urban-change glasgow _ urban sprawl

8/17/2019 Urban-change Glasgow _ Urban Sprawl

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Glasgow Case

Study

Urban Change in MEDC–Glasgow


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ReportIn the second half of the 20th

century, cities in thedeveloped world undergonemajor changes in: housing,industry, shopping andtransport.

For Glasgow (with specifcnamed areas! e"plain whythe rede#elopment wasconsidered necessary! and

describe the changes thatha#e ta$en place andcomment on theire%ecti#eness&


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Things you should know

• !haracteristics, cause, e"ect andsolutions to: – #ousing changes

– $opulation changes – Industrial changes

– %mployment changes

–

&hopping changes – Transport changes

– %nvironmental changes

• %"ectiveness of the

solutions'''


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Things you should know

• The main pro(lems and solutions indi"erent land use )ones: – !*+ tra-c congestion and

+ecentralisation of shop andentertainment

– /r(an decay in innercity

–

/r(an &prawl


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/r(an change in inner city1lasgow

1or(als and !lyde aterfront


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*ackground• 1lasgow6s rapid growth as an industrial city in the

34th and 20th centuries created a legacy of poor,

cramped housing, with fre>uent (outs of highunemployment.• The social pro(lems were pro(a(ly at their worst

in the 1or(als area, just south of the river !lyde. The 1or(als has long had a reputation as a grittyand rough area.

• ?fter the &econd orld ar, attempts were madeto rehouse those in su(standard tenement(locks (y moving them to new estates on theedge of the city. In the 1or(als, the old (uildingswere demolished and new highrise ;ats arose in

their place .The old community spirit of the areawas thus largely destroyed.

• In recent years, some of the highrise (locks have(een demolished and rows of modern lowrise;ats are (eing (uilt. #opefully, this second

attempt at regenerating the 1or(als will (e moresuccessful.


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#ousing changes

• +uring the industrial revolution lowcost housing were (uilt in a gridironpattern, often with small narrow

streets. *y the 34=0s these oldtenements were su"ering fromdecay.

– @ver crowding, – *ad hygiene from lack of (asic

amenities

–

$ollution from factories–


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3480s

•

1lasgow !orporation6s redevelopmentprogram targeting its massive housingpro(lems was am(itious. It earmarked24 inner city areas across the city as

!omprehensive +evelopment ?reas!+?s. #utchesontown, with part of the1or(als, was to (e the Arst.

• ?t the same time some people were

moved out of 1or(als toB out of cityestates like !astlemilk and some to newtowns like %ast Cil(ride and!um(ernauld.


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3480s

• @ld tenements were demolished andArst generation of highrise ;atswere (uilt.

• +uring the 80s there was a huge risein the standard of living. ?round 20of &cots moved into a new house and

for many it was the Arst time theyhad a toilet insideD


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Locati on

Positi veefect

s

Negati veeffects

Inner- city(Gorbals)

Outer- cityestates

(Castlemilk)

NewTowns(Eastilbri!

e)


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@ld tenements weredemolished

Arst generation ofhighrise ;ats were(uilt.

!heap and

>uick to(uild

5ore openspace

Eewamenities

Farge housing capacity.. &olvingover crowding

'ositi#ese%ecti#e

ness


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More open


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Cheapand

*uic$ to

build


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+egati#e

e%ects

Eot great for Goung mother, smallchildren,@ld people and people

with mo(ility pro(lems.

+espite the Hopenareas there were

few safe places toplay

1or(als lost the

sense ofcommunity

The (uilding su"ered fromdamp

5any socialpro(lems due tohighunemployment

rate


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#angover from 3480s•

!omprehensive redevelopment Eewhighrise ;ats created more pro(lemsfor 1lasgow.. – &ocial pro(lemsB crime and deprivation

– 3480s decline of heavy industry B higherunemployment rate

– #ighrise B cheaply and poorly (uilt, lots ofcommunal space (ut little personal space

B lack of ownershipB poor state of care. – Eew towns %ast Cil(rideB very eJpensive

to (uild.

– @utercity estates !astlemilk B poor

pu(lic transport links, far from jo(s andservices.


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Inner-

city

Out er

cityest ate

s

NewTowns

Gor bals

Cast lemil

k

East

il bri !e

Gov an

East er"o

Cu mb


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3470s K

/r(an Regenerationsecond attempt


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#ousing.

• #ousingB renovation of tenements.

• !onsultation with the residents Bhousing association. 1#? 200L

• *uilding more eJpensive >ualityhousesM;ats for private ownershipBe.g. Eew houses in 1or(als


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No(s

• *rown Aeld sites B modern industrialestates B grants and otherincentives from the government

Industry /nit – Oor eJample: +iJonPs *la)es Ironworks

• No( training for local people

• The Hnew deal on (eneAts B jo(seekers allowance.


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Di"on,s

-la.es


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&ervices

• 5ore health centres e.g.

• 5ore community centres e.g.

•

&hopping !entres e.g.


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%nvironment

• Fandscaping

• Reclamation of old industrial sites(rown Aeld sites

• Oewer heavy industry to pollute theair and the River !lyde.


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E%ecti#e/


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Clyde 0ater

Front1he 2ld

Doc$s


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$ro(lems (efore 3490s•

+ocks e.g. $rincess +ocks,shipyards, warehouses (egan toclose (ecause: –

River !lyde was too narrow for themodern ships

– !ompetition from overseas

• !lyde water front was derelict

wasteland.

• Tenements were polluted and lackedamenities.


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&olution

• +erelict dockland was reclaimed (rownAeld

sites• leisure and tourist facilities (uilt B &cience

!entre, &%!!, &pringAeld Quay entertainmentcompleJ etc..

• Eew o-ces (uilt B **!, &T, +aily 5ail, *T• Eew eJpensive waterfront ;ats (uilt B FanceAeld

Quay and 1lasgow #ar(our +evelopment.

• Eew (ridges (uild to improve transport

connection to the city. The 5illennium (ridge,&>uinty and &>uiggly (ridge.


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%"ectivness#ositive Not so

effective'

roug"tmany new obs

News obsall re*uire+*ualificati ons, →most othe jobsare too“highlyskilled”or theoriginalworking population o thearea

Im%rove!

t"eenvironmen

ome of t"e

originalresi!ence


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If you wan to know more a(out the latestdevelopment and projects on !lyde aterfrontand 1or(als regeneration click on the interactive

map (elow or go to the following we(site:

http:MMwww.glasgow.gov.ukMriverclydemapM

http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/riverclydemap/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/riverclydemap/


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/r(an $ro(lems in

1lasgow

•1ra3c congestion

•Decentralisation o4 shop

and entertainments

•5ac$ o4 open space 6

Urban Sprawl


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!*+ Tra-c !ongestion


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hat causes an increase in tra-c congestion'

3. Increase in car ownership2. Increase in commuter tra-c from ruralur(an fringe

areas. rush hour

L. #igh daytime population B work, shopping,entertainment and other services.

uality of road within inner city area.=. @ld narrow road and lanes in the !*+B di-cult to

widen them due to high (uilding density not enoughspace and listed (uildings.

8. 1rid iron patternB too many road intersection B moretra-c lights

9. !*+ is central point where many routes meet.

7. Inade>uate pu(lic transport system.

4. Eot enough investment in transport infrastructure.

30. *uses, lorries, pedestrians and street parking all takingup valua(le space and slowing down tra-c.


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E%ects

3. &hops and services o-cesmove out from !*+B emptypremises and less jo(s.

2. ?ir and noise pollutionL. ?ccidents and fatalities


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olutions

Effectiv eness

One-way

street(gri!iron)


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D t li ti 4 h


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Decentralisation o4 shopand entertainment

!ause'• +eclining population in city and

inner city. /r(anrural

migrationMdepopulationMur(ansprawl

• Increase ownership of cars B

people are mo(ileB people willtravel longer distance to o(taincheaper products and services.

•

!*+ land price is very eJpensive.


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@ut of town shopping centre

!auses:• !heaper land B more space for car parking

free• 1ood transport system motorway

• @ut of town usually has less tra-c

• 5ore open space

• Indoor shopping space

• ?ttractive environment

Oor eJample: -raehead ! Sil#erburn and Glasgow Fort!


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%"ects

• Fess tra-c congestion in !*+

• In theory should lead to lower landprice in !*+ due to less demand

•

Increased congestion near the newshopping centre

• Fess variety of shops in !*+B lessattractive place to shop'

• @ut of town shopping centre isnPtaccessi(le to everyone B people whocanPt drive.


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Urban


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UrbanSprawl


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ith reference to a named city in the


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ith reference to a named city in the%5+!:

a hat land uses are found at thefringe of the city'

( hat are the causes of /r(an&prawl'

c hat pro(lems and con;icts arelikely to occur'

d hat strategies can we use totackle the con;icts and ur(an sprawlissues'

e #ow e"ective has this (een'3=K20

marks


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Fanduse

!auses reasons h


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!auses reasons why• Increased ur(an population B pressure for outward residential

eJpansion• Fand price is much higher in innercity and in !+* compared

to the su(ur(s remem(er your (idrent theory from “Urban”unit

• 1rowth of villages in the commuter (eltB these areas arevery popular area to live.

• &u(ur(s and (eyond are popular place to live (ecause was

lower crime rate, (etter air >uality, space for garden, parkingspace. %nvironmental >uality• 1ood road links and other transport infrastructure• Eeed for other developmentB airport eJpansion• +emand for services B more land• Recreational demands for land. golf• Focation is also popular with new modern and light industry,

o-ce and science compleJ.• $ressure for retail and commercial eJpansionB out of town

shopping centre• 5ovement of jo(s from innercityM!*+ B su(ur(s. e.g.

5odern @-ce parks, science parks, modern light industrialcompleJ

•

!hanges in the !*+B need for out of town facilities.• $ressure to And more space for ur(an waste landAll sites,

$ro(lems and con;icts


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$ro(lems and con;ictse"ects

• Foss of farmland often fertile, loss of eJisting

woodlands and school playing Aelds. ?lso loss ofwildlife ha(itats.

• !on;icting demands for other uses such asrecreation, transport, retail, industry, airportsusually any such development is unwanted (y

eJisting users of the land not in my (ack yardD• Foss of community feeling in eJisting villages

• Foss of S>uality of rural lifeP

• ?s the city grows at the edges, then the city centre

loses little of itPs character, shops, services andother facilities

• $ollution increase at the Rural/r(an fringe.


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&trategies &olutions

• $lanning controlMrestrictionsM)oning B creationof green (elts. !reation of overall plan for thecity.

• %ncouraging development in other areas

through the use of grants and loans.enterprise )ones, newtowns, (rownAeldsites.

• %ncouraging improvements within the !*+

and the SinnercityP 1or(als• !ounterur(anisation strategies to encourage

developments within eJisting city (oundaries.


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%"ectiveness• The main pro(lems is that there is a demand for

new developments especially housing and this isdi-cult to stop.

• $eople generally want to improve their S>uality oflifeP and the strategies mentioned can really onlywork with the support of local and nationalgovernment and with the support from the localpeople.

• The creation of restrictive )ones green (elt hasreduced the rate of ur(an sprawl (ut not

completely stopped it.• @ften plans are too am(itious or eJpensive.

• @ften the plan ignores the social and human needsof the people. %Jperience shows that the plans aretoo rigid, underresourced and (ased on incompleteanalyses of need.


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Reading

http:MMwww.((c.co.ukMnewsMmaga)ine3


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Use these re#isionsheets to test yourmemory on $eyideas&

Ma$e sure you canname e"amples! 4actsand fgures toenhance your answer&

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!! means =so> or=there4ore>

eg means? gi#ee"ample

Use these re#ision


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urban-change glasgow _ urban sprawl

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