Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.2
General Information Hello Class, I want to remind you
that I am here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact me via email [email protected], or via aim ronankaplan during office hours T 4:30-5:30pm & Th 4:15-5:15 pm EST or by using my virtual office. If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference.
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.3
General Information Class will start shortly until then
hold an open discussion and get to know your classmates.
During the seminar if I do not answer your question please do not feel I am ignoring you or I do not like you. Sometimes the seminars move very fast and I did see the question.
I assure you I will always be available to answer your questions.
Any Questions before we begin?
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.4
English and Colonial Officers of the Law
Sheriff From the term shire reeve – shire
meaning “county” and reeve meaning “agent of the king”
Basic source of rural crime control
Posse Comitatus
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.5
English and Colonial Officers of the Law
Constable Traced back to Anglo-Saxon times Variety of duties, including collecting
taxes, supervising highways, and serving as magistrate
Constable faced disintegration in the colonies
Untrained and believed to be inadequate as officials of the law
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.6
English and Colonial Officers of the Law
Coroner Elected office Inquest Determine the cause of death Debate over qualifications
Justice of the Peace (JP) As far back as 1195 in England
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.7
English and Colonial Officers of the Law
In colonies, JP s were elected to office and given jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases
Common complaint is that the JP operates in collusion with police
The office has declined
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.8
The Old English System of Policing
American policing can be traced back to English heritage
Frankpledge system Constable was the first police
official with law enforcement responsibility greater than protecting neighbors
Office of constable declined around 1689
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.9
The Old English System of Policing
Corruption of the JPs also led to the decline of the old system
Early system was voluntary and informal
Growth of large cities, crime, and civil disobedience required that the system be changed
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.10
Policing in Colonial America
Colonies were free of crime as settlers were busy carving out a farm and a living
Only two crime waves during the 1600s Law enforcement was given low priority Middle to late eighteenth century saw
massive social and political unrest
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.11
Legacies of the Colonial Period
Colonists committed to local policing
Theory of government called republicanism
Onset of the theory of crime prevention
Henry Fielding “thief takers”
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.12
Legacies of the Colonial Period
John Fielding Bow Street Runners
Patrick Colquhoun Focused on police reform Police should maintain the public
order, prevent and detect crime, and correct bad manners and morals
Notion of proactive policing
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.13
Police Reform in England and America, 1829 -1860
Urbanization and industrialization brought about changes in policing in both countries
Sir Robert Peel Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 Stressed prevention London Metropolitan Police
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.14
Police Reform in England and America, 1829 -1860
Not well received by the people of London
“Peel’s principles of policing” Many are still relevant to today’s
police community
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.15
Policing Comes to the United States: The Political Era, 1840s
to 1930s
Americans saw Peel’s success Reform movement began in New York
in 1836 Reform efforts were dormant until
1841 Police were placed under the control
of city government and city politicians Mayor chose recruits
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.16
Early Issues and New Traditions
Three important issues in American policing1. Police uniforms
Police did not want to wear uniforms New York City refused to rehire any
officer not wanting to wear a uniform
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.17
Early Issues and New Traditions
2. Police officers carrying firearms
Public viewed armed police with suspicion
3. Use of force Necessary and commonplace for
American officers
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.18
Meanwhile, on the American Front
Ethnic groups fought for resources and fought each other
Four groups assumed responsibility for law enforcement1. Private citizens2. U. S. Marshals3. Businessmen4. Town police officers
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.19
The Reform Era: 1900s to 1980s
Reformers sought to reject political involvement by the police
Civil service systems were created Scientific theory of administration
Frederick Taylor Emphasis on production and unity of
control
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.20
The Era of August Vollmer Modus operandi Value of scientific knowledge in
criminal investigations Police school Leading proponent of police
professionalism Insulate the policed from politics
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.21
The Crime Fighter Image O. W. Wilson Police role was redefined and the
crime fighter image gained popularity Professionalism came to mean a
combination of managerial efficiency and technological sophistication and an emphasis on crime fighting
Social work aspects were gone
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.22
The Wickersham Commission
Completed the first national study of crime and criminal justice
Made many recommendations leading to professionalism in policing
Police salaries, working conditions, adequate training, use of policewomen, crime prevention units
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.23
William H. Parker A firm believer in professional
crime fighters Transformed LAPD Administrative reorganization Thin blue line
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.24
A Retreat from the Professional Model
1960s Few inquiries concerning police
functions and methods to this point Police resisted outside scrutiny No need to challenge traditional methods
Five national commissions attempted to examine police methods during the 1960s and 1970s
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.25
A Retreat from the Professional Model
President’s Crime Commission Widely cited Brought policing full circle, back to
principles laid out by Robert Peel Focus on community relations
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.26
The Community Era: 1980s to Present
Redesign jobs based on motivators Team policing
Poorly planned Mid-management personnel
threatened Foot patrol became popular Problem-oriented approach to
policing
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.27
The Three Generations of COPPS
1. Innovation From 1979 through 1986 Herman Goldstein, James Q. Wilson,
George L. Kelling Small-scale experiments provided a
source of innovative ideas for others
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.28
The Three Generations of COPPS
2. Diffusion From 1987 through 1994 Community policing adopted quickly Generally limited to large- and
medium-sized cities Targeted drugs and fear of crime Emphasis on evaluating outcomes
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.29
The Three Generations of COPPS
3. Institutionalization Began in 1995 and continues today 68% of nation’s police agencies
adopted community policing Federal grant money
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.30
Unit 2 Review Key Terms Read Chapter 2 & 3 in Policing America Attend the Weekly Seminar Respond to the discussion board Complete and Submit Project 1 Take the Quiz Visit Take A Break!
Web Field Trip PowerPoint Presentation Video