unit vii: states of consciousness: psychoactive drugs basic terms drug any substance that is...
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
Basic terms
DrugAny substance that is ingested that alters the body or the brain
Psychoactive drugDrug that alters perceptions, behavior, or mood
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
Basic termsTolerance• Over time, increased amount of drug needed
to produce same effect• “Build up tolerance” Neuroadaptation• Brain tries to counter disruption to normal
functioning caused by drug• What causes tolerance• More brain counters, more drug needed, more
brain counters
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
Basic terms
Addiction•State of dependency on a drugWithdrawal•Symptoms caused by stopping use of a drug•Usually highly uncomfortable, distressing, often painful
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
Basic termsPhysical dependence• Physiological need for drug• Usually drug mimics neurotransmitter, body
stops producing it • Usually painful withdrawal symptomsPsychological dependence• Psychological need for drug• Person believes can’t function without drugExamplesChapstick, hand sanitizer
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
BackgroundPsychoactive drugs categorized:•Medically•Specifically, how they affect the CNS
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
BackgroundFive Major categories 1.Depressants2.Stimulants3.Opioids / Opiates 4.Hallucinogens/psychedelic
drugs 5.Marijuana
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
Psychoactive drugsMy suggestion, make yourself a chart of the five
categories of drugs to help you keep the information in order, like what’s on page 301
For example:• Category• What they do• Effects• Examples
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsWhat they do •Slows (depresses) neural activity •Mostly effects:•Frontal lobe•Hindbrain
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on the nervous system & body
Afferent & efferent neurons, motor cortex all affected (slowed)•Slows reaction time
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on the nervous system & body
Association areas in frontal lobe depressed •Impairs judgment•Impairs long-term planning•Lessens inhibitions•Reduces self-awareness
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on the nervous system & bodyBroca’s area• Slurring of speechCerebellum• Balance, coordination problemsMedulla oblongata• Depresses automatic functions• Stop, if too much consumed• Heartbeat, breathing, ability to vomit
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on memory• Doesn’t effect:• short-term recall• existing long-term memories
• Difficult to create long-term memoriesState dependent memory• Memories made while intoxicated – difficult to
remember sober• Able to remember next time in that state
(drunk)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsMajor depressants • Alcohol•Barbiturates•Anesthesia•Sleeping pills
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsMajor depressants • Alcohol•Barbiturates•Anesthesia•Sleeping pills •Also known as “Downers”
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsMajor depressants, continued
•Tranquilizers•AKA: Sedatives •Treat anxiety•Examples: Valium & Xanax
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsWhat they do • Increase activity of CNSEffects on the nervous system & body•Heighten alertness• Increase energy•Speed up CNS/automatic functions•Can overtax/permanently damage these parts of the body
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsEffects on the nervous system & body
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsEffects on the nervous system & body
•Many mimic effects of neurotransmitters
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsEffects on the nervous system & body
•Many mimic effects of neurotransmitters•Highly physically addictive
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsEffects on the nervous system & body
•Many mimic effects of neurotransmitters•Highly physically addictive•Tolerance built up quickly
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsEffects on the nervous system & body
•Many mimic effects of neurotransmitters•Highly physically addictive•Tolerance built up quickly •Makes withdrawal difficult
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants Amphetamines (Speed)•Synthetic stimulant•Has legitimate medical useMethamphetamine (meth)•More potent form of Amphetamines•No longer used medically •Solely recreational use
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants Cocaine• Derived from leaves of coca plant• Crack: concentrated formEcstasy • Methyenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)• Anything in large enough amounts is a
hallucinogen (i.e., stimulant)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants Caffeine •Most popular drug in the world•Found in coffee, tea, chocolate, soda, etc.
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants Nicotine• Highly addictive• Found in tobacco• Mimics neurotransmitters:• Acetylcholine•Dopamine• Vasopressin: increases blood pressure
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates What they are •Derived from alkaloids of resin of opium plant•Natural, synthetic, partially synthetic•Used as pain relief•Decreases perception & reaction to pain•Agonist: mimics endorphins
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates What they are/effects
•Sometimes (incorrectly) put into the depressant category•Can depress bodily functions (respiratory functions, etc) •Different method than depressants
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates What they are/effects
•Depressants slow hindbrain•Opioids depress respiratory function itself •Causes drowsiness
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates Effects on the nervous system & body• Intense feeling of euphoria•Highly physically addictive•Tolerance builds up very quickly•More and more needed to prevent withdrawal•No longer produces euphoria, just maintaining level to function
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates
Major opiods•Opium (natural)•Morphine (natural)•Codeine (natural)•Diacetylmorphine (heroin) (semi-synthetic)•Methadone (fully synthetic)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
What they are
•Distort perceptions•Cause heightened sensory alertness (colors seem brighter, sounds clearer, etc.) •Cause hallucinations
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
Addiction
•Not physically addicting•Strongly psychologicallyTypes
•Natural substances•Synthetic
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
Natural•Mesculine: peyote cactus•Psilocybin: certain types of mushrooms
Synthetic •Phencyclidine: PCP or angel dust•Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): acid
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
Effects
•How alter perceptions still unclear•Serotonin receptors?•Effects people differently in different situations (why is unclear)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaBackground
•Sometimes put into one of the other categories•Or, considered its its own category
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaWhat it is•Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)•Active ingredient of marijuana •Found in leaves, flowering top of hemp plant Cannabis•Hashish: cooked down, mashed into a paste
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaEffects on the nervous system & body
•How THC effects brain largely unknown•THC neuroreceptors found in:
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaEffects on the nervous system & body
•How THC effects brain largely unknown•THC neuroreceptors found in:•Frontal lobe•Limbic system•Motor cortex
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaEffects on the nervous system & body•Because THC neuroreceptor found, neurotransmitter in the body apparently•Haven’t found it & don’t know what it does•Have found similar neurotransmitters, just not for THC
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaEffects on the nervous system & body•Low physically addictive •High psychologically addictive•THC lingers in body for a month or so•Body does not build up a tolerance•Small dose needed to produce desired effect
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsHow cocaine works: 1/3•Agonist – blocks reuptake of:•Dopamine•Serotonin•Norepinephrine
•Excess neurotransmitters causes euphoric rush
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsHow cocaine works: 2/3•Stop use of cocaine •Natural neurotransmitters used up quicker than usually •Body producing at same rate
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsHow cocaine works: 3/3•Body crashes because lacks these neurotransmitters•Leads to agitation (lack of dopamine) depression (lack of serotonin & norepinephrine)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsHow ecstasy works: •Dopamine & Serotonin Agonist•Vesicle release excess of both •Blocks reuptake of both
•More of them bind to neuroreceptor site than usually do•Causes good feeling (Serotonin), want to keep taking it (Dopamine)