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United ESAW/CRVSI93116 ORIGINAL: ENGUSH

EAST AND SOUTH ASIAN WORKSHOP ON STRATEGIES fOR ACCELERAnNG THE IMPROVEMENT . OF CIVIL REGISTRAnON AND viTAL S+lTISTIC8 'lSllM" '" ..

STATISTICAL DIVISION UNITED ~TlONS

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BEIJING,·~. NOVEMBER - 3 DECEMBER, 1993 . ......1 .:,[.1'/ '. <. < : ~'. {,":' ~: .. 1 .: ,--

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STNtE STATISTICAL BUREAU, CHINA

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THE CURRENT STATUS OF VITAL STATISTICS AND CIVIL REGISTRATION SYSTEMS

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IN THE REPUBUC OF KOREA

by

Sam-8ik Lee and

Jong Choi

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The Current Status of Vital Statistics

and Civil Registration Systems

in the Republic of Korea

By

Sam-Sik LEE and Jong CHor

The Current Report Presented to the Workshop on Strategies for Accelerating the Improvement of Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Systems, Beijing" China, 29 November-3 December 1993

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-General Background, , , ~ ... ~

('( 1. The 'Republic of Kore-a:'occupies the southern half of the Korean peninsula, • having:, -an" ar:ea'of 38 thousand square mi les (99, thousand kaf), or 0.07 p'et'ceb:t d-fi.the world. The peninsula, which. is largely mounta'1i:l0us',:) i~!;-sit:t1a:ted at the far eastern part ox, the Asian continefllt"J. Ji-tnseparartes' the Yellow Sea on the west ,.$~om the Sea'::of Ea$t:r'cn:;th~.': easiti; On the south it is qoundedc by the KoreaStrai t a:tid'> on t'ne north the Democratic People.'is Republic of· Korea'(Nor.thi>Kot-ea)i)shares its border wi th Chinaqand Russi •. <:; .

2~rl2The Korean.peopleiis comp~sed; ~f'bnly one race, namely Han race, which is acadeJilitill[!y:- classified as the Tungusic sect 6f the Mongolian,and'ib;"Htftguage)is also one with little dialetic variations. The Korean people has been long influenced by t-tie;confucism of whleh!~he principles are true loyal ty to friends, relatives espechillW"parents;' the aged, rulers, etc. In;recent years, the K01'eaft i ·Ytradi tl6n:alvalues have however become", weakened in the societ:y, al'origt'wi th its industrialization which has been accompanied b"th~;intrbduction of western life style., ,Nevertheless, such traditi'o'nal',vaHues are still spiri tual propa·of Koreans.

3. The Republic-'df~' Korea had ·;'faced adverse effects of dislocation of the national economy due to the divided Koreas and pervasive destructions of the Korean War, in addition to its enormous population pressures and unfavorable natural resource endowments. Wi t~:Jru\;.~~·~~~~iio~ {qf the First Five Year Economic Development Plan in 19'62, Korean ,economy began a shift from its traditionally stagnant agriculture based economy. The

. ,~~cRnomic stru.~ture was:tp~~iLIY):Jll tered with an increasingly rapid economic. growth ,; :duI1~I\g tthe lDe::fle~opment Plan periods. Th~s,~;. were accompanied by ,;:.an ,S>"J!,;raJlJ/development of Korean ~()ciet,y.; such a,s urbaniza~Jpn':i mod~rn.i:zation of the social

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r:~F; ::( "<'. sr.,~t~~"and change in valqe,. orient~,tj:~:>n$.l-J' '.

4. The rapid growth of the economy has inevitably been • ." 1 accompanied by c.hange~ i~ tpe, ;j..p.du;strial structure. During the

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.:, . period 1954-61, primary industry c;e:;mt:ributed 44 percent to the f" ." -' .c- GNI\. ,~lld secondary industry.: .;C9IJlwsedof manufacturing and

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. '. mlnl,ng." contributed only ,I,? ·per~.~nt·..The primary industry ,'i"i" ·2"sq..a·r~ has continuously' decH.n~d, .. $,i-n(:e,; then, and the opposite is

'. '. ",.:' true for . secondary industry, '. ·;rbe share of tertiary industry, : . ~ '.

whlch consists of socialov~~~ead capital and other services, increased gradually. Korean economic growth has been led by

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secondary industry since the early 1970s. The economic growth is usually evaluated as the most crucial factor in this overall societal transformation since 1960.

5. The country consists of nine Dos (provinces) and six special ci ties(Shis) which hav,e the same status as Dos. The six 'special cities are Seoul-tukpyo1shithe capital of Republic of Korea and the other 5 Jikaishis such a's Pusan, Taegu, Inchon, Kwangju, and Taejon. The six special cities are subdivided into wards(Gus) which encompass a n~mberof" sub-wards (Dongs) . The nine Dos, which comprise both rural and urban areas,are Kyonggi -do, Kangwon-do, Chungchongbuk~do,Chungchongnam-do,Cho11abuk-do,

'Chollanam-do, Kyongsangbuk-9'~, Ky~ngsangnam-do, Cheju-do. Each Do contains cities(Shis) and counties(Guns). The county is sub­divided into collections of townships(Myons) and towns(Eps). The Epcomprises both urban, "and rural characteristics but the Myon is considered as the pU,re rural areas'.

6. The most c;>f Shis undeI,"'each'Do are composed of Dongs. However, the large Shis ,which have usually 500 thousand population and more are dividedintb Gus,which contain Dongs as in case of the six specia.l Silis,. "The'difference is that the Gus under the special Shis have the rights of personal management,

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budget compilation, etc., ,while those under the large Shis are not given such rights. In~ll, theie are 6 special Shis, 68 Shis, 136 Guns, 74 Gus, 175 Eps, 1234 Myons, and 2243 Dongs as of the end of June 1993.

II. Demographic Profile·

7. The Republic of Korea is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. According to the censuses, there were 25.0 million people in 1960, 31. 5 million in 1970 and 37.4 million in 1980. In the 1990 x:ound. the population was enumerated as 43.4 million,' ,a den!;ii ~y of 437 people per square kilometres.

8. A typical population phenomena developed along with the changing political situation. ,With the liberation and division of the country in 1945, the Republic of Korea experienced historically unprecedented rapid population growth as a result of a heavy repatriation of Kor~ans from Japan an~ Manchuria and a large influx of refuge,es from the North. During the Korean War(1950~1953).the,deathrate rose sharply. but the loss

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of p,opul,ation was offset' by' a seco~d surg~ of: refugees from the North'." '" The population' showed the rapid increasing pattern, in~t~~~ced by the post-war baby-boom.

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,'~. $~"... With the i;ni tiation of a national family program which "',', '~as" ,launched as an i'ntegraipart of , national development in ';' .. '1962, ' fertil! ty started 'declini~g,. 'The crude birth rate was

42 . .1 in1960 but declined -dras'tically to 15.6 in 1990. The total fe,r:t;ili ty rate,:sto'od'at' 6.0 in 1960, which continued to lower to reach the replacement level of 2.1 births in the mid-1980s and, ,f\lrther: declinec!': 'to,l. ~" level in 1990. Concomi tant

:"~ith t~e feftility decline, there was a great reductiori in the an~~.lt:il17,ate of populaffcirt"grdlVth., 'The rate declined dra'stically

'ftC;m,' 3:0 percent in 1960 to less than one perceI:1t in the \' beginning of 1990s.

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10., Such decline in fertility was in great part lea'by the decline in mortality and improveinEmt in women's status. The mortality decline was more stabilized than the fertility decline. The crude death rate was 12;1; iri~ig60 but declined to 9.5 in 1970,6.7 in 1980 and 5.8 'in 199b: As a result,the expectation of life at ,birth, increased ,from pI. 4 years for male and 53.7 j~ais for ,female dUring the period 1955-60 to 66.9 years .nd 75.0 years in 1989, respectively. Equally or more important factors in the recent mortality decline were a rapid expansion of health and medical services tpr9ughout the country. This steady incr~asehas been primarily ~ttributable to the marked reduction in the IMR over the period. Adoption of the National Fami ly Planning Programme in 1962 is, known to have contributed greatly to the improvement of maternal and children's health. Tpe IMR was 53 in 1970. It sharJ?ly fell to 32 in 1'980 and fuither ,declined to 12.8 i~i990.

11. The overall sex composition of population has been insignif~"can'!;,ly changed' -over:the periods. The sex ratio was

'100.7 il1 l.990 which is not quite changed from those in the past years. ,However:.; the sex structure' by age group is qui te dist'inctive..',l'he sex 'ratiO at the 9-4 age group was 111. 2 in 1990,.i~~reased from 108.0 in 1985. The high sex ratios at yo~nger ages resulted" f'rom the strong, son preference of Korean pe'ople which has been' : long influenced by' the Confucism.' The

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quite low sex ratios~tolder age groups are also true for 'the Korean people; The reasorifo-r the "relatively, high ratios of older population 'in (Ko":tea :'" can be explained by-the '61gger difference in mortali ty rates :between adul t males and females,

, , which have been greatly favorable for the females.

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12. The change in tbe spatial structure of populat~on has coincided with economic development, and~; modernizatio~. The industrialization pr6ces$ .'. strategy Koreali employed '., ,in its

,·inf~tia1 ~tage was export-orfente,d light manufacturing. the light . i' , ...... fndustry located in the'lrban '-"area absorbed the population

from the rural areas. The massive migration from rural areas to urban industrial centers in turn accelerated the transformation

... i of tile '~ypic~l agricultural base society to the industri~l one. , '"'. t ~ . . r.. , "

;, To' accoinodate the large"influx of rurall population, '. major cities e~p~nded their boundary as well as facilities. .

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. i3~ There wer,e'onl,'Y" 12 major ci ties in 1945. The number of 'cities incr~~sed: to 74 in 1990. Due to the increase in the . 'numb'er of cities., and the expansion of city . itself by pulling popt.llation,~ l the· degree of urb"n,Jzation as"measured by the proportion of .popu1ation livirlg . in the urban areas(ci ties) has rapidly increased. The ~rban population accounted for only 28.0 percent of the total in 1960. However, it doubled to 57.S percent in 1980 and further increased to 74.4 percent in' 1990.

14. The urbanization process in Korea has been distinc~.ively characterized by the high concentration of populatio~frito a few ci ties. In particular, Seoul has been the main c~nt'er of population concentrationsi'nce 196.0s. . Seoul comprised! 2 .. 4 million in 1960, which isfn'creased to 10,,6 million in 1990 by more than four-folds, accounting for <;me fourth or 24.4 percent of the total population. Seoul's surrounding satelli t~cl.t.ies have experienced the' most 'population gr.pwth;o' . Consequently,.the Seoul metropoli tan area includIng Seoul, . .Inchon and Kyon,ggi;-do comprised 42.8 percent of the total pop~lation. However,. the adverse effects of elQcessive concent.r.atio~ discouraged m~:gration to the, megapolicies. 'From" the eariy;: 1980s, the pop~~ation cbncentrad.on in the megap61icies b~gan to show a ~iowdown trend while the medium and s_all'size of cities grew faster.

15. Kor~ap~: ,have put:high val'ues . o~ educat'ioil sInce .t,hey ". believiii educ'ation not onlyProvid~s prestigeancl respect but 'l~dso' is '.: the' m(;st impot·talltmeans. 'for levelling up their social : and economic stat~~h Such high a..plrat~ons.foreducation rooted .' frOM the tradi tiqoal cuI ture.'Ac;:corcUng to the 1955 censu~., 'thefliiteracy~~t·e;';for:the popuiat_ion agec1 ,20 and' over was ;26.-3. However,' it! was~ reduced '-to .14. 8 . in 1970. Among 'the ,population aged ~()t ,and 'over, ; the 'proportion, of population wh9 'have never attendecl':" the school decreased from 29.0 percent in 1970 to 9. 3 perce~t,:in.,1990. Thep~QPor:tion of pOPulationiw~ ~b high'educational ,,&.;ttainment oftollege .' .and over appe'aired·~S.·6 percent:for the,p~pul&tion ,aged' 2;5,-29 accor4ing to ->-tlle '1'990

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census, al though it decreased wi th age-.-' ;;" 'Such a trend was facilitated by the introduction of cumpulsory primary school .-c: ~ . education and the continuous expansion .. of: the educational system in addi tion to the high inspirations,. bf Korean people.

III. The Civil Registration System

1. Legal frame of the system

16. The civil registration in the Republid;p:f Korea is not a recent development,~ The history of civil 're~~stration dates back to the era of Three Kingdoms(BC 57~AD 668). Its main purposes were to accomodate the Government's tax collection, conscription, compulsory labor, etc. In the era of United Silla

"Kingdom(AD 668-935),. there was also a systematic registration of population and households, which was supposed to be updated every three years.

17. The civil re~:istration system was continued to the Koryo Dynasty(935~1392). The system in this era took the different registration forms according ,to the status of registrants; one form wa~ designed to record the cumpulsdry military and labor duties of the common men. aged 16 and over and another form to record kinship and their slaves.

18. During the Chosen Dynasty(1392-1909), the civil registra­tion was reinforced by, consolidating the system. As one of such efforts, the regulation of Hogusung KupGyuchi was enacted in 1428. . The system was put. under the responsibility of the Ministry of Justice and the local administ:tative offices were imposed to collect the registration forin's' 'and update the

. registers which, contained address, date of' registration. name, age.occup~tion, family name, relation to the head of household, name and age of slaves, etc. The local offices were also reponsible for identifying births, deaths and migrants. The registration forms which were collected by the head of the lowest administrative unit(Yi) were submi'tted, through Gun and province, to the central Government.

19. The system was further evolved by ,t'he promulgation(Royal 1

Decree, 61) of Decree on Household and Population Survey(Hogu- ~

Josa-Gyuchic) in 1896(1st of Sept.). I,ts bylaWS were published by the Ministry of Home Affairs Order 8. Thefrequency fOf

updating register~ and counting population and'households was

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transferred from triennial to annual basis. Creation of new , hO,useholds" replacement of ·householdhead,'Occurrenceof birth

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and ,;death, etc:" were to be ,rtegistered within 20 days after theii occurrence. The ,Hogu-Josa-Gyuchic was replaced by Minjeock Law({::,~Yil Registrati-onLaw) enacted and promulgated as' the Code 8 in 1909(March) and enforced from the third of April, 1909. It is believed that it is by this law that the civil registers started playing a role as an official document verifying the family relation~hip and p~rsons's sqc~,l status.

20. Under the Japanese rule, the Chosen Hojeock Ryung(Chosen Civil Registration Regulation, Governor Gene(al of Korea Order 154)was promulgated in 1922(18th of Dec.) and enforced in 1923 (5th of July), replacing the previous Minjeock Law. This law stipulated n~wly the followings; (1) The registration' was, put under the responsibility of the

Miriistry of Justicetihe local ~ourts) which was transferred from the Ministry of Home Affairs(the provincial governor and th~ county chief).

(2) An ori'gfil :6f register was .~<;> be ,stQ~ed wi thin the Do or Myon o£ffces and a copy of register was to be submitted to and stored in the sub-office of local court.

, 21. The legal frame of thfe current ci vi 1 registration system

was established by the Act 535 ~hich was ,enacted in 1960(lst of Jan.).lt was firstly revised to' provide for the legal separation of a fain"i ly' in 1962 (29th of Dec., Act 1238). In i tssecond revision in i963(3lst cif Jul., Act 1377), the registra~ions on marriages by justice and'divorces by agreement were added. Through the third revision in 1975 (31st of Dec., Act 2817), the regisiration could be corrected by the authority of chiefs

'of various local offices. The fourth revision in 1978 (6th of Dec~ 1978, "Act 3157) was devoted to pJ:'eparing the system on ascertaining the decisionof'divorce by agreement. The 5th revision was done in 1990(~is~'of Dec., Act 429~), by which the civil registration form was changed but not much.

22. The law provides for nation-wide; compulsory registration 6£ ~ital 'events such as birth~~ marriages, divQrces, foetal deaths and deaths. The current ~ivil registration law provides for'kindof vital events, compulsory registration for entire

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population artdar'ea'~ place, Qfrfegi~tra;tion, legal informants, time allowance, late registration and penalties, registration method,procedures of registration, channel of form transmission. storage and mai'ritenance'of'forms, correction and withdrawal of regil~hration;.:dJe'£ini tionof vi tal.' events, (iesignation of agencies resporisitne 'for registration, certific~te issuing" document

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attachment, ,registration forms. In'addit4Qn~ thedetalis of the registration pJ;"ocess are provided"bY'".~he. Ministry. of Court Administration Order. . "

2. Administrative arrangements 'of,. the. ;system .

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\ ,\ 23. In the Republic of Korea, two' ,govern ... entalagefl~~es are .....~. .

,.directly invo,lvedwith the civil registration'syst~m: the ' administratio~'of ~~vil regist~a~i6n;~is~~nder the juris~icfion' of the Ministry of Court Admii:{fstraltion., However", ,t,l;1e actual registration i'sperformed by the civil',registra1:ion"sectiori~' (CRSs) under local governments whi-ch are dir'ected. by 'the: I';

Ministry of Home Affairs. The CRSs"in Gus (frlrth~ large ,0 or;, . . special Shi$,},Shis (wi thout Gus), Eps and. Myons'under>Gun:s serv;e as primary registration units(PRUs). Although Dongoffide~:, under Shis .OJ:" Gus are not identified as thePRUs since they'd6' not store family "registers, they only receive'., and transmi t death and bi rtl;1, Jofms ,to the PRUs of Shi or GU'off ices.

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24 The ~RU~ ;~!~ceive: two copies of forms from the"iinformants,. one copy of'i'whi'cli is .,sent to the sub-offices':'of ...• ,local"courts and another 'to the National Statistical Offi'ce(NSO). Incase' that the vital events occur to the Koreans living . abr()ad, the Korean emb~ssies or consuls in the foreign countries are responsible for receiving and transmitting the forms. Except the agencies in the foreign countries and Dongs(2243),there are 1543 PRUs including 74 Gus, 60 Shis,175 Eps and 234 Myons. There are no secondary units authorized to perform registration. In the Republic of Korea~ there are three levels of administrative divisions: namely, Shi(special cities) or Do (provinces) , Gu~

Shi(ordinary cities witb b~ without Gu~) or Gun, and Dong, Ep or Myon. Eps and Myons as t'he<FRUs are identical to those as the smallest administrative division. However, Shis(ordinary) astheeRU'" ar~ id~ntic,al to those level of administrative' 'c:1lv{sfons., .

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the Gus and as the.second

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25'. The. ~~erage population: Ii ving ,p~r type of PRU,$ is calcn!7"", ateduSing the're$ulits from'the 1,990 Pd:pulatiop . :and Housing I,

Census and presented inTable L .; ~~ong' 'PRUs the (;~u,':PRU 60ver;s' the biggest . populat.ipn 'which is, 0:11 average, 344"549~';; It is followed by the Shi PRU. whichco'Vers ... the average P9pulation of 119,282. Such big population: siz~s covered by:.these PRUs are attributed, to their characteristics of urban densed:ar~as: it is par't'i~~iarlY; truer for the Gu which composes the special and." large Shis(ci ties). ihe'~veragepoPulation served by the 'Ep' PRU" is 20,020. The Myon PRU which is characterized,,, by the rural area, on average, serves for the least population(5,994).

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26. Regardle$,:S of the served .. popul~tioil' s~ze/only one staff (registrar) who is a~",otficiaLof\ ,the>' local.·Government is assigned to ~nEf<,PR(L '. Howevex: •. 'several staf.f are acutually assigned.to'·perfqrilf" or assist regist~at'ion to each PRU. The staff w'oIik, for . eight hours per day from Monday to Friday but ~O.:r:dhlY; 4 hours on Staturday. Si!lce; birth and death are to

. be registered within one month and'mar.riage and divorce are legally effec·tive when registered, such', work hours ,per day is not considered inconvenient fo.r the .. informants'., .), ..

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27 ;l'he Table 2,., sho.~_ the number of, events regis'tered by type,.ofPRUs arid, type o{:~i tal eventstn1992.,The'number of eVent$·., re,gistered.· .per type. ofPRUs is.. hi' proportion to the populat'fhn each typ~ ·of PRUs serv'e4~ "Ac~.<>.x:dtngly, .. 'theregistrar iIi the rGuoffice covered the largest fiu_ber' 0'£',. vital events,

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whicl)-is~ollowed by Shi, Ep and Myon.'

~8 .. The Ministry. of . Court Admit:li~t:rEitio~(MCf\) is the .agency responsible for administering 'afi'dtechnically guiding' ' a.,civil

> registration: The 'MeA gives the r~gulart'raining course t,Q. the .registrars. on afl{'a~nual basis.. The,. training course covers.' all

.' procedures' set up for regist~alti~.po':f I v'i'tal events. The;·MCA carrys out sev.e.ral t'!JIles imjpec'lion~ per year on 'the registration

.~" . . . . work of PRUs. .J;n addition. the inquiries on registered forms are., ona· contifllid\i~' basis, sent back to correct the detected.

. errors. . Espc:!ci~lly"to improve the registrars 'moral~.the MCA~ once per year, .. gives a recognition for the 'r.egistrars·"who ,are

. considered fo perform' the registration work' t'he ,··.mo.st :.suc~essfully. \ ' : 1, .•. -: _;1,. . ' •.

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3. ProcedureSi for, ,r~~istration : ~: ,t' 'v:, ~;' '. \ .; ':.:.' ; ._. " ..: ; \ '~ ~

?9'. The p'roced~res 'setup fO,r, reg~st.ration of :vita! ievents are \uniformly" appli'e'd to ,:,t!hewPOle'co,\,tntri~ "fhe stap;d4ltdized 100Ji1e'-1'eaf ;.£or.9' of, do~~inents are.u$'ed',to 'f~co·,rdvita.l events .

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The whi te vell!uln paper" i~,\.used £.9r'die.fo'rm', which requires no special '~'~~1;i ty,O£ ~111f·,;·~~·. which sizr is B5 (8CmX"iO~JIl). 'The info~:JDant shotild" make'" two copies i~ Qg.e regi~t·ratiQn.. The .. samples' of v,lta!"" records in cUrr,erit ," ~e are att~(:hed. The",< . NatiomHJ:Statistical Office(NSO).,t~"is;'I,:the'.~.ency· x:.es:p~~si·ble for ' .,. printing the docu~~t$) since 1970 ",,,.,,hen. i,~9 diffe:Tent'\form&~ for ci vi 1 regi~~;ation' 'allQ vi t~l. statistic$'r·~porting,we:te.combin~d into one~\un~~'l-ed)'~or.n,l. ' .. ' One copyof.th'e'forlJl issttnt·tC>theNSO '\.~, for compd!li~8 :.vi t~l s,tatistics,whi Ie';' 11:& .~ri.gin' is sent ,to, the " Local Cont,t v:'~f Justice for updati,nw, ':','cii,:5e.t:rieYin,g" th~/',fami ly " registers:·:-,I ..... , ;',i .. ", ... :., .".:. " :;, : .•. \"" .. ;,.)·L.' ".' ' .....

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by place of permanent '~9~~,C::o:((~!' of the birth's or the dead" s'br by place of residence of the informant's. In case of marri~ge~. registration is done bYi plac,e,of permanent domicile of either;"of the bride or the bridegroom'Or the place of residence of either: of the bride or the briqegroom. For divorces, registration 1's: done ei ther by the pla:c~' 'of re~idence or the place of permanent domicile of husband's since the wife's permanent domicile becomes the same as the husband's by marriage.

31. Time allowed for registration of births and deaths is one month inclusiviof,;,t~~ d~y, of, occurrence. For marriage and divorce, no time }isl'~~~i~~q' ;¥?r < registration, since marriage and divorce are ie~~l~y,~~f~~iiv~:orilY when registered. Such time allowances ;cu; regi,$:~r~¥jo~ cd"i tal events are considere(fF<i, adequate with reg~rd~ t~r coMplete registration. Howeve'r, the"!" i~

. ~ .~ ,-,' . .~. - :f"')'/ reduction of time,.,.allowed for registration of deaths may be"

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needed in order to (emove the informant's memory lapse errors , . t ~. ) '.

on cause of death. ,.i.'

32. No registration fee is required to pay. Its main a1m1S to encourage the registratio~ of vital events. For registration of death, a medical 'certificate sp,ould be attached. In case

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the medical certifi ,pate is, ~o,~' ~vallable due to unavoidable" ci rcumstances, the certifi~ate "'by two laymen(wi tnesses) cart substi tute for the medical one. Registration of birth is also; required to attach a certi(ica~e by)~: physican, a midwife, or" others who are involved in ,taking C8!:e of delivery. In addition, the identi ty number of informant" Is required to be fillediri'

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33. In case of delayed registration of birth and death beyond time allowances, the penali ty of 50,000 won is imposed. " According to the level of living, educational level and reason

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for delay, the informants can be exempted f'rom penalty or pay' ',; ';: a reduced amoun~,! ;.of, ," ~he:pen~l t¥: No penal ty is applied to registration of marri~g~, ~nd, d,ivc)rce since' they have no time limit for registrati~~:t~e_pe~~ti'~ro~ision is strictly co~plied by local registars. Ne~erthel~~s:'~?thas been appraised that such a penalty tend$ to di$c~~r~~~" fhe full registratiori' and to lead to the distorted registr~tiori.

34. There is a possibiiity fo~'th~ duplication of registration of vi tal events. The causes for'dup'!i~ation of registration'a:rEt',

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One vi tal event can be registere'd both in the place of r~si:dence as

and the place of permanent domicile. . The PRU in the place of permanent domicile can process,'i':a:~

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·~the, new ones,. the fotims!'transmitted,frcnft the other PRU in . <".in' the placeo! !residenee '~'for updating '01' 'retrieving·the"

'; , family regi'steja~;" "~;',::;':, ! ",:.'

';The, registrars::can : receive tne copies 'of registration ,forms' more t·han required.' (.:;, ",' ,

. 'The registrarsoandduplicat:e! the copi'es of forms more than',!, 'needed. ' " "<:, ::, ,," ',,:oL

'. "... {"

4. The local registrars

':' 35. The, registrars :'appointed <by · t:he "MCA 'are municipal' secretaries at relative]:y,'> low 'positions. Since only one registrar is assigned"to' !one'PRU,!s; the registrar has usually several assistants."·::RegistraJ;lsr::and "assi'stants do the actual work of registratien) ,~'.FHetMCA a:h .. ~s"a 'training to the registrars every year, which oovers ~all"precedures\ set forth fer civill; registration. . They: are ',alsogi'ven a tr'aining, on an annual' basis, on statistical matters of registration by the NSO. ' Handbooks on legal and statistical matters from MCA and NSO areavai lable 'for registrars. C,"

'36. The registrars's PO&~s' are subject ,to the'personnel\ ch~nge within the office or betWeen the offices. If, theyar~ shifted to the ether posts or<dutles.' the replaced personnels, are newly appointe,d asregi$ttars.i" Since the personnel change,:' takes place rather irregularly,; ,:the term of appointment for registrars ,can be short oro'long;:; It ds of,ten pointed out ,that' such a frequent· change of registrars,~ in some 'offices hampered: career development and as a result caused mistakes 'and:errors in registration. All registrars do work on a full-time basis. However, it is'foften., that, they are givent·he other duties in addition to regist~ation.;': "'. 'J!"),'", :,'

,,' 5. The" informant ~ ; .' . ~' ,'. ~

- 'l'.

'37. 'The,'Civil'Registration:Law provides ,forrinformantsand, a1 ternati ve' :hiformants "by the typef:of vi tal events as follows;

Birth£' (l'sfather~or'mother,~{S)legal~"ead'offamily,' (3) ,'~elatives li:ving in the same household, (4) physician~ midwife or other~persons looking for

delivery, in this order Death~,(l)' legal!-.head.iof family.' (2) relative.~(3) ~riy other

',' "-·'i; : person living in the' same household~ (4)' the, person who owns or who takes responsibility for the house

•• ' • ~~I ';:; ;.;, ,', and/or:;premi'ses'-:<!n. which death occurred, in this order Marriage: bride or bridegroom,

. ,'DivQrce:>':;husband 'or ',wIfe

"

11

In case~ ,the informant of birth is rather than its father or" mother,the quality ot vital records seems to be relatively poor. . ' "

6. Civil registra,tion,archives

38. As noted, Shi, G~,'!"E~ and Myon offices serve as the PRUs.' The PRUs store the family registers on the bookshelves. Once updating the family registers is completed,the civil registration records(forms) are bound, on a monthly basis, in a file and with sequence nu~be.rs'~~d c9Yers.:TheKorean alphabetical indexes are also attache<j" to the' fil~. ';The fiH~s,:' if necessary, together wi th . the' copd"es: ~f t,1p~~ted; faDli ly reghh~rs are sent to the sub-off i.c·e of't~··:l:ocal !', c~u.rt ~' '; j ;',.'

, . ," .:" ,:"

39. The sub-offic~ ~~ l~cal court plays a role as the central archive of civil ~egistration records. The received civil. registration records and copies 'of family registers are,., separated by the family. After confirmation and indexation,,;'the i"

civil registration records are sto;~ed on the bookshelves<:Ji;;: However, the copies of civil regi'strition records sent to.the' NSO for statistical purpose are input in the tape through the mainframe computer and are abolished'a'fteI-' 1 year passed.::,U

: ".. ;.~. ,(', ,',' '. • . ~_ .J

7. Assessment of tpe,civil regfstrat10rt system 'r', !

40. The~~p~re~t'61~ilrRegist~~tiori't~.:0iS considered strong enough to ~~f~ctiveIY ~nforce the registratiori of vital events.

. ; "-. .

However, the law itself is too complicated and difficul tfor" the informants to understand. Mo'reover, the law is not publicized, sufficiently among the public.

41. Administratively, the civil registration system is systematically org;anired' thr'~itgho:ut ,·ad.mini.s,trati ve hierarchies and hence supervision al1d inspec'tion f~r tlie registration wo~k of PRUs are facilitated. However, in many local offices there are too frequent changes of regirstrars;'which resul t in hamp~ring regist!ars' career development. That neither incentives nor prioriiies ~te given to the 'registrars;_ also discourages their, morals ~nd efficiencies. ,,"

". r .:;,r:,;'

l:

42. 'Frofu the technical Viewpoint, unifying both civil, registration and vital statistics reporting forms facilitates the reg}stration.' However. : "use o,f difficult legal words for thequestiohs" in the'form ·dauses the informants to answer in-correctly. l.

43. As for the population attitude, most of population

12

perceive the duty of registering vi tal events. It i,s particu~a,rly: i true for marriage and; di,:v.o~ce sipce"they :Etre' 'leilifly .eff~ctiy,~:, '.li:

.. . -,' - . ;-~. 1 1; , . ~.' , . , . '., .'" . -' .

when ~egis·tEH·ed: .'.\ How~v~r •. ,.some. people inte'ritlonally delay the registration' of deadr' 'for their legal benefi ts, for e~l1mple" delaying inheritance taxation. For the birth, its'tegistration is often delayed due to the practices of naming, i,t. Many "peopl~ register the date ofo~9~rrence,differenfly fro~~th~;ci~al date for va~tfous~' reason~~': > ," -', . . .I

_, .",:.:~ "-t ~'; ,

., '

44 .. :The PRUs 'a.re· to r.epor,t the number of ,; rt:!gistration of vi tak .e:vents to the NSO ' b~iQr~ sending the for.s the~~lves· .. : When. compared ·Wl. th' 't'he p~~~er of registration" r'ec'o~ds(~i,tal events.). sent to the NSQ,' ",Qst of vi tal:evefits'regist~~ed' in the PRUs w~re ttanimltted~ "For the years of 199b and 1991, 99.9 percent of the registered forms for all types of vital events were transmitted. It .is found ,thatsuchpetcentages 'were almost equal: to every regidri ':a:t'~d' ~ve~y' PRV. The' only tew differences might occur due to'; :f~i):ttre of .. counting t'he regi~tered. !forms"" missing of ·the fohn~ }ruring ad~inistrative procedures', loss of

." \' c';' l,.·.',"" ..' .

the forms, or dUPl~c~tion pfregi$tration;;, ;.,> ' 8. Uses of regis~r~~ion records'

45. The civil''''r'eltlstration records are used only for 1;he individual's legal purpose .. As noted, tneregistration records are used to update tbf reirieve the family registers. If the contents on the fa~ily register ,are differentftom " tnose the informants reglst'e'rea,~i' the registration records st6red 'in the sub-office of 10~alJcbtirt are ref~renced,td'cor~j~t th~e~~Qrs.

~" ", -' .! ~ ~ ": .

~ ,.:' :

. j ;; c j :,:' c. . \;

IV. , " ;' ... ,.

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1. Th~ l~gal jfl".~ ot~>the system :;..; '~ '''',~ r ,; ': -' '. .

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46. rfi~' burr~I1(.yi,~~istatistics reporting has ,its . legal' basis int'he. St'a~i~tics ;Lawpromulgat'ed ';'1n 15'th o.f J~.Jl., '1962'

.' r' -. ,'. ~;-: !,;' . . .

(Law 980)" wnich has been twice revised in 12th of Dec., 1962

"

(Law 1215) and 31st of Dec., 1975(Law 2799),., A1,9ng with the) Statistic,. La~! i~~/Enfor,ce!llent, Ordinante" was stipulated in 10th' of Mar., 196'2:(ta~fpe't p:rci.er 512)' whieh has been six times revised; the first"'t~vi~ioi( il'L25thof Feb:, }963 , (Cab~net Order 1214),

" 'd ,,','" .' . . .... , , .

the second'!n2rlC;~.ot, Apr., 1964 (Presidential Order 1763), the· third in ~hd of~~y, . 1966(Presidential Order 2505), the fourth in 27th of Oct., 1969(Presidfmtial Order 4182), the fifth in 8th

i

.' !

:." ., 13

of May, 1976 (PresidentiaL Order 8116), the sixth in 24th of Apr., 1991 (Preside~tY8) Qr~'er'),l~3361). The detai1s;"oP vi tal statistics ,reporting is 'provised for" bylthe Regulation <;>n Vi tal Statistic Reporting which,: was !~nforced, in 16th of Sept., 1970(Economic Planning Board Order 57) and has been reyised/twice in 18th of Mar., 1971(EPB Orct,er 66)a'nd;29th o,f Jun.~" 19,7.6,(EPB Order 78). These lega1basesprov;ide,fo£i nation-wide comp\llsory reporting of bi'rthCs,' de8:'ths.,' m.arri~ges' and divorces. ' \

, ~ , ,

. , . ",.; .

. ,', 47. According , tq tl,1e:' Statistics Law, impr~sonment of six .months or more or,.,a fine,;of 50,000 won is to \J,e imposied on non­

" c'ompliance of regulation. :T,h'e regulations consi~jt of,,~r6 articles , ; whieh aret-oricerning, pur-pose "6f vi tal statisr~icsi(a~t'ic1e 1),

i,' type of ' vit~ai statist,;j.cs ¥,;'reporting(artic1e 2), defini tion of reporting(article 3). the informant(artic1e AJldist~ribution of reporting forms(article 5l~i)ti~~ a110wance(artic1e 6), receipt of form(arilcle' 7), correction(artic1e 8). sub~~\!;,$ionCarticle 9), delay(article 10), ~onfi,irma''tlon(atticle 11). ,\;pr;intin\g ~ of the forms (art ftle 12), Ai~$~:inat"i~n of the forms(arJti:t:lte 1'3), and add! t10nal amoii'I~\: :ot~::formSJ '(article 14), compiclat'i'-bn and pubI1c:a'tion of th~~'i~tal:r;st.1:'istics(article 15), ,and st(j'i-age of thefor~~{article 16)~ The'articles 7,8 and 9 lay~aown~fesponsi­bili ty onid-' the ~'f,fices of3Gu~ Shi, Ep and Myon for receiving

, ,', ': -: ::i '\ and transmittirig the registration forms.

2. Administrative arrangements of the system

48. Vital statistics reporting and civil registration are done ; in one unified form and hence those primary civil registration offices are responsible, at the same ti~e, for vit.al statistics reporting~ . The PRUs are to bind and transmit the registration forms to the Population Statistics Division

~ o~ NSn Via the administrative hierarc~i~s(Gu.Shi or 'Gun and ',' tnen')Specd1a'1 Shis or Dos). As noted, these uni ts are uhder the

, .di;recti()nof:>~'the Ministry of Home Affairs", whi le'Jtheci vi 1 :~egi~stra.'tion !i.,,~, under the jurisdiction of t1!e;~tdCA and ,the vi tal ,s,:t;a;tjstits re?Orting .is under the jurisdictil~>n of the NSO.';i

49. The Population Statistics Division pf N~O is exc1hsively devoted to the vital, statistics, ~es~J~'i~~~ foa: d~sijriing, printing and"distributing the forms for:. civil r~istra.ticHl as

'.' : j", ,,' " • if,: """ . ':

\\;~:tl<as vi til ,>~tat,i;stics reporting, comp~Jing, ans'lyzing' and releasing the vi tal,s~ati,stics, and publishing and. disseminating the, reports. ' Th~PcJp~lation Statistics Division consists df 5

, ,j;e,ctions such asAdmiril~trat.ion, Census, Cansu's Mappingi Mig'ra't'ion, ,,' and,Vital Statistics: 'The vital statistics section is ,the: main oqe;responsibl~:f~~ ~dministering the vital statistics reporting

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t,:~ n' ... i.. ,- t

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. ~~ ~~:J \

~:::.tr\

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l' ::~ .. ~, -:' '", .~':' . {'~ .....

i ~.'~':: } '1, " }

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syste~~\'Th~"t\~~~,'! proces~~n8 for, vital statistics including ,consoli:datiott ancietnt'ry",ofindividual records and development . .~ . : ",', ,~ . ",

of programmes, for J,' tabulati,qns. is d()lle by the other divisions including Dat'a ,Proceasf~~ ,an,d,: System Development Divisions.

, , 50., Nine, staff are assij{fied to' the vi tal statistics section of Population Statistics D~visiotl.·.S'ince the staff is administ­ratively as'signed to the section r~tl1er than by their knowlege or skills:, th~Y' ne,ed 't'Obe trained 'intensively. However, only

{' ~ " ,a few are trained in abroad traininginsti tutes but not wi thin the country'an({mo~t of' th~m,l1a'V~ \n:~'~~r been trained on a formal basis.Henc~,. it is qU,it'e,neededfp't\ the NSO to establish or find the t:r~ining 'centets(i'nstitutes)\:for the staff as well as

• \ '. • "f,~ _r.~ , . the local: registrars to be tralned., ' " '

. .: . . , ._:. ::~ 'j t~ ~\: .' . . ". :: , -~ ~:' \ . ~ .

3. Procedures for reporting and 'monitoring , ',f, \ '," .. ',

, l., ~, ,- I: ',' _

, 51. E,ach' 'type of, vi ta'i event$?is(io be reported in a single 'f'orm for vital's'tatistics reporting 8:s well as civil registration. Of 'ea~h~,:form, 'the vital st~ti~tics;, 'r'~porting is designed on the bottom p"rt I 'and, the civil registration on the upper part. The guidelin.,es, tc)'complete the fOJ;.~is put on the backside of the form."'Th~ four types of fobns' for vi tal "events are standa'rdized countryw~d~., 'respe:ctl vel~. ".' "

52. Al thpugh t'be common"i t.m~\:~'.for' b~~~ ci vi I registration and vit~l statisti.cs report'ing sudlf'asage", address of the informants, etc. a,%,'e designed to,be'iilled only in the civil registrat;,p:r;t; paft ol the 'form, "they are dea~.-t wi th as for vi tal, statistics r,epord~ng,and input ,into the' computer devices. All

" .questions',B+'e,. ~laid ;p~t ; ·fn s'equ~nce:for b~ing captured onto the , ; i' disks." MO"st·, of':" ' qii'estions lire 'designed'" 't{; ,be marked on the

_. '" • " 1 .' • " • - M" . ·t '( ..

relevant ',number" and hence can Qe, directly captured onto the , ,! . ",I-' ' ,; disks or 'ta,pes:;; \Howey~r, the questions on"adqress and occupation , "for all ~yp~§\of:ivi hll events and c~use":bf death for the death

are designed to be descr,ibed' and hence:: ne~ded; to be encoded by r ~ \ .

the coders •. Tbiis inconvenience is ine'(1ftabl~ In order to obtain • ~ , - ;: 1.",," • \ -

more accurate information. ,,:(;,'~t':- "~ ;.~,i··~'

.,;) ~: ~) ~ .

~,~ 5ailt~~~e~i$ter~~' forms are classif{e~ by the registrars "acc9rd:lnW'.tQ:\;tpej,tit,fe'~f • for' ~t~tistl'~a( ~., reporting purpose'

or;:f:or'·iC:i,:yi~,:registratfonpurpose',:printed on, the top of form. The: forni$~~4a, a.r:e,artge,q": and bound with sequence number by type of ,v:i t'al,1·;ev,e.n1i!:i' arid then sent to the higher levels of administr ,ati~eofti~es. ,nam~ly Guns(from Eps and Myons) and Shis(from Dongs) ,,<which in turn arrange those forms by the administrative unit and recheck against their duplication and omission. The

:1 :-

15

forms are again sent to the offices ~f sp~~ial Shis or Dos, where the forms are arranged by Gu(for special: cities) and Shi or,Gun(for Dos) to be se~~ to the ~SO.

54. AlthOugh the adminis~rative procedure~ set up for each ... ; !' -

level' of administrative bffic~s are inten~iyely.carried out, there are still duplications' or omiss~onsl of· ,the forms, particularly during the processing by the PRUs.· In order to prevent duplications or omissions of the forms~it is regularized fo~ the PRUs to report the number of registrations per type of vi tal events to the NSO on a monthly basis.,

55. In addition, the NSO returns the copies of forms which are detected wrong, omitted or ambiguous in answering to the the questions. To minimize~uplications and o~issions of the forms and errors in answers t:o the quest~-ons, the, NSO gives the training to the registrars on the overall procedures set forth for vi t'al statistics ".reporting once per year and also carries out twice inspections per year on, the PRU$ and higher level of relevant administratige units with. re~~ft to their work perform­ance.

4. Procedures of statistical processing

56. Once the Population Statistics Division of NSO receives the forms, the staff count the forms bound in files(each file contains 100 forms) in comparison with their number previously reported. The Popul~~ion Statisiics Division s~nds the checked forms to the· Data' Processing Division where the, :staff manually edit as well as encode them according to the manuals provided by the Population Statistics Division .. ',', lIowever. the death form are after thei~'manual ~&iting a~d·encoding. sent back to the Population Statistics Division where two medical record technicians ~ncode tause ~flaeath according to the International

, , . Classification of Disease(IOth revision) published byt·he World Heal th ';Organizat'fon. .!. t·· ,.

'-~" :

. 57. ,The forms manuallye'di ted and' encoded are captured onto disks by the key-entry'htethod in'>t"he Da.ta Proces~ing Division.

,·,TbisPi vision has arouriH 3<f:'s'taff f'~'r l.teying-entrY,~ho together {.', ' . " ) ~ .

wi th staff for manual e\:B:"t'ing and 'coding(around 30 staff) are recurited on a regular basis(a few.9n a temporary basis) and trained. The SystemDevelbpme:nt~DiV'i~ion performs the computerized

. . . " ~.", ;." j,~ . ~~ \ "

edi ting> by the 'progra1ns-"dev'elope~ for i tselfaccording to the instructions' pr'epared!by "the Population Statist,ics Division. After thelcom~uterizedeat~ihg,' ihe individuai records on disks ,are processed for tabulations,through the main computer of IBM3090.

, :

16 · j;

58. The statistical tables are designed by the Po.Pulatio.n Stati~tics Divisio.n. The pro.grams fo~ tab~lating the statistical tables are develo.ped by the System Develo.pment Divisio.n. The Po.Pulatio.n Statistics Divisio.nhas emphasized the impo.rtance o.f co.mpi li.ng the vi,tal statistics and the meanings o.f the vi tal statistics' in .' ··the co.urse o.f training to. the registrars fo.r their effective perfo.rmance o.f registration wo.rk. Such training is also. given to the perso.nnels 'invo.lved in the pro.cessing o.f

'vital reco.rds to. help reduce erro.rs in their wo.rk.

5. Publicatio.n and disseminatio.n o.f vital statistics

59. The 17kinds'o.f tabulatio.ns co.mposed the Annual Repo.rt published annually in aro.und the end o.f a year. Ho.wever, the yearo.f issue 'co.vered· the data fo.r the previo.us year: while the last repo.rt was is~ued and disseminated in Dec. 1992, its vi tal statistics referred to. the year o.f' 1991. Thus, almo.st o.ne

_year was·,spent in,pro.cessing and publishing the vital statistics. Such-lo.ng duratio.n fo.r processing data and publishing repo.rts has been criticized fo.r hampering the timeliness o.f vital statistics, and hence the Po.Pulatio.n Statistics Divisio.n is making effo.rts to. reduce the duratio.n lapsed fo.r publishing and disseminating the vital statistics: such effo.rts include carrying o.ut prompt manual editing, co.ding and co.mputerized editing, increasing the number o.fsta'i'f invo.lved in co.mpling and pro.cessing the vital statistics, Clntensifying the training to. registrars to. reduce the erro.rs 6n the fo.rms, etc. The duration to. be reduced by such effo.rts is expected to. be 6 mo.nths.

6. Assessment o.f ~he vital statistics system

., ,60. Theevaluatio.no.n the co.verage o.f vital events derived ,fro.m the civirregistrationsyst'em can' be made by two. metho.ds acco.rding to. the type o.f vi tal' 'eVe'rits. For' marriage and ~i vo.rce, the past pattern o.f delayed registratio.n is used to. estimate the. to.tal number of vital events 'by year o.f o.ccurrence. Under this metho.d~it is assumed that the to.tal number o.f vital events is equal to. the number of vital events Which have been registered thro.ugho.ut 20 years after the year o.f o.ccurrence.

61. Ho.wever,the year o.f o.ccurrence which has the duratio.n o.f 19 years up to. the year o.f estimatio.n fo.r delayed registratio.n can no.t inClude the registraticin delayed by the 20 years after theiro.ccurrence. To. estimate the vital events to. be registered fo.r. the 20th year after their o.ccurrence, it is assumed that the cumulative pro.po.rtio.n o.f vital events fo.r the specified

17

year of occurrence which have been registered throughout 19 years after their occurrence to those r~gistered throughout 20 years after their occurrence is same as the proportion for the previous year of occurrence. The assumed cumulative proportion is used to; estimate the total number of. vital events' for the specifiedcyear,of occurrence by dividing the cumulative number of vital events actually registered throughout 19 years after their occurrence by the estimated cumulative proportion.

62. The number of vital events expected to be registered in the~Oth year after their occurrence can be obtained by subtrac­ting the actual registered number of events throughout 19 years after their occurrence from the estimated total number of vital events for the specified year of occurrence. For the specified year of occurrence, the cumulative proportions by the duration given for tne delayed registration can now be calculated. For the following years of occurrence, the cumulative proportions of vital events registered throughout the available duration to the unknown total number of vital events can be estimated in the same manner using the cumulative proportions for the past years of occurrence.

63. Table 3 and 4 show the estimated total numbers of marriages and divorces and the proportions of the actually registered .by the duration of registration, respectively. For the marriage,the coverage rate, if only one year is allowed for the delayed registration, would be 71.1 percent for the year of 1990. If the cut-off is 3 years, it would be 85.9 percent for the year of 1988. If the cut-off year of 5years is accepted,the coverage rate would be 90.8 percent for the year of 1986. For the divorce, the coverage rates would be 77.1 percent in 1990 for the cut-off of I year, 96.5 percen~ in 1985'ior the cut-off of 3 years,and 98.0 percent in 1986 for the cut~off of 5 years. In this method, the numbers of 'marriages and divorces estimated using the events registered throughout 5 years and more are not to be subject to changes by the following estimations.

64. However, this method is inapplicable for estimating births and deaths, since most of infant deaths which were not regist,ered. within the legal time allowance will not be registered forever. ,For this reason, the numbers of births and deaths der,ived from, the most recent population 'projection which was made in 1991 are directly used to estimate' the coverage rates for death and birth registration.

65. According to the Table 5 and 6, the coverage rates for the occurrence year of 1990 would be 93.7 percent for the birth

18

and 94.7 perc,ent for' the death, if the. cut-off of one year is adopted. For the'adoption of cut-off of 3 years, the coverage rates for the occurrence year of 1988 would be 90.3 percent and g4.5 percent, r~spectively. In c~se the cut-off of 5 years is assumed, the coverage rates for' the occurrence year of 1988 would be 92.9 percent and 94.8 percent, respectively. The incomplete coverages for death and birth are mostly attributable to too delayed registration and omission of registration(partic­ularly of infant deaths}.. For the omission of registration for the infant deaths,most of informants perceive not necessary for registering the~ legally, neg1ecti~g the importance tor its statistical use.

66. For checking the quality of answers to the questions,the comparisons between vital statistics and population census and the time series analyses of vital statistics are made on Table 7,8;9 and 10. No significant differences between two sources of data and the systematically changed patterns of vital statistics can be found, assuring the high quality of answers to the vital statistics questions.

7. Users of vital statistics

67. The main consumers of vital statistics are policy-makers, research institutes, the related associations, universities, poli ticalent.erprises, individuals, etc. The consumers as policy­makers include central and local government organizations, National Assembly, other public organizations for administration purpose; the consumers for the research purpose include university institutes, public research institutes such as Korea Institute for Social Affairs and Health,KoreanSociety of Health Statistics, etc.; the related associations as consumers of vital statistics are National Family Planning Association, Korean Population Associatiori, Korean Family Association,' Korean Statistical Association, etc.; individuals as consumers of vital statistics are member of statistical committee and technical committee, students,etc.

68. In general, the vital statistics is provided for those consumers in the form of printed materials, namely the annual reports. The special tabulations are often provided for the consumers. However, it is strictly prohibited from providing the individual raw data for the consumers.

69. On an annual basis,NSO convened the Members of Statistical Council(sub-committee on population and social statistics) to review and discuss the major findings of vital statistics before

19

their publishing. added or changed

In the meanwhile, . the vital statistics to be ami the date of dissemination in the·future

were discussed during the meeting.

V. Coordination Among Government Insti tutions' i ,',

70. Two agencies responsible for civil registration anc;t vi tal statistics systems,namely Ministry of Court Administratio,n and National Statistic~lOffic~, have frequently ~ad~eeting. _. on the operation of two systems which.are actually operated in an integrated manner. The subjects discussed during the meetings include the solutions of problems inherent in the system operat~on, especi~lly supervision of local registration offices, the administrative channels [dr' effective system. operation work, the revision of the regi~tration '~orm such as th~ change o~ addition of questions, training to the registrars, inspection on the PRUs, etc. .Within the Population Statistics Division, the vital statistics syste~ is iric6rporated with the population census in projecting population,evaluating both vital statistics and c~nsus, improving both systems, etc.

71. With regard to super~ision and inspection of local registration offices, there have been meetings between Ministry of Court Association and Ministry of Home Affairs, and between National Statistical Office and Ministry of Home Affairs. However, the above meetings have been held on the informal and temporary basis since there is no ,the regular and formal Inter­Agency Government_ Committee, although its establishment has been often demanded for improving civil registration and vital statistics reporting.

VI~ Conclusion and Recommendations

72. The main problems inherent in the Current civil registf­ation and vital statistics systems in the Republic of Korea can be ,summarized in the following three major categories;

. i) Due to administrative and legal factors

73. There is no one unified organization or committee which members are drawn from the government agencies related to civil

20

r~glstration and vital statistics systems to ensure co-operative and coordinative work among the agencies participating in these systems.

74. There have been few efforts to specialize the personnels responsible for civil registration and vital statistics reporting. Since the post 'of registrars 'is: too often changed according to the inner-regulations of the local registration offices, the registrars tend to lack of professional knowledge on and techniques of dealing with civil registration and vital statistics reporting, which in turn degrades their quali ty., It is also problematic that the trainned and well-experienced registrars have few attempts at handing down their knowledge and experience to their successors.

75~ There has been no intensive criteria personnels for the registrars. Appointing' the are too old or too inexperienced often degrades registration and reporting.

to choose the personnels who

the quality of

76. Too heavy burdens in addition to registration work are often imposed on registrars.

77. The registrars have neither incentives nor high priorities within the, local offices. Hence, they are discouraged and strongly want not to be appointed to registration(reporting) work.

78. The laws pertaining to civil registration and vital statistics reporting are overlapped. Civil Registration Law and Statistics Law provide for th~ compulsory obligation of the informants to register vital events in the PRUs and Residential Law provides for the informants to register birth and death in the local offices. However, the executive agencies for the three laws are different; Civil Registration Law is executed by the MCA, Statistics Law by the NSO and Residential Law by the Ministry of Home Affai~s. The problems due to overlapping of the current laws are as follows;

Although vital events are to be registered in accordance with not only Civil Registration Law but also Statistics Law, the primary purpose o£ registration is conside1:'ed as only updating the family registers and hence answering to the statistical questions is often neglected or lazy. The penalties for the non~conformance and delay of registrat -ion are different according to the laws; on the Civil Registration Law 20,000 won or less is imposed, while on the Statistics Law either imprisonment of six months or less or

21

the fine of 50,000 won or less is imposed.

79. None of the current laws pertaining to registration provides f6r iricentives or benefits for the informants.

80. Once the registration forms transmitted to the sub-office of local court, the revision(or correction) of registration ~s very difficult: it should be done by judgement in the court.

ii) Due to technical factors

81. Since birth and death are allowed to be registered(or reported) either in place of residence or in place of permanent domicile and copies of marriage and divorce registered(reported) in the place of husband's permanent domicile should be reported to the place of wife's permanent domicile, there have been duplication in registration.

82. Due to too late dissemination, vital statistics loses its timeliness.

83. Due to the change of questions in registration and the change in administrative boundaries, it is difficult to compile the consistent vital statistics.

84. The frequent change of and coding often degrades the statistics.

personnels for manual editing quality(consistence) of vital

85. Since the questions themselves are from Chinese words and hence difficult to be understood, this tends to mislead to incorrect answers or to omission of answers to a certain questions.

iii) Due to the public

86. The importance of registration for both legal and statistical purposes has been not publicized: many informants often disregard the registration of vital events, especially births who died immediately after born, or are lazy in registration.

87. The informants are often not acquainted with questions themselves and do not know how to fill out the form: in this case, they tend to give optional answers or to leave them in blank.

., .: }, ,

22

, .. '

88. The actual date of occurrence di~fer f;om ~he date reported in the case of the,dela,yed registration or different date.

&~ vital events tends to formS, especially in the intentional report of the

89. Housewives ~sua~ly tend to have misconception that they do;not have any d4ty to register the events but either their husband or eldest son is responsible for the registration. So, they and the other informants who are low in legal rank order do not have any interest in the registration.

90. There ~~esome problems incur~ed by the socio-cultural fac.tors; i. e. ,c;,onsu~ing custom in nam~ng the, birth or conscious delay for co.I;1fi'.rming the._ birth may o~tltve to a certain stage.

91. There has been intented a~6i~an~~ due to the cost of time and money in registering.

Recommendations

1.- To solve the problems due to overlapping of laws pertaining to registration of vital events, those systems should be integrated under the single law.

The new law should meet the objectives of the three different systems and laws.

2. Administrative superV1Sl.on, per~onnel and budget with regard to the system should be unde.r the control of single ministry.

I,'

3. Reporting death and birth should be transmitted to the medical doctors. inhospita.l, clinics ,and health centers.

·.Itshall solve the problems of omission of birth and infant deaths and incorrectness ot :,causedeath, etc. For the long run, the curriculum for: medical ;personnels should include programs on reporting birth and death.

4. Penalty for delayed, distorted or. qmitted registration should be strengthened. For this purpQse,the penalty should be unified for the different laws.

5. The registrars should be designated according to the strict criteria and should work for the certain fixed duration.

23

In addition, the in~~ntives, for example, priority for promotion, should be provided for the registrars and they should be free from responsibilities other than registration. For the above, the regulation on the registrars should be made.

6. Regular campaign activities would be useful for enhancing the sense of duty for vital registration. Local group meetings and local leaders could be utilized for the improvement of reporting vital events.

7. Opportunities to check the registration status of the events should be included in the administrative procedures for handling death by accidents, burying permission, insurances related to vital events.

8. It is desired to allow and encourage the local offices to process(edit, code and input) the indivitual records and to compile vital statistics for their administrative boundary, which should be reported to the NSO within the specified period for the vital statistics of whole country.

9. To improve timeliness of vital statistics, imputation programmes should be developed, the personnels involved in manual editing, coding and inputting should be trained more intensively, and the system for data processig should be more developed.

10. The questions in the registration form should be designed to help the informants understand and fifl out by means of easing, rearranging, and reducing the questions.

Reference

Byung-Suk, Kim, Civil Registration Law, Yookbubsa, 1992.

H. S. Shryock and J. S. Siegel, The Methods and Materials of Demography, Academic Press.

J. Hajnal, U Age at Marriage and Proportions Marrying" , Population Studies(London) , 7(2): lIS, 1953.

National Statistical Office, Annual Report on the Vital Statistics(Based on Vi tal Registration), 1970 .... 1991.

i', ,~~:"~ ~ '. ,.

.. .;' ~ ,..' '.~ ." >1.."" ' '"

,..! ;;'~

It'·;"

". ~ " '1"'

. . s· ~ •

~ble 4. Coverage Rates 'for Divorces ,_,-: ,.I:.'

Year Estimate<f Estimated Divorces registered within of divorce No. of

occurrence rates divorces 1 year 3 years 5 years, 10"'years

1980 0.65 24,604 14,195(57.7) 19,695(80.0) 21,710(88.2) 23,665(96.2) 1981 0.66 25,517 16,128(63.2) 21,347(83.7) 23,081(90.5) 24,543(96.2) 1982 0.71 27,985 17,547(62.7) 23,621(84.4) 25,335(90.5) ( - ) 1983 0.77 30,744 19,085(62.1) 26,123(85.0) 27,794(90.4) ( - ) 1984 0.93 37,607 25,858(68.8) 32,187(85.6) 34,092(90.7) ( - ) 1985 0.99 40,380 27,867(69.0) 34,640(85.8) 36,676(90.8) ( - ) 1986 1.01 41,556 28,678(69.0) 35,611(85.7) 37,744(90.8) ( - ) 1987 l.07 44,585 31,311(70.2) 38;283(85.9) ( - ) ( - ) 1988 1.06 . 44,435 31, 558(7l. 0) 38,154(85.9) ( -) ( - ) 1989 1.08 45,678 32,474(71.1) ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) 1990 1.13 48,290 34,331(71.1) ( - ) ( - ) ( - )

Note • Figures in parenthses are the coverage rates(proportions to the estimated number of divorces) for the respective cut-off year(s) .

• The year of estimation is 1990.

Source Annual Report on Vital Statistics, 1991, NSO .

..

Table 1. Average Population Covered by the Type of PRUs in 1990

Type of PRU Total Number Average Population 1 ) of PRUs Population

Urban

. Gu 25,152,057 73 344,549

. Shi(ordinary) . .. ~ 7,156,913 60 119,282

" (Dong) (32,308,970) (2,129) (15,176)

Rural

Ep 3,603,647 180 20,020

Myon 7,498,282 1,251 5,994

Total 43,410,899 1,564 27,756

Source 1 ) 1990 Population and Housing Census, NSO

Table 2. Average Number of Vital Events per Type of PRUs in 1990

Type of No. of Vital events per PRU PRU PRUs

Birth Death Marriage Divorce

Gu 73 5,990 1,307 2,292 295

Shi 60 2,275 613 823 104

; '(Dong) (2,129) (270) (62) ( - ) ( - )

Ep 180 ] 99 87 140 15

Myon 1,251 ....

Total 1,564 457 154 267 31

Note The numbers are the registered vital events during the specified year of registration.

24

National Statistical Office, r Event~', 1991. '

Mannual on Registration of Vital

,. '.

I' .•• • ••

Census Report, 1992 . . ~ ,

, .. ;

Populatl'on P'rojeetion,. 1991.

1990 Population and Housing

Sam-Sik, LE~, ' .. An Analysis on Korean Mortality Structure" , . The 'Journal of Population Asso'ciation of Korea,

Vol. 1S, No. 1(1990. 6)

: 1 :.::' -'~-----., , •• An Analysis of Motivation, for Migration in

Korea' .. " The Korean 'Spatial Planning Review~ Vol .. XV: Jun~ sd, 1991, pp. 119-150, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, Seoul, 1991.

-------.-. , ··Cause of Death by The Age and Sex: An Examination of the ~attern of Mortality in the Republjc~~ of ,Korea, '1985" • UN-ARE Cairo Demographic Centre Rese,ar~h; ",, Monograph Series, No 18, Chap. 25: pp.60S-642, CDC, Cairo, 1988.

Son Preference and Fertility: The Case of Korea, 1985,UnpublishedThesis of Master of Philosophy. in ' De~6g~aphY, UN-ARE Cairo Demographic Centre, Cairo, December 1989 .

•• Urbanization and Its Causes in Korea" , Sta.ti~tic·al Information, Vol. 6(1990. 8),.pp. S2-41~ Nationat Bureau 'of Statistics, Economic Planning Board, 1990.

,.~ .'

"

able 3. Coverage Rates for Marriages

Year of

occurrence

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Estimated Estimated marriage No. of rates

10.6 9.5 9.3 9.3 9.0 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.5

marriages

405,559. 367,178 364,543 371,605 364,001 379,318 381,340 380,220 391,793 401,759 404,931

1 year

195,566(48.2) 199,763(54.4) 204,305(56.0) 228,464(61. 5) 252,407(69.3) 265,115(69.9) 272,731(71.5) 282,060(74.2) 296,179(75.6) 309,872(77.1) 312,319(77.1)

Marriages registered within

3 years

369,871 (91. 2) ,347, 120(94. 5) 346,947(95.2) 355,056(95.6) 348,264(95.7) 362,767(95.6) 367,408(96.4) 366,937(96.5) 378,106(96.5)

( -) ( -)

5 years

392,453(96.8) 358,588(97.7) 355,966(91.7) 363,337(97.8) 356,760(98.0) 371,892(98.0) 373,875(98.0)

( -) ( 0 _ )

( - oJ ( -)"

Note • Figures in parenthses are the coverage rates(proportions to the es'timated number of marriages) for the respective cut-off year(s) .

• The year of estimation is 1990.

Source Annual Report on Vital Statistics, 1991, NSO.

10 years

403,031(99.4) 364,889(99.4)

( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -)

I

Figure .1. Flow of Civil "Registration and Vital Statistics Reporting

(1) In case of registration in the place of current residence

111.50 I Ministry of Court I ,I' Administration

i 11 Provincial Offices . Sub-offices 1 I Sub-offices of Local

Courts in Place of !=ourts in P 1 ofLoc ace of

'I' R~g~"" '. Permanent D omicile

~"

Gu, Si, Eup, Myeon and Dong I- Gu, Si, EUp and Myeon

Offices in Place of Residence Offices in Place of , Permanent Domicile J

i

Informants: 3 Copies are Filled in I (2) In case of registration in the place of permanent domicile

. NSO MiniStry of Co~t Administff;n I ·r

Sub-offices of Local Courts in Place of Permanent Dcmic;ile

Gu, Si,1 Bup, MyoOn ODd Dong' , I_I ~G-U-, -S-i-,-Eu-P-, -M-y-e-o-n-an-d-oo-n-g'" Off;c~s in Place of Permanent , Offices in Place of Resid-

L-________ ~---------··~e~n_c_e--.

Informants: 2 'CoPies are Filled in

, .\

Table 7. Comparison of the Vital Statistics with the Population Census Results

from Vital Statistics(Births)

1990 1991 (1990+1991) ..

Sex ratio 116.9 112.9 114.8

Distribution by province 100.0 100.0 100.0

Seoul 26.0 25.4 25.7 Pusan 8.6 8.5 8.5

Taegu 5.1 5.0 5.1 Inchon 5.4 5.8 3.1

Kwangju 2.7 2.8 2.7 Taejon 2.4 2.6 2.5

Kyonggi 17.7 18.5 18.1 Kangwon 2.9 2.7 ' . 2.8

Chungbuk 2.7 2.7 2.7 Chungnam 3.2 3.1 3.1

Chonbuk 3.6 3.4 3.5 Chonnam 4.1 3.9 4.0

Kyungbuk 5.6 5.4 5.5 Kyungnam 8.8 9.1 8.9

Cheju 1.0 0.1 1.1

Others 0.2 0.2 0.2

from Census

Population aged o·

112.5

100.0 i~

24.8 8.2

5.2 5.6

2.8 2.6

18.7 3.0 .

2.8 3.2.

3.6 4.1

5.3 9.0

1.1

Table 8. Percentage Distribut!o~'of'BirthslbY'BirthOrder and Year of Occurrence'

Total

1st Order 2nd Order 3rd Order 4th+

Year Of Occurrence

" 199~' : " ',." 1989 '.: 1990

100~O ' ,! 100.0,"' 100.0

54,~1!" 53.7 53.5 38.3 39.1' 39~2

5.8 5.7 5.9 1.8, , 1.5 1.4

Table 9. Trends in Sex Ratio of Death

Year of Occurrence

1988 1989' 1990 , ,

Sex Ratio 139.0 139.1 135.7

1991

100.0

53.0 40.3", 5.5 1.2

1991

18$.4

Table 10. Differences in Age: at First Marriage between Vi tal Statistics and Population Census.,,~,

Population Census (Hajnal Method)

Vital Statistics

1980 , -",

M F

27.3 24.1

26.9 23.7

1980 1980 -;,"

M F M F

27.8 24.8 28.6 25.5

27.5 24.6 28.3 25.3

ible 6. Coverage Rates for Deaths

Note . Figures in parenthses are the coverage rates(proportions to the estimated ", number of deaths) for the respective c.ut-off yea'r(s).

Source 1 ) Population Projection, 19,9i; NSO; .' ,\ ....

2 ) Annual Report on Vital Statistics, 1991, NSO.

able 5. Coverage Rates for Births

Births registered within Z )

Year of

occurrence

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Estimated birth rates

23.4 23.,0 22.2 19~8

17.2 16.4 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 15.6

Estimated No. of births 1 )

892,102 890,629 873,037 790,218 694,983 669,218 679,536 685,988 692,588 69.9,270 668,756

1 year

671,020(75.2) 683,915(76.8) 691,176(79.2) 643,250(81. 4) 618,938(89.1) 604,070(90.3) 593,429(87.3) 587,772(85.7) 602,500(87.0) 613,240(87.7) 626,861(93.7)

3 years

846,270(94.9) 834,498(93.7) 823,414(94.3) 746,375(94.5) 653,925(94.1) 636,621 (95. 1) 621,992(91.5) 613,556(89.4) 625,468(90.3)

( -) ( -)

5 years

874,982(98.1) 853,648(95.9) 835,113(95.7) 757,930(95.9) 665,670(95.8) 648, 320(96A 9) 631,021(92~9)

( -) ( -) ( -) ( -)

Note • Figures in parenthses are the coverage rates(ptoportions to the estimated number of births) for the respective cut-9ff year(s).

Source ') Population Projection, 1991, NSO. Z ) Annual Report on Vital Statistics, 1991, NSO.

10 years

889,544(99.7) 868,869(97.6)

( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -)

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