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POQOPRIVREDNA TEHNIKA

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING НАУЧНИ ЧАСОПИС SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У БЕОГРАДУ, ПОЉОПРИВРЕДНИ ФАКУЛТЕТ, ИНСТИТУТ ЗА ПОЉОПРИВРЕДНУ ТЕХНИКУ

UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Година XLIII, Број 2, 2018. Year XLIII, No. 2, 2018.

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Editor in Chief

Prof. dr Mićo V. Oljača, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Assistant of Editor in Chief

Prof. dr Aleksandra Dimitrijević, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Tehnical Editor

Assit. Professor Kosta Gligorević, PhD., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture

National Editors Professor Mirko Urošević, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Dušan Radivojević, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Dragan Petrović, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Rade Radojević, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Vladimir Pavlović, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Olivera Ećim-Đurić, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Goran Topisirović, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Milovan Živković, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Zoran Mileusnić, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Rajko Miodragović, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Vesna Pajić, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Miloš Pajić, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Assist. Professor Milan Dražić, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Dušan Kovačević, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Nebojša Momirović, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Željko Dolijanović, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Zorica Sredojević, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Branko Radičević, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Ivan Zlatanović, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Lazar Savin, Ph.D., University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Anđelko Bajkin, Ph.D., University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture Professor Mirko Komatina, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Professor Zoran Stamenić, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Professor Dragan Marković, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Professor Zoran Miljković, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Assist. Prof. Vojislav Simonović, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Professor Saša Barać, Ph.D., University of Priština, Faculty of Agriculture, Lešak Professor Nada M. Dragović, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry Branka J. Kresović, Ph.D., Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Belgrade International Editors Professor Peter Schulze Lammers, Ph.D., University of Bonn, Faculty of Agriculture, Germany Professor László Magó, Ph.D., Szent Istvan Univ., Faculty of Mechanical Eng., Gödöllő, Hungary Professor Victor Ros, Ph.D., Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania Professor Sindir Kamil Okyay, Ph.D., Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Bornova - Izmir, Turkey Professor Pietro Picuno, Ph.D., SAFE School, University della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy Professor Nicolay Mihailov, Ph.D., University of Rousse, Faculty of Electrical Enginering, Bulgaria Professor Igor Kovačev, Ph.D., University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Croatia Professor Selim Škaljić, Ph.D., University of Sarajevo, Fac. of Agriculture, Bosnia and Hercegovina Professor Zoran Dimitrovski, Ph.D.,University "Goce Delčev", Fac. of Mehanical Engineering, Štip, Macedonia Professor Sitaram D. Kulkarni, Ph.D., Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India Professor Francesco Conto, Ph.D., Director of the Dep.of Economics, Univ. of Foggia, Italy Professor Ladislav Nozdrovický, Ph.D., Faculty of Engineering., Slovak Univ. of Ag., Nitra, Slovakia Robert Jerončič, Ph.D, Ministry of Infrastructure, 1000 Ljubljana, The Republic of Slovenia Marjan Dolenšek, M.Sc., KGZS, 8000 Novo mesto, The Republic of Slovenia Professor dr Velibor Spalević, Dep. of Geography, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro Profesor Kuznetsov Yury Alekseevich, PhD, Orel State Agrarian University, 302019 Russian Federation Vasileios Firfiris, Ph.D, Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Professor Ralph Sims, Ph.D, School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand

Editorial Council Prof. dr Milan Tošić, Prof. dr Petar Nenić, Prof. dr Marija Todorović, Prof. dr Dragiša Raičević, Prof. dr Đukan Vukić, Prof. dr Đuro Ercegović, Prof. dr Franc Kosi, Prof. dr Steva Božić, Prof. dr Lazar N. Ružičić, Prof. dr Ratko Nikolić, Prof. dr Enika Gregorić, Prof. dr Radivoje Topić, Prof. dr Milan Veljić, Prof. dr Miloš Tešić, Prof. dr Vlade Zarić

POQOPRIVREDNA TEHNIKA

НАУЧНИ ЧАСОПИС

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У БЕОГРАДУ, ПОЉОПРИВРЕДНИ ФАКУЛТЕТ, ИНСТИТУТ ЗА ПОЉОПРИВРЕДНУ ТЕХНИКУ

UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

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350 примерака Дистрибуција примерака часописа Пољопривредна техника за заинтересованe је бесплатна . Радови објављени у часопису индексирани су у базама (Abstracting and Indexing): AGRIS (International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology) SCIndeks (Serbian Citation Index) NAAS (National Academy of Agricultural Sciences - India) ScienceMediaCentre ArgosBiotech CiteFactor (International Academic Scientific Journals) J4F (Journals for Free).

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Министарство просвете, науке и технолошког развоја Републике Србије На основу мишљења Министарства за науку и технологију Републике Србије према решењу бр. 413-00-606/96-01 од 24. 12. 1996. године, часопис Пољопривредна техника је ослобођен плаћања пореза на промет робе на мало.

S A D R Ž A J

PRISTUPI ISPITIVANJU STATIČKE STABILNOSTI TRAKTORA TOČKAŠA Zoran I. Mileusnić , Rade L. Radojević, Dragan V. Petrović, Vera Cerović…………1-10 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802001M MODELIRANJE STRATEGIJSKOG TOP-MENADŽMENTA UZ UVAŽAVANJE UPRAVLJANJA FINANSIJAMA KOMPANIJE ZASNOVANIM NA UVOĐENJU FER VREDNOVANJA Slobodan Popović………………………………………………………………………………………..11-16 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802011P KARAKTERIZACIJA KAPLЈICA I DISTRIBUCIJE VODE FIKSNOG RASPRSKIVAČA KOJI SE KORISTI U SISTEMU NAVODNЈAVANЈA LINEARNOG TIPA Ransford Opoku Darko, Shouqi Yuan, Junping Liu, Livingstone Sam-Amoah….17-29 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802017O UPRAVLJANJE POMOĆU UVAŽAVANJA OBEZBEĐENJA USLOVA ZA POČETAK NABAVKI I PRAĆENJA REALIZACIJE U POLJOPRIVREDNIM PREDUZEĆIMA Popović Slobodan, Laban Bogdan, Popović Vera, Jovin Slobodanka, Grublješić Željko, Vladimir Filipović. …………………….………………………………….….30-35 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802030P

SIGURNA VOŽNJA I RADOVI SA POLJOPRIVREDNIM I ŠUMSKIM VOZILIMA U REPUBLICI SLOVENIJI Robert Jerončič………………………………………………………….…………………….………….36-45 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802036J

https://doi.org/10.5937/PoljTeh1802001M

https://doi.org/10.5937/PoljTeh1802011P

https://doi.org/10.5937/PoljTeh1802017O


https://doi.org/10.5937/PoljTeh1802036J

C O N T E N T S

AN APPROACH TO THE WHEEL TRACTOR STATIC STABILITY ANALYSIS Zoran I. Mileusnic , Rade L. Radojevic, Dragan V. Petrovic, Vera Cerovic…………1-10 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802001M MODELING A STRATEGIC TOP MANAGEMENT IN THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FINANCE COMPANIES ESTABLISHED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FER VALUE Slobodan Popovic………………………………………………………………………………………..11-16 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802011P DROPLET CHARACTERIZATION AND WATER DISTRIBUTION OF FIXED SPRAY PLATE SPRINKLER USED IN LINEARLY MOVED IRRIGATION SYSTEM Ransford Opoku Darko, Shouqi Yuan, Junping Liu, Livingstone Sam-Amoah….17-29 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802017O MANAGEMENT BY RESPECTING THE PROVISION OF CONDITIONS FOR THE COMMENCEMENT OF PROCUREMENT AND MONITORING OF IMPLEMENTATION IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES Popovic Slobodan, Laban Bogdan, Popovic Vera, Jovin Slobodanka, Grubljesic Zeljko, Vladimir Filipovic. …………………….………………………………….….30-35 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802030P

SAFE DRIVING AND WORKING WITH AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY VEHICLES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA Robert Jerončič………………………………………………………….…………………….………….36-45 doi:10.5937/PoljTeh1802036J

https://doi.org/10.5937/PoljTeh1802001M


https://doi.org/10.5937/PoljTeh1802017O


https://doi.org/10.5937/PoljTeh1802036J

Univerzitet u Beogradu Poljoprivredni fakultet Institut za poljoprivrednu tehniku

Naučni časopis POLJOPRIVREDNA TEHNIKA

Godina XLIII Broj 1, 2018. Strane: 1 – 10

University of Belgrade Faculty of Agriculture

Institute of Agricultural Engineering

Scientific Journal AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Year XLIII No.1, 2018. pp: 1 – 10

UDK:631.558.1 Originalan naučni rad

PRISTUPI ISPITIVANJU STATIČKE STABILNOSTI

TRAKTORA TOČKAŠA

Zoran I. Mileusnić 1

, Rade L. Radojević1, Dragan V. Petrović

1,

Vera Cerović2

1Univerzitet u Beogradu – Poljoprivredni fakultet, Nemanjina 6, Beograd-Zemun

2Univerzitet u Beogradu – Mašinski fakultet, K. Marije 16, Beograd, Ph.D. student

Sadržaj: Analiza faktora koji pokazuju odlučujuće uticaje na stabilnost i moguća prevrtanja traktora treba preventivno da ukaže na područja njihove efiksne i sigurne primene, kao i na glavne pravce poboljšanja konstrukcije traktora radi povećanja bezbednosti traktora i rukovaoca. Cilj ovog rada predstavlja provera statičkih uglova podužne i poprečne stabilnosti traktora, primenom različitih pristupa, tako što se isti dovodi do granice prevrtanja. Sam proces se zasniva na podužnom i bočnom podizanju traktora, uz stalno merenje referentnih vrednosti kota oslonih tačaka točkova u odnosu na podlogu. Isti uglovi se mogu proceniti i primenom analitičkih i numeričkih metoda, zasnovanih na principima teorijske mehanike. Rad ukazuje i na značaj empirijskih podataka, jer su oni osnova za sve dalje analize stabilnosti traktora I drugih samohodnih poljoprivrednih mašina.

Ključne reči: traktor točkaš, statička stabilnost, poljoprivredne mašine, metode

UVOD

Proširena oblast primene samohodnih poljoprivrednih mašina često zahteva njihovo

angažovanje na terenima sa velikim nagibima [18], koji mogu biti na granici ili izvan tehničkih bezbednosnih ograničenja. Pri unifornom krivolinijskom kretanju, narušavanje stabilnosti samohodnih poljoprivrednih mašina može nastati kada se interakcijom rezultujuće gravitacione i bočne centrifugalne sile sa nagibom terena dostignu ili

Kontakt autor. E-mail: [email protected]. Rezultati istraživanja su proizašli iz

aktivnosti projekta “Unapređenje biotehnoloških postupaka u funkciji racionalnog korišćenja

energije, povećanja produktivnosti i kvaliteta poljoprivrednih proizvoda“, broj TR 31051, Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja R. Srbije.

mailto:[email protected]

Mileusnić i sar.:Pristupi ispitivanju statičke stabilnosti traktora.../Polj. Tehn.(2018/2). 1-10 2

premaše kritični uslovi. To rezultira smanjenjem upravljivosti i vučnih karakteristika, a moguće je i prevrtanje traktora. U praksi je značaj ovih uticaja dobro poznat. Pri tome iskustvo ukazuje da se prevrtanja češće događaju na nagnutim terenima, pri oštrim zaokretima i većim vrednostima brzine. Međutim, ove pojave su kod traktora takođe prisutne i na horizontalnim površinama, kada mogu biti prouzrokovane ne samo oštrim zaokretima (sa malim radijusom krivine) i neprilagođenim brzinama, već i samo neadekvatnim agregatiranjem sa priključnom mašinom ili oruđem, prvenstveno nošenim. U specifičnim uslovima poljoprivredne proizvodnje [11], značaj stabilnosti agregata traktora i mašina izjednačava se sa drugim tehnološkim uslovima njihove primene [12]. Imajući u vidu značaj ovih uticaja, Gligorić i sar. [6], analiziraju stabilnost traktora na nagibu u podužnoj i poprečnoj ravni, i daju dvodimenzionalnu analizu. 3-D model su predstavili Đević i sar. [4], daje procenu statičke stabilnosti traktorsko-mašinskog agregata. Novaković i sar. [13], koriste isti algoritam za analizu stabilnosti viljuškara na traktoru. Petrović i sar. [15], primenjuju model za dobijanje kritičnih uglova koji definišu statičke granice stabilnosti kombajna u različitim operativnim uslovima. Pranav i Pandei [17], predstavljaju matematički model i softver za simulaciju upravljanja balastom na poljoprivrednim traktorima. Ahmadi [1], [2] je ispitao efekte različitih geometrija i uticaj mase na stabilnost traktora i formulisao dinamički model i dao i vrednost maksimalnog statičkog ugla od 450 koji dozvoljava bezbedan rad traktora. Do sličnih vrednosti došli su i drugi autori [5], [7]. Autori u radu [3] predstavljaju analitički model formulisan za 3D simulaciju dinamičke stabilnosti traktora na nagnutim terenima. Model pretpostavlja konstantan intenzitet brzine kretanja traktora i krivolinijsku trajektoriju konstantnog radijusa po terenu stalnog nagiba. Na osnovu formulisanog algoritma razvijen je odgovarajući računarski program i primenjen za procenu opsega stabilnosti nekoliko modela traktora točkaša.

Imajući u vidu značaj stabilnosti, praksa je definisala dijapazon bezbednog rada prvenstveno traktora [12], ali i drugih samohodnih poljoprivrednih mašina, preko niza bezbednosnih i konstruktivnih kriterijuma koji se često izražavaju u obliku:

dozvoljenih maksimalnih uzdužnih i podužnih nagiba terena; propisivanja merne opreme mobilnih mašina za kretanje i rad na kosim terenima; preporučenih intenziteta brzine kretanja na terenima sa nagibom; propisivanja potrebne opreme za zaštitu rukovaoca u slučaju prevrtanja (ROPS ili

kabina) i njenih karakteristika; definisanja konstruktivnih preporuka za smanjivanje visine težišta traktora,

drugih mašina i agregata itd.

MATERIJAL I METODE RADA

Položaj težišta predstavlja bitnu konstruktivnu karakteristiku traktora, obzirom da ima veliki uticaj na vučne karakteristike i stabilnost kretanja. Poprečne koordinate težišta, odnosno njegovo odstupanje od podužne ravni simetrije (e), određeno je merenjem težine celog traktora (GT), a potom i sila pritiska točkova na levoj (Zl) i desnoj (Zd) strani traktora na podlogu (Sl. 1).

Mileusnic et al.:An Approach to the Wheel Tractor.../Agr. Eng. (2018/2). 1-10 3

e

B

B/2B/2

Gl

Gd

Zl

Zd

GT

Slika 1. Skica za određivanje poprečnih koordinata težišta

Figure 1. A sketch for determining the transverse coordinate of the center of gravity

Iz momentne jednačine (1) dobijena je ekscentričnost težišta od ose simetrije:

eB0,5TGBl

G =>

TG

lG

TG0,5

e

(1)

Podužna koordinata težišta, odnosno odstojanja težišta od ose zadnjeg mosta, je

određeno merenjem težine celog traktora (GT), a potom je izvršeno merenje sila kojima su opterećeni prednji (Zp) i zadnji most (Zz) (Sl. 2).

Slika 2. Skica za određivanje podužnih koordinata težišta

Figure 2. A sketch for determining the longitudinal coordinate of the center of gravity Iz uslova (2) ravnoteže momenata (ΣMA = 0) dobija se koordinata težišta traktora u

podužnom preseku:

0zllGlzG T =>

T

T

GzGGl

zl

(2)


Q

Q

rsz

QcosQ

sin

GT

GTcos

G Tsin

hc

H

l

l z

rsp

A

M

rsz

rsp

-

1

Slika 3. Skica za određivanje visine težišta

Figure 3. A sketch for determining the height of the center of gravity

Treća koordinata težišta, visina hC, određuje se podizanjem prednjih točkova

traktora i merenjem zbirne sile koja opterećuje zadnje točkove (Sl. 3). Iz uslova (3) ravnoteže momenata svih sila koje deluju na traktor, ΣMM = 0:

0sprszrsinαQlcosαQsprchsinαTGzllcosαT

G (3)

dobija se tražena koordinata:

sinαTG

sinαsprcosαzllTGsinαsprszrcosαl Q

ch

(4)

pri čemu su: α - ugao nagiba traktora u odnosu na horizontalnu ravan; hc - visina težišta traktora; rsz, rsp - statički poluprečnici zadnjeg i prednjeg točka, respektivno; GT, Q - težina traktora, odnosno reakcija tla na zadnjem mostu.

U ovom radu je određeno težište traktora točkaša, pogonskog tipa 4x2, IMT 539. Oslanjanje traktora je u četiri tačke hodnog sistema, čiji su položaji određeni merenjem. Koordinate težišta određene su eksperimentalno sledeći proceduru OECD-e 12, ilustrovanu na slici (Sl. 4a).

AM = c


(a)

(b)

Slika 4. Gabaritne mere traktora: (a) IMT 539 i (b) Johne Deere 5115M Figure 4. The overall dimensions of the tractors: (a) IMT 539 and (b) John Deere 5115M

Drugi traktor koji je bio predmet ispitivanja je umanjeni model traktora Johne Deere 5115M, čije su relevantne karakteristike za analizu, date na slici (Sl. 4b).

Postupak određivanja uglova koji definišu bezbedne uslove rada ogledao se u bočnom i podužnom podizanju-naginjanju traktora i merenju visine dizanja oslonih tačaka od horizontalne podloge. Nakon toga su uglovi nagiba računati primenom trigonometrijskih funkcija i Pitagorine teoreme, a potom su dobijene vrednosti upoređene sa teorijskim vrednostima, koje proizilaze iz jednačina (5, 6 i 7), respektivno.

;

;

(5,6,7)

pri čemu je: - ugao bočnog nagiba traktora u odnosu na horizontalnu ravan - ugao nagiba traktora na usponu u odnosu na horizontalnu ravan - ugao nagiba traktora niz nagib u odnosu na horizontalnu ravan


REZULTATI ISTRAŽIVANJA I DISKUSIJA

Masa traktora IMT 539, izmerena na vagi za teret, iznosila je GT = 1640 kg. Mase, izmerene na levoj i desnoj strani traktora, bile su po 820 kg. Deo mase koji se oslanja na prednji most je 670 kg, a deo koji opterećuje zadnji most traktora iznosio je 970 kg. Koristeći jednačine (1-4), određen je položaj težišta traktora koji je skoro identičan podacima deklarisanim od strane ovlašćene laboratorije za ispitivanje traktora. Pozicija je bila sledeća: izmereno lP = 1070,54 mm, ovlašćena laboratorija 1081 mm; izmereno lZ = 739,45 mm, ovlašćena laboratorija 739 mm; e = 0 mm u obe varijante i izmereno hC = 710 mm, odnosno 708 mm u slučaju ovlašćene laboratorije.

Rezultati merenja graničnih podužnih i poprečnih statičkih uglova stabilnosti traktora, prikazani su dvodimenzionalnom koordinatnom sistemu na slici (Sl. 5). Ordinata (y osa) odgovara graničnim uglovima podužnog nagiba, a apscisa (x osa) graničnim uglovima bočnog nagiba terena. Traktor IMT 539 je statički stabilan podužno niz nagib do 34,870, pri čemu se poprečna stabilnost ne menja bitnije do ugla od 140. Traktor je u statičkim uslovima uz nagib stabilan do ugla od 45,450 uz poprečni ugao do 90. Navedene maksimalne vrednosti uglova (crvene tačke, Sl. 5.) su granične vrednosti stabilnosti dobijene merenjem. Međutim, sa porastom bočnih uglova nagiba smanjuje se podužni ugao stabilnosti i obratno, ali bez obzira na to do prevrtanja traktora neće doći u dijapazonu koji ograničavaju date krive na slici (Sl. 5). One su formirane iskustveno, na osnovu realnih eksperimentalnih tačaka i rezultata analize Petrović i sar. [15] .

Slika 5. Dijagram statičke stabilnosti traktora IMT 539 Figure 5. Diagram of the tractor IMT 539 static stability of

Poređenjem ovih rezultata merenja sa vrednostima koje se dobijaju izrazima (5-7)

primećena su i neka odstupanja. Koristeći izraz (5) granična vrednost bočnog ugla je nepunih 490, međutim merenja kažu da je to ugao od 31,50. U slučaju pozicije traktora usmerenog niz nagib takođe ima značajnih odstupanja. Naime, ugao dobijen izrazom (7) ide i do 560, a izmereni ugao je 350. U varijanti kada je traktor usmeren uz nagib, izmerene i teorijske vrednosti se skoro apsolutno preklapaju i iznose 45,450, odnosno 46,220. Razlozi ovih odstupanja se mogu potražiti u uslovima u kojima je izveden ogled, zatim karakteristikama podloge preko vrednosti ugla klizanja materijala podloge, stanju hodnih sistema i pneumatika, tehničkom stanju traktora posle duže eksploatacije, itd.


Ponovljeni ogled imao je za cilj kontrolu dobijenih rezultata, kada je u pitanju vrednost bočnog ugla. Isti model traktora je ovoga puta imao kvalitetnije pneumatike i rezultat toga je nešto veći bočni ugao (320) u odnosu na predhodno merenje. Međutim i ovom prilikom su zabeleženi tehnički nedostaci na traktoru. Prvo, pri uglu bočnog nagiba od 250 počelo je prelivanje goriva iz rezervoara, a na nagibu od 310 zabeleženo je kapanje ulja iz kućišta zadnjeg mosta traktora. Obe ove anomalije su rezultat tehničkog stanja traktora nakon dužeg vremena eksploatacije.

Simulacione modele stabilnosti traktora koji oponašaju realne uslove izučavaju mnogi autori [9]. Obzirom da su ispitivanja u realnim uslovima veoma skupa, ogledi se rade i sa modelima različitih konstrukcija traktora. Jedan takav eksperiment izveli su i autori [9]. Prilikom testiranja, iPhone sa aplikaciom za merenje je postavljen na prednju osovinu modela traktora. Širina kolotraga modela traktora iznosila je 13 cm, visina težišta 7,2 cm, a masa traktor sa iPhone-om je bila 1019 g. Na slici (Sl. 6) prikazane su promene vrednosti ugla kotrljanja i nagiba kao i indeksa stabilnosti za model traktor koji se uniformno pravolinijski kreće na platformi sa promenljivim nagibom, brzinom od 0,25 ms-1. Ugao kotrljanja se povećao sa povećanjem nagiba platforme, a indeks stabilnosti se smanjivao sa rastućim nagibom. Kritični ugao prevrtanja, za ovaj model traktora je bio 42,10, nakon toga se ugao naglo povećava, i uzrok tome je prevrtanje traktora. Prevrtanje traktora je započeto kada se indeks stabilnosti približio vrednosti (0) nula.

Slika 6. Promene ugla kotrljanja, nagiba i indeksa stabilnosti u vremenu[9]

Figure 6. Change of roll angle, pitch angle and roll stability index value with time [9]

Uzimajući u obzir ovo iskustvo, urađena je provera stabilnosti traktora na modelu

Johne Deere 5115M. Model traktora je imao ukupnu masu GT = 335 g, leva strana traktora imala je 171 g, a desna 164 g. Deo mase koji se oslanja na prednji most je 123 g, a deo koji opterećuje zadnji most traktora iznosio je 212 g. Koristeći jednačine (1-4), dobijen je položaj težišta traktora. Pozicija težišta je sledeća: lP = 78,44 mm, lZ = 51,56 mm, e = - 0,94 mm (predznak (–) znači da je težište pomereno u levu stranu u odnosu na osu simetrije) i hC = 90,5 mm.

Posmatrani model traktor je stabilan pri mirovanju podužno niz nagib do 40,250, pri čemu se poprečna stabilnost ne menja bitnije do uglova bočnog nagiba od oko -120 do +150. Traktor je u statičkim uslovima uz nagib stabilan do ugla od 31,230 uz poprečni ugao stabilnosti od -70 do +90.


I ovom prilikom maksimalne vrenosti uglova uz i niz nagib su izmerene, a vrednosti bočnih uglova ispod maksimalnih su procenjene na osnovu rezultata autora [15]. Maksimalni uglovi stabilnosti modela na bočnom nagibu kreću se od -30,510 do +33,630 (Sl. 7). Poređenjem ovih rezultata merenja sa teorijskim vrednostima konstatovano je da nema značajnijih odstupanja i da se izmerene vrednosti dobro slažu sa teorijskim, gde je maksimalni bočni ugao 350, stabilna pozicija mirovanja traktora niz nagib je do 41,850, a uz nagib 31,230. Vrednosti iz drugog eksperimenta su kompatibilne i sa rezultatima istraživanja autora [9].

Slika 7. Dijagram statičke stabilnosti modela traktora JD 5115M

Figure 7. Diagram of the tractor model JD 5115M static stability of

ZAKLJUČAK

Statistička analiza ukazuje da se stabilnost traktora može poboljšati kombinovanjem četiri odgovarajuća faktora: širina kolotraga traktora, kvalitet podloge, visina težišta i težina balasta traktora.

Statička stabilnost definiše maksimalni ugao nagiba ravnog terena, pri kome se i dalje traktor neće prevrnuti. Merenja ove vrste su veoma važna ne samo u praktične svrhe, već i zato što pružaju bazu podataka za razvoj i testiranje različitih simulacionih modela specificiranih za procenu stabilnosti poljoprivrednih traktora.

Rezultati merenja ukazuju i na značajna odstupanja od teorijskih vrednosti. Vrednosti uglova bočne stabilnosti traktora IMT 539 u eksperimentu bile su od 26-300, dok teorijske vrednosti dostižu i preko 400. Do sličnih odstupanja je došlo i u varijanti merenja uglova stabilnosti niz nagib. Razlog ovih odstupanja je „loše“ stanje hodnih sistema i pneumatika traktora posle duže eksploatacije kao i opšte tehničko stanje traktora uzrokovano vremenskim faktorom.

LITERATURA

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[2] Ahmadi I. (2013). Development of a tractor dynamic stability index calculator utilizing some tractor specifications, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37: 203-211. doi:10.3906/tar-1103-19

[3] Cerović,V., Mileusnić, Z., Petrović, V.D. (2015): Theoretical limmits of the angular stabiltity range of the tractor movıng over inclined terrain. 43-rd International Symposium

On Agricultural Engineering “Actual Tasks on Agricultural Engineering” – ATAE 2015 p.

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Stability Conditions of the Tractor (In Serbian). Proceedings of the Symposium of the

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stabilnosti standardnih traktora na nagnutom zemljištu, Traktori i pogonske mašine, 3(4), 60-66.

[7] Gravalos, I., Gialamas, T., Loutridis, S., Moshou, D., Kateris, D., Xyradakis, P., Tsiropoulos, Z. (2011): An experimental study on the impact of the rear track width on the stability of agricultural tractors using a test bench. Journal of Terramechanics, 48, 319–323.

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Bragantia, Campinas, 68(1), 257-267. [9] Koc, A. B., Liu, B (2013) Demonstrating Tractor Rollover Stability Using Lego Mindstorms

and Smartphones, Journal of Agricultural Systems, Technology and Management, 24, 1-11. [10] Li, Z., Mitsuoka, M., Inoue, E., Okayasu, T., Hirai, Y., Zhu, Z. (2016): Parameter sensitivity

for tractor lateral stability against Phase I overturn on random road surfaces. Biosystems

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International Scientiffic conference of Railway Experts, ZU, Vrnjačka Banja 1999, Serbia, p. 335-337 (In Serbian).

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tehnika , 34(1), 35-46.

http://scindeks.ceon.rs/Related.aspx?artaun=21657





AN APPROACH TO THE WHEEL TRACTOR

STATIC STABILITY ANALYSIS

Zoran I. Mileusnić, Rade L. Radojević, Dragan V. Petrović, Vera Cerović

Abstract: The analysis of the factors that show decisive influence on the tractors stability and the possible overturning, should preventively indicate the possible improvements of the tractor construction, in order to increase the tractor’s and operator’s safety. The purpose of this paper is to check the static angles of the longitudinal and lateral tractor stability, using the different methods that check the tractor stability up to the to the turnover limit. The process is based on the tractor longitudinal and lateral tilting and measurement of the reference values of the wheels heights with respect to the base. The same angles can be obtained by various analytical and numerical methoids methods based on the Theoretical mechanics. This paper suggests on the importance of empirical data, because they are the basis for further stability analysis of the tractors, other selfpropelled agricultural machines. Key words: tractor, wheels, static stability, agricultural machinery, methods,

Prijavljen: Submitted: 18.05.2018.

Ispravljen: Revised: 04.06.2018

Prihvaćen: Accepted: 05.06.2018.







Year XLIII No. 2, 2018. pp: 11 – 16

MODELING A STRATEGIC TOP MANAGEMENT IN THE

IMPORTANCE OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FINANCE

COMPANIES ESTABLISHED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF

FER VALUE

Slobodan Popović*1

1Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management, Cvećarska 2, Novi Sad, Srbia

Abstracts: Modeling using management modes through the application of strategic management presupposes a modern approach that requires the company's adaptability to the environment, primarily the immediate surroundings of the enterprise itself. The actions undertaken by the top management should be brought in order to maximize the profit. In this paper, the authors give an overview of a possible model that assumes the following essential elements: time, activity within the company, and achievement of the planned results. In addition, the author emphasizes the importance of periodic evaluation of managers, and in that sense, the assessment has been translated into interval 1-10 as a possible interval of assessments to be undertaken at regular and announced intervals.

Key words: management, strategic management, model.

INTRODUCTION

The modern way and approach to model behavior of the company presupposes

changing important socio-economic [1], value [2], [3], [4] and other manifestations of enterprises that are visible in a very short time. The final activities are seen at the end of the business year in the company's books.

The goal of all top management activities should be to reduce the risk to the company's operations [5], [6], [7], [8]. This creates the conditions for proper corporate governance [9], which ultimately is subject to audit processes [10], especially in medium and large companies of a strategic interest in the development of economics [11], [12], [13]. Such an approach to strategic management has been seen especially in developed economies, which we see in numerous works such as [14], [15].

_______________________________ *Corresponding author: [email protected]

UDK: 631 (059) Original research paper


Slobodan Popovic: Modeling a Strategic Top Management.../Agr. Eng.(2018/2).11 - 16 12

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Theoretical approach to the study of companies in the decision-making of strategic

decisions of enterprises with the great contribution of the author to his own vision of possible development and observation of companies in the Republic of Serbia was used. In the opinion of the author, this is a unique approach that corresponds to transitional countries, such as the Republic of Serbia.

In this paper, the author draws attention to: the period of time in which the activities of the company occur, the period of the event itself in the company and the results achieved by the company by that operation.

This paper primarily deals with the medium-sized enterprises in the Republic of Serbia in terms of financial management, it is important to observe the following common features:

High degree of interdependence between financial and investment decisions To a large extent exposed to the risk factor Involvement of foreign investors in strategic and operational management More intensive impact of investment decisions on the survival, growth and

development of the entities, Different view of the target functions of the company, etc.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Using the setting given in the materials and methods of work, the author has

attempted to theoretically set up strategic models of enterprise management according to new or dynamic principles that would include several essential components. First of all, it's a time frame. This refers to the beginning and the end of a process that was carried out in the company.

Second is the process of doing business in the company. The third is to obtain the results of the activities that are the subject of further

analysis in the company. The author's approach to the model is given in the form of a schematic representation

presented in figure (Fig.1).

Figure 1. A model company that appreciates the strategic approach to governance

in the Republic of Serbia

Company

Time interval of observation

Activity of the company

The result of the company's activities

Slobodan Popović: Modeliranje strateg. top menadžmenta.../Polj. Tehn.(2018/2).11 - 16 13

Traditional strategic management is somewhat different from this model, which is best seen from the classical strategic management settings. Namely, he includes three areas of activity-strategic: • Analysis which is needed to understand the events in the middle (especially in the market of their products and services) • Choice relies on an analysis to create a vision that allows you to choose and consider real and alternative routes • change which is the purpose of analysis and selection, if the application of the chosen direction does not lead to the desired position, business activity cannot be assessed positively and conditioned by strategic changes. The importance of strategic management for managing the company's finance by top management. Strategic management falls into top management as it requires knowledge of the whole enterprise and relationships with the environment. Deciding on this domain has long-term implications for the company's progress and success. Strategic management includes an analysis of the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the company's operations. The strategic management process involves three focuses on which the enterprise must pay attention:

1. Strategic analysis, 2. Strategic choice and 3. Strategic implementation.

In addition, accountability can be attributed to the performance of the top-manager, as he takes into account the reputation of the company on the market, the creditworthiness, the professional staff, the management of their own and borrowed funds, all for the purpose of transforming into the profit of the company that is in the focus of the top management setting.

The author gives possible features of a top-manager who is oriented to financial management in relation to the possible interval, which is possible to evaluate the work of the manager within the company or outside. The display itself is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Tabular overview of the desirable top-management properties

in relation to the evaluation interval

Serial number Top management features Possible evaluation interval for top

management

1. Creativity 1-10

2. Persistence 1-10

3. Exploring spirit 1-10

4. Initiative 1-10

5. Independence 1-10

6. Expert 1-10

7. Responsible

1-10


CONCLUSIONS

This paper focuses on setting up a strategic management model that is fundamentally focused on improving financial management. Thus, the analysis is transferred to the study of activities related to the provision of sufficient volume of financial assets that could normally perform the business of the company in the given economic conditions. The goal is to maximize profits. Top management should create such a real management company where the relationship between the acquired and the necessary funds will be close to optimal for the estimated level of development of the company. Strategic management should be viewed much wider than simply set goals by top management. Accordingly, a large number of external environmental factors, chances and threats, realistic estimation of the company's own strengths and weaknesses should be included. The way that it is complemented is essentially a strategy other than goals that represent what they want to achieve.

The author points out that it is possible to notice several stages in the functioning of

the top management strategy: - Strategy formulation - Implementation of the strategy - Strategic control. Based on the above it is possible to present the most important functions of financial

management such as: financial planning, financial organization, and selection of financial personnel, financial management and financial control. What will specifically take top management remains on it because there is no making an ideal recommended decision that would be universally applicable in any company.

REFERENCES

[1] Popović., S., (2014), Socio-ekonomski faktori ograničenja razvoja agrara, Monografija,

Feljton, Novi Sad. [2] Popović, S., Novaković, S., Đuranović, D., Mijić, R., Grublješić, Ž., Aničić, J. &

Majstorović, A. (2017). Application of international accounting standard-16 in a public company with predominantly agricultural activities, Economic Research-Ekonomska

Istraživanja, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1850–1864. [3] Gritsenko O.I. and Skorba O.A., (2015), Internal business control of service quality costs:

managerial aspect, Actual problems of economics, 3, pp. 365-373. [4] Panchuk P., (2015), Harmonization of accounting and taxation accounting at reporting

formation on income. Аctual problems of economy, pp. 373-379. [5] Popović S., (2015), Implementacija heterogenih rizika u radu interne revizije, Revizor, 69,

str. 7-19.

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[6] Popović S., Majstorović A., Grublješić Ž., (2015), Valuation of facilities in use and

application of international accounting standards. Аctual problems of economy, p. 379-387. [7] Popović, S., (2015), Implementacija heterogenih rizika u radu interne revizije, Revizor, No.

69, pp.7-19. [8] Popović, S., (2015), Interna revizija kao pokretač finansijske analize u javnim preduzećima

RS, Revizor, 72, str. 41-53. [9] Cantino, V. (2010), Korporativno uptravjanje, merenje performansi i normativna

usaglašenost sistema internih kontrola, Data Status, Beograd, p. 17. [10] Majstorović A. and Popović S. (2015), Revizija poslovanja poljoprivrednog preduzeća,

Računovodstvo, 1, 77-85. [11] Bromwich, M. (1990). The case for strategic management accounting: The role of

accounting information for strategy in competitive markets. Accounting, Organizations,

Society, 15(1-2), 27–46. [12] Cinquini, L., & Tenucci, A. (2010). Strategic management accounting and business strategy:

A loose coupling? Journal of Accounting and Organizational Change, 6(2), 228–259. [13] Cravens, K. S., & Guilding, C. (2001). An empirical study of the application of strategic

management accounting techniques. Advances in Management Accounting, 10, 95–124. [14] Wooldridge, B. and Floyd, S.W. (1990), “The strategy process, middle management

involvement and organizational performance”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.11, 231-241.

[15] Zelbst, P., Green, K. W., Abshire, R. D. and Sower, V. E. (2010), “Relationships among market orientation, JIT, TQM, and agility”, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 110, 637-658.

MODELIRANJE STRATEGIJSKOG TOP-MENADŽMENTA UZ

UVAŽAVANJE UPRAVLJANJA FINANSIJAMA KOMPANIJE ZASNOVANIM

NA UVOĐENJU FER VREDNOVANJA

Slobodan Popović1

1Fakultet za ekonomiju i industrijski menadžment, Cvećarska 2, Novi Sad, Srbija

Sažetak: Modeliranje pomoću moedla upravljanja putem primene strategijskog menadžmenta pretpostavlja savremen pristup koji zahteva prilagodljivost kompanije okruženju, prvenstveno neposrednom koje okružuje samo preduzeće. Preduzete akcije od strane top menadžmenta treba da budu donešene sa ciljem maksimalizacije profita. U ovom radu autori daju prikaz mogućeg modela koji pretpostavlja sledeće bitne elemente: vreme, aktivnost unutar kompanije i dostizanje zacrtanih rezultata. Osim toga autor ističe značaj periodičnog ocenjivanja menadžera i u tom smislu su ocenjivanje apostrofirali u interval 1-10 kao mogući interval ocene koji treba preduzimati u redovnim i najavljenim intervalima.

Ključne reči: upravljanje, strategijski menadžment, model.







Year XLIII No. 2, 2018. pp: 17 – 29

UDK: 621.22 Original research paper

DROPLET CHARACTERIZATION AND WATER

DISTRIBUTION OF FIXED SPRAY PLATE SPRINKLER USED

IN LINEARLY MOVED IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Ransford Opoku Darko1

, Shouqi Yuan1, Junping Liu

1, Livingstone Sam-Amoah

2

1Research Centre of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University,

Zhenjiang 212013, China 2 Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Cape Coast, Central Region,

Cape Coast, PMB Ghana

Abstract: The irrigation uniformity of sprinkler irrigation system depends on many design factors such as nozzle diameter, operating pressure and riser height. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of combination factors of operating pressure and riser height on water distribution and droplet diameter. To study the droplet characteristics of the fixed spray plate sprinkler (FSPS), droplet diameter and velocity were measured using a Thies Clima laser precipitation monitor. Statistical analysis was conducted on the drop size distribution using volume-weighted method. The volumetric cumulative frequency of drop diameters permitted to reconstruct water application along the sprinkler radius in term of the frequency of drops of different diameters with respect to elevation and working pressure. Wetted diameters and average application rates increased with the increase in pressure and nozzle elevation within a distance of less than 2m from the sprinkler. The results showed that various combinations of the sprinkler could greatly change droplet and water distribution characteristics. Empirical equations for the water distribution from FSPS were also developed with coefficients of determination ranging from 95.0% to 99.6%. The study concluded that the uniformity of a sprinkler irrigation system is more affected by the combination of distance from sprinkler, riser height and operating pressure.

Keywords: application rate, droplet diameter, hydraulic performance, sprinkler

irrigation, water distribution.

Corresponding author. E-mail adress: [email protected]


Ransford et al.: Droplet Characterization and Water Distribution.../(2018/2).17 - 29 18

INTRODUCTION

Irrigation is a basic determinant of agriculture because its inadequacies are the most powerful constraints on the increase of agricultural production. Sprinkler irrigation remains one of the successful methods used by farmers to apply water to their crops. It is a planned system in which all necessary components have been installed for efficient application of irrigation water by means of sprayheads operated under pressure. The purpose of a sprinkler system is to efficiently and uniformly apply irrigation water to the crops or soil without causing erosion, excessive water loss, or reduction in water quality. It is necessary to evaluate the quality and efficiency of sprinkler irrigation system, including droplet size distribution and their influence on soil and crop growth. Designing and optimizing sprinkler irrigation systems is essentially based on achieving adequate hydraulic performance, which is significantly related to the droplet size and water distribution patterns [8], [16], [17], [23]. The characterization of drops resulting from fixed spray-plate sprinkler primarily implies the determination of their diameter as they approach the soil surface. Fine droplets of water travelling through the air have more evaporation losses rather than coarse droplets with respect to wind speed [9], [24]. Size distribution of the drops discharged by the water jet of an agricultural sprinkler has major influence on evaporation losses, modifying the infiltration capacity of the soil, and distortion of water distribution pattern applied by sprinkler [13], [15], [19], [25]. It is therefore of paramount interest to investigate drop size distribution over an irrigated area as its implication could affect the whole irrigation process.

Currently, linearly moved irrigation systems and center-pivot models are based on the overlapping of experimental sprinkler application pattern [20], [11]. According to [20], spray sprinklers which use low pressures are now been employed in linearly moved irrigation systems and centre pivots. The jet produced at the sprayhead immediately undergoes an inelastic shock as it frontally hits a plate. However, it appears that the drop formation begins at the surface of the jet and continues towards the centre [19], [27]. The upper limit lognormal distribution model was used to fit droplet size data which correlated with nozzle parameters and also ballistic models have been used to estimate the initial droplet size produced by a sprinkler. [13], [19], [28]. A third-order polynomial was used to describe the radial distribution [18] and [11] developed a model to simulate the application of water in a centre pivot irrigated field. From the above discussion it is evident that limited work has been done to compare the hydraulic parameters of FSPS on linearly moved irrigation system.

Hence the objective of this paper is to compare the effects of FSPS using different pressure regulator sprinklers at different height positions using a linearly moved irrigation system (LMIS) designed by the Research Centre of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, China. This study focuses on comparing the hydraulic performance of the pressure regulator sprinklers introducing empirical equations for the water distribution and droplet diameter with respect to operating height and pressure.

Ransford i sar.: Karakterizacija kapljica i vodena distribucija.../Polj.Tehn.(2018/2). 17 - 29 19

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiments were performed in an indoor laboratory of the Research Centre of

Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, China. The experiment layout of the system is as shown in Fig. 1. The FSPS studied in this research was the Nelson D3000 sprayhead, with 36-grooved blue plate with a medium angle from the horizontal plane. Ouazaa et al. [21], reported that the water distribution of grooved deflector plates was similar to donut shaped patterns and can result in discrete streams with different throw distance. A 5.5mm nozzle diameter of the FSPS was utilized during the experiment. The FSPS used was manufactured by Nelson Irrigation Corporation in Walla, Washington, USA (Fig. 2).

Figure 1. Experimental layout of the system Figure 2. Fixed spray pressure heads used

The sprayheads were mounted on two different heights; h1-100cm and h2-150cm

above the surface dependent on the experiment done for that occurrence and operated at working pressures of P1-10 psi, P2-15 psi and P3- 20 psi at different times during the experiment. A centrifugal pump was used to supply water to the irrigation system from a constant-level reservoir near the research laboratory. Thies Clima laser precipitation monitor (TCLPM) manufactured by Adolf Thies GmbH & Co. KG, Goettingen, Germany was used to measure the sizes and velocities of the droplets emitted from the FSPS types selected for the experiments. The testing location for the TCLPM was set at 1m from the FSPS for the initial reading followed by 0.5m increment for successive readings. In the design of the experimental system, the following standards were taken into consideration to meet international standards: ASAE S.330.1. [1], ASAE S.398.1. [2], ISO7749-2. [12], and MOD GB/T 19795.2 (2005). The TCLPM is made up of with an imaging system composed of photodiode detector, laser transmitter and a storage circuit as shown in Figure 3. It is also connected to an analysis display system which assists in displaying data generated by the TCLPM. The TCLPM can accumulate the measured droplet diameter, calculate the application rate and hence the droplet spectra which contain the drop size range, the droplet velocity and corresponding particle number can be input in an excel file for further analysis.


Figure 3. Structure of TCLPM

King et al. [15], described the test area of the TCLPM to be 23.0cm 2.0cm with

the measurement range of particle diameter from 0.16mm to 8.00mm. Bautista-Capetillo et al. [3], further postulated that TCLPM measured drop sizes 0.2mm to 8.0mm. When using TCLPM, measurement errors caused by coincidence errors and edge effects cannot be eliminated. The edge effect errors occur when only a fraction of a droplet passes through the laser beam. When this phenomenon occurs, the laser detects a droplet that is smaller than its actual size. The average droplet diameter was represented to the drop size at different positions due to the changing droplet diameter in a comparatively large range. Currently, the methods used in calculating the average droplet diameter include the number average method, weighted average method and middle cumulative frequency diameter method. This article makes use of the realistic weighted average method to calculate the average size of droplets. Weighted average method means the ratio of corresponding weight of droplet diameters by different standard sieve meshes to the total weight of droplets at the sample location, using the following equation:

n

i

i

n

i

ii WdWd11

(1)

wiii dmW 3

6 (2)

where d is the average size of droplets at sampling locations; id is drop diameter; iW

refers to weight of water for droplet with diameter id ; w is the bulk density of water;

im is the number of droplet with diameter id and n corresponds to the types of droplet diameters. Data interpolation and representation of drop diameter, total volume and regression analysis were done using Microsoft Excel Program (2010).


EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Water distribution pattern of FSPS

For any combination of sprinkler nozzle elevation and working pressure, the water pattern distribution pattern was different for each experiment carried out. As an illustrative example of the individual water distribution pattern, Figure 4 presents the relationship between the application rate and distance from the sprinkler to LPM at h1 and h2 respectively for P1, P2 and P3.

Very large variability occurred in the radial direction. As a consequence, narrow wetted area resulted in large average precipitation and water droplets, which may lead to soil runoff losses and soil erosion [10] and [22, 23].

Figure 4. Water distribution pattern for FSPS at h1 and h2

Application rate found by the radial test as related to distance revealed that water

distribution pattern curve under P1 for both height situations recorded water concentrated around and a distance away from the sprinklers due to probably unsatisfactory pressure. This is unlike that of the curves for P2 and P3 which showed that water from the FSPS settled around sprinkler due to fine drops caused by increased pressure. At P2 and P3 for the two different elevations used, the application patterns were evenly distributed along both sides of the sprinkler. With reference to h1, water distribution from P1 showed that the application rate was dropped from 19mm/h to 11mm/h at 2m throw radius and rose to about 45mm/h at 3m throw radius. This pattern was different to that of h2 however, at a throw distance of 2.5mm; the increase in application rate was marginal. Curves by P2 and P3 took a bell shape. Comparing the water distributions of P2 and P3 from the different elevations under the same condition, h1 produced a higher average application rate ranging from 0.5mm/h to 50.0mm/h than at h2 which also ranged from 0.4mm/h to 30mm/h. This indicates that the variations in the water application rate are quite significant and P3 appears to have more uniformity in application rate than at P2 and P1. Although the operating conditions were controlled, they differed slightly between each measurement and the droplets measured on each occasion were different.

The working and hydraulic parameters of the different types of pressure regulators used at their specific elevations are as shown in Table 1.


Table 1. Working and hydraulic parameters of the FSPS.

Operating pressure level Nozzle diameter

mm

Flow rate m3/h

P1 5.5 1.61

P2 5.5 1.79

P3 5.5 1.82

Comparing the water distributions at the three operating pressure levels, P1 produced a lower application rate than at P2 and P3 for distance less than 2m away from the sprinkler. Raising pressure from 10psi to 20psi generally increased the application rate at h2 at a distance less than 2.5m away from the sprinkler. At h1 application rates at the different pressure level; P1, P2 and P3 were quite higher than at the elevation of h2. The differences can be attributed to the flow rate factor. Higher pressures increase flow along any pipe. As the flow increases, water velocity increases as well and as the water is rushing through the pipe, the interior walls of the pipe create friction against it which causes pressure loss thereby reducing the application rate. Hence it is important for irrigation system engineers to regulate the pressure at optimal levels to reduce such losses.

Drop diameter values versus distance from FSPS

Drop diameter distribution curves are presented in Figure 5 for all distances to the sprinkler. As the distance to sprinkler increases, the frequency of large drops increases. The smooth transition observed for distances up to 2.0m becomes abrupt between distances of 2.0 and 3.0 m especially at h1. These differences could be attributed to the fact that drops landing at distances less than 2.0m from the sprinkler can either be emitted from the nozzle or separate from the jet along its trajectory. This fact could explain the presence of drops with diameters less than 0.8mm, which completely disappear at a distance of 2.0m. From 2.0m onwards, all drops seem to result from the disintegration of the jet, and the modal diameters are in the interval 2–7mm. This proposition was presented by [26] who reported similar results when analyzing drop diameter measurements of FSPS using a low speed digital photography method.


Figure 5. Drop diameter values versus distance from FSPS

The qualms associated with disdrometer measurements, evidenced by Burguete et

al. (2007) raised some concern about the quantitative importance of these small drops. Photographic data confirmed the relevance of small drops at large distances from the sprinkler and pose further concerns about the adequacy of the sprinkler irrigation ballistic theory, specifically about the hypothesis stating that all drops are created at the nozzle.

Total volume and weighted cumulative frequency of droplet diameter along the

range

Total volume of water applied for each pressure at given distances from the FSPS is presented in Figure 6 for different operating conditions. Three pressure regulators at h1 and h2 were employed in the experiments. As shown in Figure 6, generally, the total volume of the drops increased with increasing the distances from the sprinkler for both h1 and h2. This was however different in the case of operating pressure especially for P2 and P3 as the total volume of drops began to decrease at a distance of 2m from the sprinkler position. This can be attributed to the differences in the frequency of the large drops. Total volume of drops at P1 kept increasing with increase in distance from the sprinkler for both h1 and h2. This indicates that although the number of large drops is low, their contribution with respect to volume is quite significant. The total volume distribution graphs indicate that the gradients of the total volume are greater when the droplets were near the sprinkler and their size was small. The results varied for higher distances from the sprinkler particularly at an elevation of h2.


Figure 6. Total volume of water applied by each pressure as a function of distance to the

sprinkler at h1 and h2

These outcomes are in concurrence with those reported by other researchers [19],

[25]. In this work, it may not be essential to operate at pressure level of P1 and at a riser height of h1 because using a combination of P1h1 results in increasing the total volume of applied water which will in the long run have an implication on cost and energy. Hence a combination of P3h1 and P3h2 will be considered more optimum when related with a normal distribution curve.

The weighted cumulative frequency means the cumulative value of specific gravity between the weighted which is less than one droplet diameter and the total weight of the spray. Figure 7 presents the weighted cumulative frequency of droplet diameters with different pressure regulators at two different height positions above the ground surface. As shown below, the weighted cumulative frequency of droplet diameters with different pressure regulators are different. With an increase in distance, the weighted cumulative frequency which is less than one droplet diameter will decrease and the slope of weighted cumulative frequency increases with the increase in the range distance. These results are in conformity with those reported by other researchers [25] and [19].


Figure 7. Curves of cumulative frequency of droplet diameter using different pressure

regulators at different elevations.

Besides increasing drop size with increasing operating pressure, an increase in the

range of drop diameters can be seen in Figure 7 above. The drops deposited at each observed distance were not of the same diameter but varied. This phenomenon may have two major causes. First, the minimum values of the droplet diameter are almost the same for all evaluated conditions but their maximum values differ in accordance with sprinkler working conditions. This entails that, at any rate of the sprinkler working conditions, some fine droplets fall at distances near to the sprinkler where the amount of applied water is very low.


Establishment of a mathematical Model for FSPS

Special attention was given to the development of empirical equations for the water

distribution model regarding the distance traveled from the FSPSs. A third –order polynomial regression line to describe the radial presented in Table 2 was drawn to the distance from the sprinkler and the application rate data to estimate the water distribution where y is the application rate and x is the distance from the sprinkler. The coefficient for determination of FSPS ranged from 95.0% to 99.6%, with an average of 97.6%. The range is in agreement with the findings of [17] who postulated the coefficient of determination for PXH sprinkler as ranging from 95.1% to 98.8%.

Table 2 Regression analysis with third-order polynomial.

Operating

pressure level

Riser

height level Third-order polynomial

Coefficient of

determination

(%)

P1 h1 95.0

h2 96.3

P2 h1 99.1

h2 96.7

P3 h1 99.6

h2 98.6

Research on the variation trend of the droplet diameter was carried out using the linear theory and the experimental correlation of droplet diameters is concluded in Equations 3 and 4. Comparing the results with experimental data, the accuracy error was less than 4% and the analysis of droplet diameters was accurate. According to these equations, the distances from the sprinkler and the working pressure have influences on the end droplet diameter of the sprinkler at the two elevations used in this research and changing the trend as a nonlinear equation.

h1: (3)

h2: (4)

where is the drop diameter, mm; is distance from sprinkler, m and is working pressure, psi.

CONCLUSION

The size distribution of the droplets discharged by the water jet of a sprinkler is very

important as this can explain several processes related to water distribution. Individual water distribution pattern and discharge-pressure relation of D3000 sprayhead at the designed working pressures and nozzle elevations were of importance in designing the LMIS and to evaluate the quality of water distribution. An indoor experiment was conducted to obtain droplet size distribution and radial application patterns of D3000 sprayhead sprinkler fitted at different and working pressures.


The volumetric cumulative frequency of drop diameters permitted to reconstruct water application along the sprinkler radius in term of the frequency of drops of different diameters with respect to elevation and working pressure. As a result, wetted diameters and average application rates increased with the increase in pressure and nozzle elevation within a distance of less than 2m from the sprinkler. The results showed that various arrangements of the sprinkler could greatly change droplet and water distribution characteristics. Empirical equations for the water distribution from FSPS were also developed with coefficients of determination ranging from 95.0% to 99.6%. These relationships could enable designers to properly analyze the water distribution patterns produced by an FSPS. The study concluded that the irrigation uniformity of a sprinkler irrigation system is more affected by the combination of distance from sprinkler, riser height and operating pressure.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We greatly appreciate the careful and precise reviews by the anonymous reviewers and editors.The National key research and development program No.2016YFC0400202, the key teacher training project of Jiangsu University and the Priority Academic ProgramDevelopment of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).

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(32nd ed). St. Joseph, Mich: ASAE. S330.1 [2] ASAE Standards (1985b). Procedure for sprinkler testing and performance reporting (32nd

ed.). St. Joseph, Mich: ASABE. S398.1. [3] Bautista-Capetillo, C. F., R. Salvador, J. Burguete, J. Montero, J.M. Tarjurlo, N. Zapata et al.

(2009). Comparing methodologies for the characterization of water drops emitted by an irrigation sprinkler. Transactions of the ASAE. 52; 1493-1504.

[4] Bautista-Capetillo, C., M. Zavala and E Playán (2012). Kinetic energy in sprinkler irrigation: different sources of drop diameter and velocity. Irrigation Science. 30(1); 29-41.

[5] Bautista-Capetillo, C., O. Robles, H. Salinas and E. Playán (2014). A particle tracking velocimetry technique for drop characterization in agricultural sprinklers. Irrigation Sci. 32: 437-447.

[6] Burguete, J., E. Playán, J. Montero and N. Zapata (2007). Improving drop size and velocity estimates of an optical disdrometer: Implications for sprinkler irrigation simulation. Trans

Am Soc Agric Biol Eng. 50(6); 2103–2116. [7] Carrion, P., J.M. Tarjuelo and J. Montero (2001). SIRIAS: a simulation model for sprinkler

irrigation: I Description of the model. Irrigation Sci. 2001(20); 73–84. [8] Chen, D and W.W. Wallender (1985). Droplet size distribution and water application with

low-pressure sprinklers. Transactions of the ASAE. 28: 511-516. [9] DeBoer, D. W. (2002). Drop and energy characteristics of a rotating spray-plate sprinkler.

Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 128:137-146. [10] DeBoer, D. W. and M. J. Monnens (2001). Estimation of drop size and kinetic energy from a

rotating-plate sprinkler. Transactions of the ASAE. 44: 1571-1580.

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[12] ISO, 7749 - 2. 1990. MOD, GB/T 19795.2. 2005. Agricultural irrigation equipment-rotating sprinklers-part 2: Uniformity of distribution and test methods. International Standards Organization.

[13] Kincaid, D. C., K.H. Solomon and J.C. Oliphant (1996). Drop size distributions for irrigation sprinklers. Transactions of the ASAE. 39(3); 839-845.

[14] Kincaid, D. C. (1996). Spray drop kinetic energy from irrigation sprinklers. Transactions of

the ASAE. 39(3); 847- 853. [15] King, B. A., T.W. Winward and D.L. Bjorneberg (2010). Laser precipitation monitor for

measurement of drop size and velocity of spray-plate sprinklers. Applied Engineering in

Agriculture. 26: 263-271. [16] Li, J., and H. Kawano (1996). Sprinkler rotation non uniformity and water distribution.

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measured with an optical spectro-pluviometer. Irrigation Sci. 22(2); 47-56. [20] Omary, M. and H. Sumner (2001). Modeling water distribution for irrigation machine with

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for fixed plate sprinkler using the ballistic theory. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 12(3); 850-863.

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KARAKTERIZACIJA KAPLJICA I DISTRIBUCIJE VODE FIKSNOG

RASPRSKIVAČA KOJI SE KORISTI U SISTEMU NAVODNJAVANJA

LINEARNOG TIPA

Ransford Opoku Darko

1, Shouqi Yuan

1, Junping Liu

1, Livingstone Sam-Amoah

2

1Research Centre of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University,

Zhenjiang 212013, China 2 Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Cape Coast, Central Region,

Cape Coast, PMB Ghana

Abstract: Ujednačenost sistema navodnjavanja sa rasprskivačima zavisi od mnogih faktora projektovanja, kao što su: prečnik mlaznice, radni pritisak i visina postolja. Sprovedena je eksperimentalna studija kako bi se ispitao uticaj kombinacije faktora radnog pritiska i visine postolja na raspodelu vode po površini i prečnik kapljice. Da bi se proučile karakteristike kapljice fiksnog rasprskivača tipa FSPS, prečnik i brzina kapljica su mereni pomoću laserskog monitora tipa Thies Clima.

Statistička analiza je urađena za raspodelu veličine kapi korišćenjem ponderisanog modela, metoda odnos zapremina-težina. Kumulativna zapremina učestalosti prečnika pada kapljica urađena je u odnosu na radijus rasprskivača u smislu učestalosti kapljica različitih prečnika u odnosu na visinu postolja i radni pritisak. Prečnici vlažene površine i prosečne brzine kapljica su registrovane kod povećanja pritiska i mlaznice na udaljenosti manjoj od 2m od rasprskivača.

Rezultati su pokazali da promene kombinacije rasprskivača mogu značajno promeniti karakteristike kapljice i raspodelu vode. Empirijske jednačine za distribuciju vode iz programa FSPS su razvijene sa koeficijentima određivanja u rangu od 95,0% do 99,6%.

Studija ima zaključak da je ujednačenost sistema navodnjavanja sa rasprskivačima najviše zavisi od kombinacije udaljenosti rasprskivača, visine postolja i radnog pritiska vode u sistemu .

Ključne reči: norma navodnjavanja, prečnik kapljice, hidraulične

performanse, navodnjavanje rasprskivačem, distribucija vode.




Kontakt autor. E-mail adress: [email protected]








Year XLIII No. 2, 2018. pp: 30 – 35

UDK: 631 (059) Review article

MANAGEMENT BY RESPECTING THE PROVISION OF

CONDITIONS FOR THE COMMENCEMENT OF

PROCUREMENT AND MONITORING OF IMPLEMENTATION

IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

Popović Slobodan1, Laban Bogdan

2, Popović Vera

3, Jovin Slobodanka

4,

Grublješić Željko5, Vladimir Filipović

6

1 Assistant Professor, Internal Auditor, Department of Management and Finance,

Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management, Cvećarska 2, Novi Sad, Serbia,

Phone: +381 64 0483 563, 2Assistant Professor, Department of Management and Finance, Faculty of Economics

and Engineering Management, Cvećarska 2, Novi Sad, Serbia 3Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, Novi Sad, Srbija,

4Ph.D., Professional Studies, High Business School of Novi Sad, Vladimira Perića

Valtera 4, Serbia, 5Assistant Professor, PIM University Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Despota Stefana

Lazarevića BB, Bosnia and Hercegovina, 6 Institute for Medicinal Plants Research Dr Josif Pančić, Belgrade, Serbia.

Sažetak: Managing the use of securing the conditions for starting a procurement is one of the first corrections to successful management in terms of impacting the reduction of all inputs that enter the enterprise. It was also the first starting point of the author. The second starting point was to draw attention to the importance of monitoring the realization of procurement, contractual relations, etc. so that the company will have the opportunity to optimally affect the results. We established after testing on a representative medium-sized company that the total provision of conditions for starting the procurement procedure for the necessary assets of the company is 89, over 13 set criteria at a given risk interval 1-10, or an average of 6.85 while in monitoring the overall security of contract realization and records on The 6 Criteria for Monitoring the Risk showed a total value of 26 and an average of 4.33.

_____________________________

Corresponding author: [email protected]


Popovic et al.: Management by Respecting the Provision.../Agr.Eng.(2018/2). 30 - 35 31

This just says that the first phase is marked as far as risk is concerned, and that in the coming period management should pay great attention to it in order to reduce the potential overall risk to the business of the company it is leading.

Ključne reči: management, procurement of goods, realization.

INTRODUCTION

Managing an enterprise requires combining different ways of improving work within the company itself. This changes the comprehensive working conditions of a large number of entities [1], which undoubtedly influences the changes in property values [2].

Numerous authors are trying to point out the specificity of production conditions [3]. It is necessary to respect it, but it is also necessary to draw attention to the evaluation [4], [5] regardless of how heterogeneous and varied it was in terms of real business.

Numerous authors point out that the existence of internal factors of the organization is very important for the overall management of overall management [6], [7], [8], [9] which can be seen through the evaluation of the company's activities in the market.

The end result of business activities is visible and measurable on the market, which many authors point out [10], [11], [12], above all through the financial evaluation of the company's undertaken activities. This is particularly evident in corporate governance [13], which is complicated by audit processes [14], that is, the effect on the level of medium and large companies [15].

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The paper analyzes the management of the agricultural enterprise through the testing

of two conditions for improving the management of the company. The authors achieved this using the top management test in the selected agricultural enterprise.

The first level of testing included securing the conditions for starting the procurement through 13 selected issues, and the second was the analysis of the monitoring of the realization of procurement, contractual relations by asking 6 questions to the top management. In both cases, the risk assessment interval was 1-10, and the answer was yes, or no, in actual use.

The goal of these activities was to detect the risk movement in the two stages of the enterprise. The secondary goal was to discover the relationship between the two phases, which is more important for the future business of the entrepreneurs.

The overall overarching goal was to reveal the behavior of management in relation to the setting by testing risk. The research was done in the first half of 2018 in the medium-sized company, the main agricultural activity that exists in the territory of Novi Sad for more than 50 years.

Popović i sar.: Upravljanje pomoću uvažavanja obezbeđenja.../Pojl.Tehn.(2018/2). 30 - 35 32

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Two frames were set up, firstly by analyzing the provision of conditions for starting the input in the company and monitoring the realization of the procurement. After the test, the author presented over three tables (1-3).

Table 1. Provision of conditions for the start of the procurement procedure

for the necessary company assets

Serial

Number

Description

Responses

to the test

Risk

interval

(1-10) Yes No 1. Is the communication of the employees of the

procurement department via an e-mail regarding the

affairs of individual procurement can be checked at

the request of the company's management?

No

8

2. Is there a system of financial management and

control established which would strengthen the

system of work of the procurement department and

the financial sector?

No

10

3. Is there a established procedure (policy) of

advertising the decision to start collecting the needs

of the company's business units on the company

notice board?

No

7

4. Is there a obligation to tone the session of the

Supervisory Board? No

7

5. Is there an obligation to fill in new employees in the

management? No

8

6. Is the President of the Procurement Commission

appointed to possess an expert qualification

corresponding to the subject of procurement?

No

8

7. Does the company have a policy on the use of stamps

and stamps? No

7

8. Is there a rulebook on the movement of

documentation between the enterprise sector (in

particular between the finance and procurement

sectors)?

No

9

9. Are employees familiar with the Law regulating the

affairs of Procurement? Yes

5

10. Are procurement department employees allowed

access to public databases that track legal changes in

procurement?

Yes

5

11. Do the employees of the procurement department

have access to altered legal solutions in relation to

Procurement?

Yes

5

12. Do they have a continuous communication with the

legal sector in connection with the performance of

Procurement Affairs?

Yes

5


13. Does the communication of the employees of the

department of procurement with the general service

be done in writing through the office in connection

with the performance of an individual Procurement?

Yes

5

Total risk 89

Table 2. Ensuring that records, monitoring of contract performance and reporting

are done in accordance with regulations Serial

Number

Description

Responses

to the test

Risk

interval

(1-10) Yes No 1. Is each individual procurement contract scanned? Yes 5

2. Is the individual procurement in the quarterly

procurement report of the company? Yes

4

3. Is the individual procurement included in the annual

procurement report? Yes

4

4. Is the individual procurement registered in the

department of procurement department? Yes

3

5. Is the individual procurement in the form of a copy of

the document delivered to the financial sector? Yes

5

6. Is the purchasing department's procurement opinion

required for a single procurement before the payment

of the financial sector?

Yes

5

Total risk 26

Table 3. Comparison of two different levels of security of conditions for possible

improvement of corporate governance through overall risk

No

Description

Total

risk

Average

risk

1. Provision of conditions for the start of the

procurement procedure for the necessary

company assets

89 6,85

2. Ensuring that records, monitoring of contract

performance and reporting are done in

accordance with regulations

26 4,33

Total 115

CONCLUSIONS

By this work, authors primarily draw attention to the importance of management by

using the provision of conditions for the start of procurement as one of the essential corrections to a successful top-management in terms of influencing the reduction of all inputs that enter the enterprise. In addition, the authors emphasize the importance of the realization of procurement, contractual relations and drugs in order for top management of companies to have optimal business opportunities during the management of the company.

Popović i sar.: Upravljanje pomoću uvažavanja obezbeđenja.../Pojl.Tehn.(2018/2). 30 - 35 34

We established after testing on a medium size medium-sized agricultural company that the total provision of conditions for starting the procurement procedure for the required assets of the company is 89, over 13 criteria set at a given risk interval 1-10, or an average of 6.85%, while in monitoring the overall security of the contract realization and The records on the 6 criteria for monitoring the risk showed a total value of 26 and, on average, 4.33%. The average risk of both phases is 5.59 and it is higher at 1.26% for the first investigated phase, while in the second phase it is 1.26% lower.

This is precisely the authors point out in this paper that the procurement phase and the provision of procurement conditions are remarkable and as far as risk management is concerned, the top management should in the following period pay great attention to it in order to reduce the potential overall risk to the business of the company it is leading. The risk of tracking the implementation is lower, but it should be kept under control so as not to increase.

REFERENCES

[1] Popović., S., (2014). Socio-ekonomski faktori ograničenja razvoja agrara, Monografija,

Fimek, Novi Sad, p 30. [2] Popović, S., Novaković, S., Đuranović, D., Mijić, R., Grublješić, Ž., Aničić, J. &

Majstorović, A. (2017). Application of international accounting standard-16 in a public company with predominantly agricultural activities, Economic Research-Ekonomska

Istraživanja, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1850–1864. [3] Popović S, Jovin S, Đuranović D, Popović V, Filipović V, Munitlak-Ivanović O, Grublješić

Ž, Mijić R.(2017b). The Importance of Planting Pot Marigolds (Calendula officinalis L.) in degraded public spaces from the agroecological and economic perspective. Contemporary

Agriculture, 66(1-2): 27-31. [4] Gritsenko O.I. and Skorba O.A., (2015). Internal business control of service quality costs:

managerial aspect, Actual problems of economics, 3, pp. 365-373. [5] Panchuk P., (2015). Harmonization of accounting and taxation accounting at reporting

formation on income. Аctual problems of economy, pp. 373-379. [6] Popović S., (2015). Implementacija heterogenih rizika u radu interne revizije, Revizor, 69,

pp. 7-19. [7] Popović S., Majstorović A., Grublješić Ž., (2015). Valuation of facilities in use and

application of international accounting standards. Аctual problems of economy, p. 379-387. [8] Popović, S., (2015). Implementacija heterogenih rizika u radu interne revizije, Revizor, No.

69, pp.7-19. [9] Popović, S., (2015). Interna revizija kao pokretač finansijske analize u javnim preduzećima

RS, Revizor, 72, str. 41-53. [10] Jovin, S. (2016). Financing obstacles of small enterprises-empirical analysis in the republic

of Serbia. Teme, 3: 1101-1118. [11] Jovin, S., Đukanović, S. (2012). Problemi finansijskog izveštavanja malih i srednjih

preduzeća, Finansije, 252-270. [12] Jovin, S. (2011). Business and Financial Support to Small and Medium Enterprises in Serbia.

International Conference for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development

ICEIRD, 5-7 May, Ohrid, Macedonia, 1-7. [13] Cantino, V. (2010). Korporativno uptravjanje, merenje performansi i normativna usaglašenost sistema internih kontrola, Data Status, Beograd, p. 17.


[14] Majstorović A. and Popović S. (2015). Revizija poslovanja poljoprivrednog preduzeća, Računovodstvo, 1, 77-85.

[15] Skrypnyk, M.I. and Vygivska I.M. (2015). Mortgage as one of the most effective types of collateral: accounting aspects, Actual problems of economics, No. 3(165) 388-393.

UPRAVLJANJE POMOĆU UVAŽAVANJA OBEZBEĐENJA USLOVA

ZA POČETAK NABAVKI I PRAĆENJA REALIZACIJE

U POLJOPRIVREDNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

Popović Slobodan1, Laban Bogdan

2, Popović Vera

3, Jovin Slobodanka

4,

Grublješić Željko5, Vladimir Filipović

6

1Docent, interni revizor, Fakultet za ekonomiju i industrijski menadžment, Cvećarska 2,

Novi Sad, Srbija Phone: +381 64 0483 563, Corresponding author:

[email protected], 2 Docent, Fakultet za ekonomiju i industrijski menadžment, Cvećarska 2, Novi Sad,

Srbija, 3Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Maksima Gorkog 30, Novi Sad, Srbija,

4Visoka poslovna škola Vladimira Perića Valtera 4, Novi Sad, Srbija,

5Docent, Univerzitet za poslovni inžinjering i menadžment, Banja Luka, Despota Stefana

Lazarevića BB, BiH, 6Institut za lekovito bilje Josif Pančić, Beograd, Srbija.

Sažetak: Upravljanje uz korišćenje obezbeđenja uslova za početak nabavki je jedan od prvih korektiva uspešnom menadžmentu u smislu uticanja na smanjivanje svih inputa koji ulaze u preduzeće. To je bila i prvo polazište autora. Drugo polazište je bilo skretanje pažnje na značaj praćenja realizacije nabavke, ugovornih odnosa i dr. kako bi preduzeće imalo mogućnosti za optimalno efektuiranje rezultata. Utvrdili smo nakon testiranja na reprezentativnom preduzeću srednje veličine da ukupno obezbeđeni uslova za početak postupka nabavke potrebnih dobara preduzeća iznose 89, preko 13 postavljenih kriterijuma na datom intervalu rizika 1-10, odnosno prosečno 6,85 dok kod praćenja ukupne obezbeđenosti realizacije ugovora i evidencije na 6 kriterijuma praćenja rizik je pokazivao ukupnu vrednost od 26 odnosno prosečno 4,33. To upravo govori da je prva faza izrazita što se tiče rizika i da u narednom periodu menadžment treba da joj pokloni veliku pažnju kako bi smanjio mogući ukupni rizik po poslovanje preduzeća koga vodi.

Ključne reči: upravljanje, nabavka robe, realizacija.











Year XLIII No. 2, 2018. pp: 36 – 45

UDK: 631.3 Review article

SAFE DRIVING AND WORKING WITH AGRICULTURAL AND

FORESTRY VEHICLES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA

Robert Jerončič

1

1Ministry of Infrastructure, Langusova ulica 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Abstract: If we want to reduce the number of fatalities and injured people because of driving and working with agricultural and forestry vehicles, we have to regulate the whole area of use such vehicles. First step for this are conformity assessment procedures before putting agricultural and forestry vehicles on the market to achieve that only approved vehicles will come to the market. At the moment of the registration procedure of these vehicles for the use on public roads and for work these vehicles have to be equipped with the equipment that is obliged and prescribed in the EU harmonised legislation and in the national legislation. In the exploitation these vehicles have to be in good condition that is checked with the periodic roadworthiness tests. This area is well regulated and harmonised because it is prescribed in the EU legislation. And finally the police and different inspectorates perform the roadside inspections that check the technical condition of these vehicles at driving and also at work on the field. On the other side also the drivers of agricultural and forestry vehicles need education in order to recognise what is the proper use of these vehicles, where their limits are and how to recognise the moments where they are only one step from causing an accident. If all mentioned systems work properly there is a possibility to reduce the number of fatalities and injured people with such vehicles.

Key words: safety, legislation, agricultural vehicles, forestry vehicles, approval

INTRODUCTION

Human lives are the most valuable and for this reason we have to protect people in

all areas of work and living. One of these areas are also save driving and working with agricultural and forestry vehicles. Working and driving with these vehicles is regulated in all areas.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Robert Jeroncic: Safe Driving and Working with Agricultural.../Agr.Eng.(2018/2).36 - 45 37

Namely, there is a conformity assessment legislation that regulate agricultural and forestry vehicles before they are send to the market, then we have legislation about the equipment of those vehicles, legislation for yearly roadworthiness tests, some of those vehicles could be a subject of roadside inspection and there is also a legislation that define the supervision of this field.

Figure 1. Agricultural and forestery tractors on public road, [19].

1. CONFORMITY ASSESMENT OF AGRICULTURAL

AND FORESTRY VEHICLES

The first step is the legislation on conformity assessment of agricultural and forestry vehicles (Fig.1.) that are prepared by experts and various working groups from this field and approved by institutions in Brussels.

In Brussels, regulations with the approval content are published, that are obligatory acts for all European Union Member States. For the type approval a framework Regulation is Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 February 2013 on the approval and market surveillance of agricultural and forestry vehicles [1]. Other parts, components and systems are regulated with the following acts:

- Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1322/2014 of 19 September 2014 supplementing and amending Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to vehicle construction and general requirements for the approval of agricultural and forestry vehicles [2],

- Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/68 of 15 October 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to vehicle braking requirements for the approval of agricultural and forestry vehicles [3],

- Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/96 of 1 October 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards environmental and propulsion unit performance requirements of agricultural and forestry vehicles [4],

- Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/208 of 8 December 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to vehicle functional safety requirements for the approval of agricultural and forestry vehicles [5],

- Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/504 of 11 March 2015 implementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the

Robert Jerončič: Sigurna vožnja i radovi sa poljoprivrednim.../Polj.Tehn.(2018/2). 36 - 45 38

Council with regard to the administrative requirements for the approval and market surveillance of agricultural and forestry vehicles [6].

Beside this in Geneva in the working group World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) within the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) various UNECE Regulations are published, but the contracting parties to the UNECE Agreement could decide whether they will use this legislation or not. If we mentioned some of them, that are relevant also for agricultural and forestry vehicles:

- UNECE Regulation No. 14 [7], - UNECE Regulation No. 16 [8], - UNECE Regulation No. 43 [9], - UNECE Regulation No. 60 [10] … In this field there are also OECD Codes that are prepared in Paris within the

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). For agricultural and forestry vehicles are relevant the following Codes:

- OECD Code 3: OECD standard code for the testing of the strength of protective structures for agricultural and forestry tractors (dynamic test),

- OECD Code 4: OECD standard code for the testing of the strength of protective structures for agricultural and forestry tractors (static test),

- OECD Code 5: OECD standard code for the official measurement of noise at the driving position(s) on agricultural and forestry tractors,

- OECD Code 6: OECD standard code for the testing of front-mounted protective structures on narrow-track wheeled agricultural and forestry tractors,

- OECD Code 7: OECD standard code for the testing of the rear-mounted protective structures on narrow-track wheeled agricultural and forestry tractors,

- OECD Code 8: OECD standard code for the official testing of protective structures on agricultural and forestry tracklaying tractors,

- OECD Code 9: OECD standard code for the official testing of protective structures for telehandlers,

- OECD Code 10: OECD standard code for the official testing of falling object protective structures on agricultural and forestry tractors.

All this legislation is very important for the producers of agricultural and forestry vehicles because their products have to fulfil all the requirements from the legislation if they want to put these products for sale on the market. And on the other side all the technical services or laboratories for approval tests have to be very familiar with this legislation to perform test on a proper way.

This is the first step to safe working and driving. The next step is to organize safety at working and driving on roads.

2. EQUIPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY VEHICLES

2.1. Obligatory equipment

In the Republic of Slovenia, the equipment of all road vehicles is prescribed in the Rules on parts and equipment of vehicles [7] where all parts of vehicles and their equipment that is not included in harmonised legislation are prescribed. This area is not harmonised within the European Union yet but we in the Republic of Slovenia have similar prescriptions as other European Union Member States.


The equipment is divided into two groups, obligatory and mandatory equipment. For agriculture and forestry vehicles it is prescribed, that those vehicles have to be equipped with:

- safety triangle type approved according to the UNECE Regulation No.27 [8], - box with first aid material, - chocks to prevent vehicles from moving. If the design speed of agriculture and forestry vehicles is not higher than 40 km/h

they have to be on the back side marked with the rear marking plates for slow-moving vehicles type approved according to the UNECE Regulation No. 69 [9]. Mandatory equipment of agriculture and forestry vehicles are additional working lamps that helps the driver to work also at night or in conditions of reduced visibility.

Figure 2. Some lables on the board for safe working and driving agricultural

or forestery machines, [18].

For a better traffic safety, we prescribed for agriculture and forestry vehicles similar

retro reflexive elements like in some other European union member states (Fig.2). Namely, agricultural and forestry tractors and their trailers or tractor attachments and working machines with a width of more than 2,55 m must have in road traffic at the far points of their width front and rear transversally fitted warning signs according to the SIST EN 12899-1 standard DIN, class RA 2, CR 2. The tables must be at least 400 mm x 400 mm in size and 100 mm wide reflective white and red belts must be exchanged at an angle of 45° (Fig.3.) . If the design of the vehicle so permits, labels with the same characteristics as the warning signs may be affixed instead of the tables.

Figure 3. Reflective tables standard DIN, class RA 2, CR 2 for agriculture

and forestery vehicles in Slovenia public traffic [18], [20].

If the design of the vehicle does not allow the fitting of marking tables of the

prescribed size, marking plates or marking labels of the same characteristics may be installed, with a minimum area of 600 cm2 and a smallest side of 120 mm.


If the distance between the outer edge of agriculture and forestry vehicles or tractor connections and the outer edge of the vehicle's position lamps is more than 400 mm, at night or in conditions of reduced visibility, as close as possible to the outer edge, additional position lamps and retro-reflectors back and forth.

The outer edges of the tractor attachments not exceeding 2,55 m may be marked with the signboards or labels, but having up to 2,0 m are fitted with components which may be dangerous to others participants in traffic and are not easily visible (e.g. blades, tips, spokes, edges).

All vehicles that operate at 40 km/h or less, including: tractors, self-propelled agricultural and forestery equipment, road construction & maintenance machinery, animal-powered vehicles. Slow-moving vehicle sign , standard HTA 76

Figure 4. Slow Mowing Vehicle (SMV) sign for agriculture and forestery

vehicles in Slovenia public traffic [18], [20].

The sign SMV (EU regulation ECE R No 69.01: Max. length 30.6 cm, height 35 cm, and red retro-reflective border 4.5 cm), anshould be placed as close as practical to the centre of the rear of the vehicle and between 0.6 m and 2 m above the road: It must be clearly visible for a distance of not less than 150 m

The regulation sets out the minimum dimensions, shape, colour and reflectivity of the sign SMV.

The sign SMV may be larger provided each dimension is increased by the same amount. A sign SMV should be replaced when faded or damaged.

3. PERIODICAL ROADWORTHINESS TESTS OF AGRICULTURAL


3.1. Legal basis

Prescriptions for periodical roadworthiness tests of the road vehicles are harmonised in the European Union. This area is already for a long time prescribed with the EU Directives. The last Directive for this area comes into force in May 2017. This is Directive 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on periodic roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers and repealing Directive 2009/40/EC [10].


3.2. Slovene legislation

In the Republic of Slovenia, we transpose the content of the Directive mentioned in

3.1 for practical reasons into three acts. Some prescriptions have been inserted into the Motor Vehicle Act [5] especially the articles on the scope that prescribe which categories of vehicles have to go to the periodic roadworthiness tests, frequency of inspections and penalties. According to this Directive periodic roadworthiness tests are obligatory only for tractors of category T5 (wheeled tractors with a maximum design speed of more than 40 km/h) but we have prescribed from the beginning that all agriculture and forestry tractors have to be inspected.

Detail prescriptions regarding the periodic roadworthiness tests procedures and for the equipment needed for these test are transposed into the Ministerial Rules on technical inspections for motor vehicles and their trailers.

Directive 2014/45/EU described in Annex I very detailed prescriptions which parts and systems of vehicles have to inspected, the way of inspection and possible deficiencies. The deficiencies have to be classified into three groups, minor, major and dangerous. Minor deficiencies have no significant effect on the safety of the vehicle and the vehicle could be in the traffic.

Major deficiencies may prejudice the safety of the vehicle of have an impact on the environment or put other road users at risk and therefore the driver has to repair the vehicle and come back to the technical inspection. If the vehicle has dangerous deficiencies, such vehicle constituting a direct and immediate risk to road safety or an impact to the environment and such vehicle is not allowed in the traffic unless it is repaired. This Annex is transposed into Slovene national legislation through the technical specification on procedures for periodic roadworthiness tests No. TSV 605 [11].

According to the legislation mentioned above agriculture and forestry tractors of all categories have to be inspected periodically. In the Republic of Slovenia all new tractors have to be inspected first time after 4 years, then twice after two years and later every year. This periodic is the same as for passenger cars.

At the moment in the Republic of Slovenia there are about 100 authorised organisations for periodic roadworthiness tests. Authorisation is given by the Slovene Road Traffic Safety Agency which also act as an approval authority. These organisations are quite evenly distributed in Slovenia but because of the specific use of such vehicles there is a possibility prescribed in the Ministerial Rules that those authorised organisations for periodic roadworthiness tests could perform tests on every town or village where appropriate flat and smooth surface is available.

4. ROADSIDE INSPECTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL


4.1. Legal basis

Prescriptions for roadside inspections of the road vehicles are also harmonised in the European Union. This area is already for a long time prescribed with the EU Directives. The last Directive for this area comes into force in May 2017.


This is Directive 2014/47/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the technical roadside inspection of the roadworthiness of commercial vehicles circulating in the Union and repealing Directive 2000/30/EC [12].

Prescriptions covered only commercial vehicle and this Directive included also agricultural and forestry vehicles of category T5. According to the European Commission wheeled tractors with a maximum design speed exceeding 40 km/h are increasingly used to replace trucks in local transport activities and for commercial road haulage purposes. Their risk potential is comparable to that of trucks, and vehicles in that category, which are used mainly on public roads, should therefore be treated in the same way as trucks when it comes to technical roadside inspections.


In the Republic of Slovenia, the Directive from 4.1 has been transposed with the Motor vehicle act and, the major part, with the Ministerial Order on roadside inspections of the road vehicles [13]. Competent authorities are Police and Inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia for Infrastructure. According to the regulation they perform the initial roadside technical inspections and detailed roadside technical inspections.

In most cases for detailed roadside inspections the use authorised organisations for periodic roadworthiness tests who perform extraordinary roadworthiness test. For such tests prescriptions and procedures are the same as for ordinary roadworthiness test and are listed in the technical specification on procedures for periodic roadworthiness tests No. TSV 605

5. THE SUPERVISION OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY VEHICLES


In the Republic of Slovenia, the supervision on use and work with agriculture and forestry tractors are prescribed by the Motor Vehicle Act. According to this act the competent authorities are Police, Inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia for Infrastructure, Inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia for Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting and Fisheries and Labour Inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia. The Labour Inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia supervise only by legal and natural persons who have the status of an employer or a self-employed person, in accordance with the regulations governing occupational safety and health. The supervision of tractors at agricultural and forestry work outside the roads only covers safety elements on tractors.

CONCLUSIONS

All the above-mentioned measures for higher safety apply only to agricultural and

forestry vehicles. We must be aware, however, that this is only part of the security field. If we want to ensure thorough and deliberate safety, it is necessary to ensure that the drivers of these tractors are well trained. If drivers do not recognize dangerous situations and react correctly in such situations, an accident and casualty may occur despite a safe vehicle.


REFERENCES [1] Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 February

2013 on the approval and market surveillance of agricultural and forestry vehicles, Official Journal of the European Union, No. 60, 2 March 2013, pp. 1-49.

[2] Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1322/2014 of 19 September 2014 supplementing and amending Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to vehicle construction and general requirements for the approval of agricultural and forestry vehicles, Official Journal of the European Union, No. 364, 18 December 2014, pp. 1-315.

[3] Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/68 of 15 October 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to vehicle braking requirements for the approval of agricultural and forestry vehicles, Official Journal of the European Union, No. 17, 23 January 2015, pp. 1-139.

[4] Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/96 of 1 October 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards environmental and propulsion unit performance requirements of agricultural and forestry vehicles, Official Journal of the European Union, No. 16, 23 January 2015, pp. 1-21.

[5] Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/208 of 8 December 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to vehicle functional safety requirements for the approval of agricultural and forestry vehicles, Official Journal of the European Union, No. 42, 17 February 2015, pp. 1-175.

[6] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/504 of 11 March 2015 implementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the administrative requirements for the approval and market surveillance of agricultural and forestry vehicles, Official Journal of the European Union, No. 85, 28 March 2015, pp. 1-197.

[7] UNECE Regulation No. 14, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to safety-belt anchorages, ISOFIX anchorages systems and ISOFIX top tether anchorages and i-Size seating positions.

[8] UNECE Regulation No. 16, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of: I. Safety-belts, restraint systems, child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles II. Vehicles equipped with safety-belts, safety-belt reminders, restraint systems, child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems and i-Size child restraint systems.

[9] UNECE Regulation No. 43, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of safety glazing materials and their installation on vehicles.

[10] UNECE Regulation No. 60, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of two-wheeled motor cycles and mopeds with regard to driver-operated controls including the identification of controls, tell-tales and indicators.

[11] Pravilnik o delih in opremi vozil (“Rules on parts and equipment of vehicles”), Uradni list RS, No. 44/14, 36/14, 69/15, 44/17 and 75/17.

[12] UNECE Regulation No. 27, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of advance-warning triangles.

[13] UNECE Regulation No. 69, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of rear marking plates for slow-moving vehicles (by construction) and their trailers.


[14] Directive 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on periodic road worthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers and repealing Directive 2009/40/EC (OJ L 127, 29.4.2014, p. 51–128).

[15] Motor Vehicle Act (OJ RS, No. 75/17). [16] Odredba o določitvi seznama tehničnih specifikacij o postopkih s področja motornih in

priklopnih vozil (“Ministerial Order on setting a list of technical specifications on procedures for motor vehicles and their trailers”) Uradni list RS, št. 50/11, 106/11, 72/14, 9/17 and 75/17 – ZMV-1 and Tehnična specifikacija za vozila št. TSV 605/02 o postopkih za izvedbo tehničnih pregledov motornih in priklopnih vozil (“Technical specification for vehicles No. 605/02 on procedures for periodic roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers”).

[17] Directive 2014/47/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the technical roadside inspection of the roadworthiness of commercial vehicles circulating in the Union and repealing Directive 2000/30/EC (OJ L 127, 29.4.2014, p. 134–218).

[18] http://tabletop.texasfarmbureau.org/2017/07/drive-slow-save-life/ [19] https://www.modhoster.com/mods/wellcome-to-slovenia-17 [20] http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/trucks/pdfs/farm-guide-farm-equipment-on-the-

highway.pdf

SIGURNA VOŽNJA I RADOVI SA POLJOPRIVREDNIM

I ŠUMSKIM VOZILIMA U REPUBLICI SLOVENIJI

Robert Jerončič 1

1Ministry of Infrastructure, Langusova ulica 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia

2

Sažetak: Ako želimo da smanjimo broj smrtnih slučajeva i povređenih ljudi zbog vožnje i rada sa poljoprivrednim i šumskim vozilima, moramo regulisati čitavu oblast korišćenja takvih vozila. Prvi korak za to su procedure za ocenjivanje usaglašenosti pre nego što se na tržištu pojave neka poljoprivredna i šumska vozila . Tako se postigne da na tržište dođu samo odobrena po Zakonu ispravna pomenuta vozila. U momentu postupka registracije ovih vozila za upotrebu na javnim putevima i za rad ova vozila moraju imati opremomu koja je obavezna i propisana u zakonodavstvu EU i nacionalnom zakonodavstvu (Slovenija). U eksploataciji ova vozila moraju biti u dobrom stanju koje se proverava periodičnim testovima tehničkog pregleda. Ova oblast je dobro regulisana i usklađena jer je propisana u zakonodavstvu EU. Na kraju, policija i različiti inspektori obavljaju inspekciju na putevima koji proveravaju tehničko stanje ovih vozila prilikom vožnje na javnim i drugim puteviam i na radnom mestu. Sa druge strane, vozači poljoprivrednih i šumskih vozila moraju imati obrazovanje kako bi prepoznali pravilnu upotreba ovih vozila, gde su njihove granice i kako prepoznati trenutke u kojima su samo jedan korak od uzroka nesreće. Ako svi pomenuti sistemi ispravno funkcionišu, postoji mogućnost smanjenja broja smrtnih slučajeva i povrieđenih osoba koje rade sa takvim vozilima. Ključne reči: Bezbednost, zakonodavstvo, poljoprivredna vozila, šumska vozila

[email protected]

http://tabletop.texasfarmbureau.org/2017/07/drive-slow-save-life/

https://www.modhoster.com/mods/wellcome-to-slovenia-17

http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/trucks/pdfs/farm-guide-farm-equipment-on-the-highway.pdf

http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/trucks/pdfs/farm-guide-farm-equipment-on-the-highway.pdf

CIP Kaталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Cрбије, Београд 631(059) ПОЉОПРИВРЕДНА техника : научни часопис = Agricultural Еngineering : Scientific Journal / одговорни уредник Mићо В. Ољача – Год. 1, бр. 1 (1963)- . - Београд; Земун : Институт за пољопривредну технику, 1963- (Београд : Штампарија : Пољопривредни факултет, Немањина 6, 11080 Земун) . – 25 cm Тромесечно. – Прекид у излажењуод 1987-1997. године ISSN 0554-5587 = Пољопривредна техника COBISS.SR-ID 16398594

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