saudi Arabia and QAFCO 4in Qatar are excellent exam-ples with their capacities of 3,600 mtpd and 3,500 mtpdof urea granules, respectively.

Product qualityHigh-quality granules with awell-rounded shape, which arevery hard and particularlyresistant to crushing and abra-sion, making them dust-free,non-caking and completelyfree-flowing.

High efficiencyWith its sophisticated productsize selectivity, the granulatorminimises both the urea recycleand the load for the evaporationsection.

18 4. Consumption figures and product characteristics

NH3 (100 %) kg 564CO2 (100 %) kg 730

Utilities, power andauxiliary materials (1)

Steam (108 bar abs. / 505°C) kg 860Cooling water (T= 10°C) m3 88Electric power kWh 58Formaldehyde kg 4.5

Product qualityN content wt.% 46.2Biuret content wt.% 0.8Moisture content wt.% 0.2Formaldehyde content wt.% 0.45Crushing strength kg 3.0 (3.0 mm Ø)Particle size (typical): % 90 (2.0 - 4.0 mm Ø)

Waste water qualityUrea concentration ppm by wt. 1Ammonia concentration ppm by wt. 1

Effluents from granulationUrea dust mg/Nm3 30NH3

(2) mg/Nm3 30/140

(1) Including CO2 compression

(2) With/without acidic scrubbing, which generates a small quantity of ammonium sulphate or ammonium nitrate solution.

All consumption figures are per metric ton of final product and serve as general information only.

Local conditions may have a considerable influence on the performance figures.

The world's largest urea store at the QAFCO 4 fertiliser complex in Mesaieed, Qatar.

With a size of about six football pitches and a capacity of 160,000 tonnes it is truly gigantic.

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Third fertiliser complex of AFC in Abu Qir (near Alexandria), Egypt.Capacities: 1,200 mtpd of ammonia,

1,925 mtpd of urea,2,000 mtpd granulation unit

5. Services for our customers22

Uhde is dedicated to providing its customerswith a wide range of services and to supportingthem in their efforts to succeed in their line ofbusiness.

With our worldwide network of subsidiaries,associated companies and experienced localrepresentatives, as well as first-class backingfrom our head office, Uhde has the idealqualifications to achieve this goal.

We at Uhde place particular importanceon interacting with our customers at an earlystage to combine their ambition and expertisewith our experience.

Whenever we can, we give potential customersthe opportunity to visit operating plants and topersonally evaluate such matters as processoperability, maintenance and on-stream time.We aim to build our future business on theconfidence our customers place in us.

Uhde provides the entire spectrum of servicesassociated with an EPC contractor, from theinitial feasibility study, through financing conceptsand project management right up to the com-missioning of units and grass-roots plants.

Our impressive portfolio of services includes:

• Feasibility studies/technology selection

• Project management

• Arrangement of financing schemes

• Financial guidance based on an intimateknowledge of local laws, regulations andtax procedures

• Environmental studies

• Basic/detail engineering

• Utilities/offsites/infrastructure

• Procurement/inspection/transportation services

• Civil works and erection

• Commissioning

• Training of operating personnel

• Plant operation/plant maintenance

The policy of the Uhde group and itssubsidiaries is to ensure utmost quality in theimplementation of our projects. Our head officeand subsidiaries worldwide work to the samequality standard, certified according to:DIN/ISO 9001/EN29001.

We remain in contact with our customers evenafter project completion. Partnering is ourbyword.

By organising and supporting technical symposia,our Fertiliser Symposium or the StamicarbonUrea Symposium for example, we promoteactive communication between customers, licen-sors, partners, operators and our specialists.This enables our customers to benefit from thedevelopment of new technologies and theexchange of troubleshooting information.

We like to cultivate our business relationshipsand learn more about the future goals of ourcustomers. Our after-sales services includeregular consultancy visits which keep the ownerinformed about the latest developments orrevamping options.

Uhde stands for tailor-made concepts andinternational competence. For more informationcontact one of the Uhde offices near you or visitour website:

www.uhde.biz

Further information on this subject can be foundin the following brochures:

• UFT fluid bed granulation• Ammonia• Nitric acid• Nitrate fertilisers

6. Recent references 23

E EngineeringP ProcurementC Construction

Com- Customer Plant Site Plant Capacity Licensor or Contractpletion Process Know-how Project Notes

2010 Orascom Construction Arzew, Urea plant Urea solution 3,450 t/d Stamicarbon E, PIndustries for Sonatrach Algeria Granulation Urea granules 3,450 t/d UFTOrascom Fertiliser Company (Sorfert)

2010 Egyptian Agrium Damietta, Urea plant Urea solution 2 x 1,925 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyNitrogen Products Co. Egypt Granulation Urea granules 2 x 2,000 t/d StamicarbonSAE (EAgrium)

2008 Misr Oil Processing Co. Damietta, Urea plant Urea solution 1,925 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyEgypt Granulation Urea granules 2,000 t/d UFT

2007 Helwan Helwan, Urea plant Urea solution 1,925 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyFertilizer Co. Egypt Granulation Urea granules 2,000 t/d Stamicarbon

2006 Egyptian Fertilizer Ain Sukhna/Suez,Urea plant Urea solution 1,925 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyCo. (EFC II) Egypt Granulation Urea granules 2,000 t/d Stamicarbon

2006 Alexandria Fertilizer Co. Alexandria, Urea plant Urea solution 1,925 t/d Stamicarbon Turnkey(AlexFert) Egypt Granulation Urea granules 2,000 t/d Stamicarbon

2006 Saudi Arabian Al Jubail, Urea plant Urea solution 3,250 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyFertilizer Company Saudi Arabia Granulation Urea granules 3,600 t/d UFT Pool condenser(SAFCO IV)

2004 Turkmendokunhimiya Tecen, Urea plant Urea solution 1,050 t/d Stamicarbon E, Pvia Gap Insaat Turkmenistan Granulation Urea granules 1,050 t/d UFT Pool reactor

2004 Qatar Fertilizer Mesaieed, Urea plant Urea solution 3,200 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyCompany (QAFCO 4) Qatar Granulation Urea granules 3,500 t/d UFT Pool condenser

2004 ASEAN Bintulu Fertilizer Bintulu, Urea plant Urea solution 2,250 t/d Stamicarbon ESdn Bhd (ABF) Malaysia Expansion by 446 t/d 2. Expansion

Granulation Urea granules 2,400 t/d UFTExpansion by 550 t/d

2003 Qatar Fertiliser Company Mesaieed, Urea plant Urea solution 3,000 t/d Stamicarbon E(Qafco 3) Qatar Expansion by 1,000 t/d Expansion

Granulation Urea granules 3,000 t/d UFTExpansion by 800 t/d

2000 Egyptian Fertilizer Ain Shukna/ Urea plant Urea solution 1,925 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyCo. (EFC I) Suez, Egypt Granulation Urea granules 2,000 t/d UFT

1999 Incitec Ltd. Gipson Island, Urea plant, Urea solution 740 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyAustralia evaporation In cooperation

Granulation Urea granules 950 t/d UFT with Shedden Uhde

1998 CF Industries Inc. (CFI) Donaldsonville, Urea plant Urea solution 2,000 t/d Stamicarbon E, PUSA Granulation Urea granules 2,000 t/d UFT

1998 Abu Qir Fertilizers and Alexandria, Urea plant Urea solution 1,925 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyChemical Ind.Co. (AFC) Egypt Granulation Urea granules 2,000 t/d UFT(Abu Qir III)

1998 DSM MELAMINE B.V. Geleen, Urea plant Urea solution 1,150 t/d Stamicarbon E, PThe Netherlands for UAN Pool reactor

1997 Saskferco Products Inc. Belle Plaine, Urea plant Urea solution 2,850 t/d Stamicarbon ECanada Granulation Urea granules 2,850 t/d UFT Expansion

Expansion by 850 t/d

1997 Qatar Fertilizer Mesaieed, Urea plant Urea solution 2,000 t/d Stamicarbon TurnkeyCompany (QAFCO 3) Qatar Granulation Urea granules 2,200 t/d UFT

1996 Ultrafertil Araucaria, Urea plant Urea prills 1,975 t/d Stamicarbon E, P, CBrazil Prilling Expansion by 475 t/d Expansion

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