unit one prof ruth ronan historical development coming to america

Unit OneProf Ruth Ronan

Historical DevelopmentComing to America

Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak

© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

All Rights Reserved.2

General Information Hello Class, I want to remind you

that I am here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact me via email [email protected], or via aim ronankaplan during office hours T 4:30-5:30pm & Th 4:15-5:15 pm EST or by using my virtual office. If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference.




General Information Class will start shortly until then

hold an open discussion and get to know your classmates.

During the seminar if I do not answer your question please do not feel I am ignoring you or I do not like you. Sometimes the seminars move very fast and I did see the question.

I assure you I will always be available to answer your questions.

Any Questions before we begin?




English and Colonial Officers of the Law

Sheriff From the term shire reeve – shire

meaning “county” and reeve meaning “agent of the king”

Basic source of rural crime control

Posse Comitatus





Constable Traced back to Anglo-Saxon times Variety of duties, including collecting

taxes, supervising highways, and serving as magistrate

Constable faced disintegration in the colonies

Untrained and believed to be inadequate as officials of the law





Coroner Elected office Inquest Determine the cause of death Debate over qualifications

Justice of the Peace (JP) As far back as 1195 in England





In colonies, JP s were elected to office and given jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases

Common complaint is that the JP operates in collusion with police

The office has declined




The Old English System of Policing

American policing can be traced back to English heritage

Frankpledge system Constable was the first police

official with law enforcement responsibility greater than protecting neighbors

Office of constable declined around 1689




The Old English System of Policing

Corruption of the JPs also led to the decline of the old system

Early system was voluntary and informal

Growth of large cities, crime, and civil disobedience required that the system be changed




Policing in Colonial America

Colonies were free of crime as settlers were busy carving out a farm and a living

Only two crime waves during the 1600s Law enforcement was given low priority Middle to late eighteenth century saw

massive social and political unrest




Legacies of the Colonial Period

Colonists committed to local policing

Theory of government called republicanism

Onset of the theory of crime prevention

Henry Fielding “thief takers”




Legacies of the Colonial Period

John Fielding Bow Street Runners

Patrick Colquhoun Focused on police reform Police should maintain the public

order, prevent and detect crime, and correct bad manners and morals

Notion of proactive policing




Police Reform in England and America, 1829 -1860

Urbanization and industrialization brought about changes in policing in both countries

Sir Robert Peel Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 Stressed prevention London Metropolitan Police




Police Reform in England and America, 1829 -1860

Not well received by the people of London

“Peel’s principles of policing” Many are still relevant to today’s

police community




Policing Comes to the United States: The Political Era, 1840s

to 1930s

Americans saw Peel’s success Reform movement began in New York

in 1836 Reform efforts were dormant until

1841 Police were placed under the control

of city government and city politicians Mayor chose recruits




Early Issues and New Traditions

Three important issues in American policing1. Police uniforms

Police did not want to wear uniforms New York City refused to rehire any

officer not wanting to wear a uniform




Early Issues and New Traditions

2. Police officers carrying firearms

Public viewed armed police with suspicion

3. Use of force Necessary and commonplace for

American officers




Meanwhile, on the American Front

Ethnic groups fought for resources and fought each other

Four groups assumed responsibility for law enforcement1. Private citizens2. U. S. Marshals3. Businessmen4. Town police officers




The Reform Era: 1900s to 1980s

Reformers sought to reject political involvement by the police

Civil service systems were created Scientific theory of administration

Frederick Taylor Emphasis on production and unity of

control




The Era of August Vollmer Modus operandi Value of scientific knowledge in

criminal investigations Police school Leading proponent of police

professionalism Insulate the policed from politics




The Crime Fighter Image O. W. Wilson Police role was redefined and the

crime fighter image gained popularity Professionalism came to mean a

combination of managerial efficiency and technological sophistication and an emphasis on crime fighting

Social work aspects were gone




The Wickersham Commission

Completed the first national study of crime and criminal justice

Made many recommendations leading to professionalism in policing

Police salaries, working conditions, adequate training, use of policewomen, crime prevention units




William H. Parker A firm believer in professional

crime fighters Transformed LAPD Administrative reorganization Thin blue line




A Retreat from the Professional Model

1960s Few inquiries concerning police

functions and methods to this point Police resisted outside scrutiny No need to challenge traditional methods

Five national commissions attempted to examine police methods during the 1960s and 1970s




A Retreat from the Professional Model

President’s Crime Commission Widely cited Brought policing full circle, back to

principles laid out by Robert Peel Focus on community relations




The Community Era: 1980s to Present

Redesign jobs based on motivators Team policing

Poorly planned Mid-management personnel

threatened Foot patrol became popular Problem-oriented approach to

policing




The Three Generations of COPPS

1. Innovation From 1979 through 1986 Herman Goldstein, James Q. Wilson,

George L. Kelling Small-scale experiments provided a

source of innovative ideas for others





2. Diffusion From 1987 through 1994 Community policing adopted quickly Generally limited to large- and

medium-sized cities Targeted drugs and fear of crime Emphasis on evaluating outcomes





3. Institutionalization Began in 1995 and continues today 68% of nation’s police agencies

adopted community policing Federal grant money




Unit 2 Review Key Terms Read Chapter 2 & 3 in Policing America Attend the Weekly Seminar Respond to the discussion board Complete and Submit Project 1 Take the Quiz Visit Take A Break!

Web Field Trip PowerPoint Presentation Video




Remember…. If you have any questions, please

contact me during office hours Email me Virtual office

There are no stupid questions!

unit one prof ruth ronan historical development coming to america

Documents

america slide

th edition kenneth peak

pearson education

upper saddle river

law slide

law constable

england slide

old system early system