Unit OneUnit OneColonial EraColonial Era

SSUSH1 The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century.

a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery.

b. Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter.

c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania.

d. Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec.

SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed.

a. Explain the development of mercantilism and the trans-Atlantic trade.

b. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the African population, and African-American culture.

c. Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of social mobility and individualism.

d. Explain the significance of the Great Awakening.

Was Jamestown the first Was Jamestown the first English settlement?English settlement?

The Mystery of RoanokeThe Mystery of Roanoke– Sir Walter Raleigh 1587 financed colony Sir Walter Raleigh 1587 financed colony

alonealone– John White led colonists, returned home John White led colonists, returned home

for supplies, returned in 1590 (England for supplies, returned in 1590 (England at war with Spain) all survivors goneat war with Spain) all survivors gone

– ““Croatoan” carved on a tree.. Known as Croatoan” carved on a tree.. Known as “Lost Colony” “Lost Colony”

JamestownJamestown 150 colonists establish colony at 150 colonists establish colony at

Jamestown April 1607 (Virginia Jamestown April 1607 (Virginia Company)Company)

Joint Stock Trading CompanyJoint Stock Trading Company– 4/5ths Agreement4/5ths Agreement

JamestownJamestown

““There was no talk, no hope, no There was no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold.” refine gold, load gold.” John SmithJohn Smith

Jamestown DisasterJamestown Disaster Problems:Problems:

– Contaminated water, Contaminated water, – most unaccustomed to work, most unaccustomed to work, – won’t clear or plant, or gather shellfishwon’t clear or plant, or gather shellfish

End Result:End Result:– Of 150, 38 alive in winter 1607, Of 150, 38 alive in winter 1607, – John Smith takes over. Receives help from John Smith takes over. Receives help from

Powhatan peoplePowhatan people Late winter 1607 John Smith injured Late winter 1607 John Smith injured

gunpowder fire returns to Englandgunpowder fire returns to England

““Starving Time”Starving Time” Spring 1609, 400 new colonists arrive.Spring 1609, 400 new colonists arrive. Powhatan does not like Numbers and Powhatan does not like Numbers and

relationshiprelationship Natives begin to exact revenge, Natives begin to exact revenge,

livestock, farms, people.livestock, farms, people. Colonists eat rats, snakes, roots, shoe Colonists eat rats, snakes, roots, shoe

leather.leather. Of 600 new colonist 60 survive.Of 600 new colonist 60 survive.

Brown GoldBrown Gold John Rolfe 1612 crossbreeds Native John Rolfe 1612 crossbreeds Native

tobacco with Brazilian varietiestobacco with Brazilian varieties Labor need: Labor need:

-Headright System (1618)- if you can -Headright System (1618)- if you can pay pay your own passage receive 50 your own passage receive 50 Acres.Acres.- Indentured servants work for a limited - Indentured servants work for a limited time to pay for passage.time to pay for passage.- 1619 Africans arrive as indentured- 1619 Africans arrive as indenturedservants servants

ConsequencesConsequences War between Natives and ColonistsWar between Natives and Colonists Rolfe and Pocahontas married 1612 Rolfe and Pocahontas married 1612 More land needed for tobacco- More land needed for tobacco-

conflict worsensconflict worsens James I revokes charter Virginia James I revokes charter Virginia

becomes royal colonybecomes royal colony Class struggle develops Rich Class struggle develops Rich

plantation owners/ poor working plantation owners/ poor working class (non land owners) class (non land owners)

House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses 11stst representative body in Americas representative body in Americas

(1619)(1619) 2 Burgesses from each of 11 districts2 Burgesses from each of 11 districts Could vote if owned land, white, and Could vote if owned land, white, and

malemale Unicameral house- raise taxes and Unicameral house- raise taxes and

make laws. Could be vetoed by make laws. Could be vetoed by Royal Governor.Royal Governor.

Bacon’s Rebellion Bacon’s Rebellion 16861686

Problems with native tribes provide Problems with native tribes provide need for more military support need for more military support

Governor sides with planters but does Governor sides with planters but does not send more troops(raises taxes/new not send more troops(raises taxes/new forts)forts)

Nathaniel Bacon raises own army, Nathaniel Bacon raises own army, Governor declares army illegalGovernor declares army illegal

Bacon’s Army marches on Jamestown Bacon’s Army marches on Jamestown drives out Governor and burns much drives out Governor and burns much of town of town

Results and Results and ConsequencesConsequences

Bacon dies of illness a week Bacon dies of illness a week later, Governor returns and later, Governor returns and takes over. takes over.

Governor Berkeley recalled to Governor Berkeley recalled to explain actions, dies b4 explain actions, dies b4 meeting with king. meeting with king.

Separatist Puritan PilgrimsSeparatist Puritan Pilgrims SeparatistsSeparatists did not believe Anglican did not believe Anglican

Church could be reformed.Church could be reformed. The Separatists went to Holland in 1608 so The Separatists went to Holland in 1608 so

that they did not have to conform to the that they did not have to conform to the beliefs set out by the Church of England. beliefs set out by the Church of England.

After living with the Dutch customs and After living with the Dutch customs and liberal ways for 12 years, the Separatist liberal ways for 12 years, the Separatist longed for their English lifestyle. longed for their English lifestyle.

They couldn't go back to England, decided They couldn't go back to England, decided to go to the New World. to go to the New World.

Plymouth Colony 1620Plymouth Colony 1620• • Puritan, Pilgrims, Secularists Sailed for Puritan, Pilgrims, Secularists Sailed for

Virginia, land in Massachusetts, 41 men Virginia, land in Massachusetts, 41 men sign Mayflower Compact sign Mayflower Compact

Landed in middle of winter, tried to build a Landed in middle of winter, tried to build a settlement 1/2 died, when the Mayflower settlement 1/2 died, when the Mayflower returned to England in the spring all of the returned to England in the spring all of the remaining Separatists stayed in Plymouth.remaining Separatists stayed in Plymouth.

Book of laws included social order, work Book of laws included social order, work ethic, strengthening of Christianity, and ethic, strengthening of Christianity, and restricting Native Americans.restricting Native Americans.

Plymouth/Relations with Plymouth/Relations with NativesNatives

Colonists work with native named Squanto Colonists work with native named Squanto who introduced the Pilgrims to Massasoit, who introduced the Pilgrims to Massasoit, the leader of the Wampanoag tribe. the leader of the Wampanoag tribe.

The two groups formed an alliance The two groups formed an alliance protecting each from other Indian tribes. protecting each from other Indian tribes.

Squanto and his fellow Indians showed the Squanto and his fellow Indians showed the Pilgrims where to fish and how to farm. Pilgrims where to fish and how to farm. (1621 Thanksgiving meal to show (1621 Thanksgiving meal to show appreciation for harvest and partnership)appreciation for harvest and partnership)

Results for PlymouthResults for Plymouth

Pilgrims developed an economy based Pilgrims developed an economy based on fur, fish, and lumber, the colony on fur, fish, and lumber, the colony never grew to be very largenever grew to be very large

In 1650 there were still fewer than In 1650 there were still fewer than one thousand settlers at Plymouth one thousand settlers at Plymouth

1691 it merged with the 1691 it merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony because Massachusetts Bay Colony because the Crown refused to grant the the Crown refused to grant the Plymouth Plantation a legal charter.Plymouth Plantation a legal charter.

Massachusetts Bay Colony Massachusetts Bay Colony 16301630

Non-Separatist Puritans gain charter Non-Separatist Puritans gain charter from King Charles I to form the from King Charles I to form the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629. Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629.

In 1630, nearly 1,000 settlers in 11 In 1630, nearly 1,000 settlers in 11 ships arrived on the rocky ships arrived on the rocky Massachusetts coast, Massachusetts coast,

Over next decade 16,000 and 20,000 Over next decade 16,000 and 20,000 settlers came to the New England settlers came to the New England called “The Great Migration.” called “The Great Migration.”

Massachusetts Bay Colony Massachusetts Bay Colony 16301630

Massachusetts colonists didn’t face Massachusetts colonists didn’t face the hardships Jamestown and the hardships Jamestown and Plymouth Plymouth

Colony received a constant flow of Colony received a constant flow of settlers / skilled labor settlers / skilled labor

Soil in the northeast was not Soil in the northeast was not favorable to farming set up industry favorable to farming set up industry in grain, lumber, fishing, harbors in grain, lumber, fishing, harbors

Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630Colony 1630

John Winthrop- (governor/clergy) John Winthrop- (governor/clergy) believed leaders (magistrates/clergy believed leaders (magistrates/clergy with no separation) knew what was with no separation) knew what was best for peoplebest for people

Puritans believed in predestination- Puritans believed in predestination- all events are foreknown and all events are foreknown and foreordained by God and that God foreordained by God and that God chose who was saved and who was chose who was saved and who was damned. damned.

A different look…A different look…God has decreed…“some God has decreed…“some

must be rich, some poor, must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent some high and eminent and power and dignity, and power and dignity, others mean (common) in others mean (common) in subjugation” subjugation” Winthrop 1630Winthrop 1630

““City on the Hill”City on the Hill” ““We must be knit together in this work as We must be knit together in this work as

one man, we must uphold each other...in all one man, we must uphold each other...in all meekness, gentleness, patience and meekness, gentleness, patience and generosity. We must delight in each other, generosity. We must delight in each other, make others conditions our own rejoice make others conditions our own rejoice together, mourn together, labor, and suffer together, mourn together, labor, and suffer together…So shall we keep the unity of the together…So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace…Ten of us shall spirit in the bond of peace…Ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, For we must consider that we shall be as a For we must consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.” Winthrop 1630upon us.” Winthrop 1630

Fundamental DifferenceFundamental Difference

The Covenant of Grace emphasized The Covenant of Grace emphasized salvation through faith alone. salvation through faith alone.

a sinner's actions were not as a sinner's actions were not as important as a sinner's ultimate faith important as a sinner's ultimate faith in God. in God.

The leaders of the Anglican Church of The leaders of the Anglican Church of England taught that good deeds were England taught that good deeds were the only road to salvation, a Covenant the only road to salvation, a Covenant of Works. of Works.

Challenge of ProvidenceChallenge of Providence Roger WilliamsRoger Williams—extreme Separatist —extreme Separatist

minister with controversial views “…minister with controversial views “…forced religion stinks in God’s nostrils” forced religion stinks in God’s nostrils”

• • General Court orders his arrest; General Court orders his arrest; Williams fleesWilliams flees

• • In 1636 he founds colony of ProvidenceIn 1636 he founds colony of Providence- negotiates for land with Narragansett - negotiates for land with Narragansett

tribetribe- guarantees separation of church and - guarantees separation of church and

state, religious freedomstate, religious freedom••

Another challenge to Another challenge to Massachusetts BayMassachusetts Bay

Anne Hutchinson heaven based on faith Anne Hutchinson heaven based on faith and God’s saving grace (questioning and God’s saving grace (questioning predestination and the civil authority)predestination and the civil authority)

Believed leaders had a responsibility to be Believed leaders had a responsibility to be moral to people they govern or risk moral to people they govern or risk damnation damnation

Led meetings questioning clergy’s control Led meetings questioning clergy’s control (covenant of grace) said communicated (covenant of grace) said communicated directly with God- Winthrop had her directly with God- Winthrop had her banishedbanished

Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant

a form of partial church membership a form of partial church membership created by New England Puritans in 1662.created by New England Puritans in 1662.

If a person accepted the Covenant, could If a person accepted the Covenant, could become church members without claiming become church members without claiming a spiritual experience. could not vote on a spiritual experience. could not vote on any issues within the churchany issues within the church

Puritan preachers hoped that this plan Puritan preachers hoped that this plan would maintain some of the church's would maintain some of the church's influence in society, and that these 'half-influence in society, and that these 'half-way members' would see the benefits of way members' would see the benefits of full membership.full membership.

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening

A religious movement in the 1730s A religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s, but seeds planted well and 1740s, but seeds planted well beforebefore

Religious revival bringing new people Religious revival bringing new people to the church, often throwing out to the church, often throwing out Anglican or puritan beliefsAnglican or puritan beliefs

New denominations (Baptists, New denominations (Baptists, Methodists) led to interest in higher Methodists) led to interest in higher educationeducation

Salem witch trialsSalem witch trials 150+ Massachusetts colonists 150+ Massachusetts colonists

accused of witchcraft were tried, 29 of accused of witchcraft were tried, 29 of which were convicted, and 19 hanged. which were convicted, and 19 hanged.

Causes included extreme religious Causes included extreme religious faith, stress from a growing faith, stress from a growing population and its bad relations with population and its bad relations with Native Americans, and the narrow Native Americans, and the narrow opportunities for women and girls to opportunities for women and girls to participate in Puritan society.participate in Puritan society.

Native Americans Resist Native Americans Resist Colonial ExpansionColonial Expansion

• • Settlers spread to western Settlers spread to western Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, ConnecticutConnecticut

• • Natives think land treaties temporary, Natives think land treaties temporary, Europeans think permanentEuropeans think permanent

King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War• • Deprived of land, natives toil for Deprived of land, natives toil for

English, must follow Puritan lawsEnglish, must follow Puritan laws• • Wampanoag chief Wampanoag chief Metacom (King Metacom (King

Phillip) Phillip) organizes tribes to wipe out organizes tribes to wipe out settlerssettlers

Natives lose prisoners shipped to Natives lose prisoners shipped to Caribbean, traded for African slavesCaribbean, traded for African slaves

Penn’s Tolerant ColonyPenn’s Tolerant Colony

William Penn (Pacifist Quaker) founds William Penn (Pacifist Quaker) founds colony based on religious tolerancecolony based on religious tolerance

Negotiated with Natives included Negotiated with Natives included them in societythem in society

Representative assembly -“Frame of Representative assembly -“Frame of Gov’t” with separation of powers Gov’t” with separation of powers influenced the creation of U.S. influenced the creation of U.S. ConstitutionConstitution

Not only British Colonies… Not only British Colonies… Yet…Yet…

Dutch settlers (Dutch West India Dutch settlers (Dutch West India Company) settle at mouth of Hudson Company) settle at mouth of Hudson River call it New AmsterdamRiver call it New Amsterdam

Trade goods with natives for timber Trade goods with natives for timber and beaver pelts (fur) and beaver pelts (fur)

British and Dutch will fight three wars British and Dutch will fight three wars and eventually the Dutch will cede and eventually the Dutch will cede control to the British for Suriname and control to the British for Suriname and a sum of money (Renamed New York)a sum of money (Renamed New York)

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

The European Slave The European Slave TradeTrade

- New England exports rum to Africa- New England exports rum to Africa

- Africa exports slaves to West Indies- Africa exports slaves to West Indies- West Indies export sugar, molasses West Indies export sugar, molasses

to New Englandto New England Middle passageMiddle passage—middle leg of —middle leg of

transatlantic trade, transports slavestransatlantic trade, transports slaves

• • 20% or more of Africans on ship die 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicidefrom disease, abuse, suicide

The Evolution of SlaveryThe Evolution of Slavery

• • English colonists increasingly unable English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native Americansto enslave Native Americans

• • Indentured servant price rises; slaves Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are better buywork for life, are better buy

• • Most white colonists think Africans’ Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slaverydark skin justifies slavery

80–90% of slaves work in fields; 10–80–90% of slaves work in fields; 10–20% work in house or as artisans20% work in house or as artisans

New Threats to New Threats to MercantilismMercantilism

Parliament sees colonial sales Parliament sees colonial sales to other countries as to other countries as economic threateconomic threat

• • 1651 Parliament passes 1651 Parliament passes Navigation Acts laws restrict Navigation Acts laws restrict colonial tradecolonial trade

Navigation Acts Navigation Acts 16511651

No country could trade with the colonies No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods were shipped in either unless the goods were shipped in either colonial or English ships.colonial or English ships.

All vessels had to be operated by crews All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least three-quarters English that were at least three-quarters English or colonial.or colonial.

The colonies could export certain products The colonies could export certain products only to England.only to England.

Almost all goods traded between the Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English port.through an English port.

King James RespondsKing James Responds Colonists resent Acts and resist, King Colonists resent Acts and resist, King

revokes Massachusetts Charter 1684revokes Massachusetts Charter 1684 1685 1685 Dominion of New EnglandDominion of New England− − land from southern Maine to New land from southern Maine to New

Jersey united into one colonyJersey united into one colony− − to make colony more obedient, to make colony more obedient,

Dominion placed under single rulerDominion placed under single ruler Continues until 1691 Parliament Continues until 1691 Parliament

restores charters after Glorious restores charters after Glorious RevolutionRevolution

England Loosens the England Loosens the ReinsReins

Salutary Neglect- Salutary Neglect- England does not England does not enforce laws if colonies have economic enforce laws if colonies have economic loyaltyloyalty

The Seeds of Self-GovernmentThe Seeds of Self-Government

-Governor: calls, disbands assembly; appoints -Governor: calls, disbands assembly; appoints judges; oversees tradejudges; oversees trade

- Colonial assembly influences governor - Colonial assembly influences governor because they pay his salarybecause they pay his salary

- Colonists still consider themselves British - Colonists still consider themselves British but want self-governmentbut want self-government

Wrap-UpWrap-Up

EnlightenmentEnlightenment– Emphasis on ReasonEmphasis on Reason– Ben FranklinBen Franklin

QuebecQuebec– French SettlementFrench Settlement– Fur Trade is very importantFur Trade is very important