1

Topics (Textbook Module Numbers)

I. Sources of Pollution (41) IX. Solid Waste Disposal (51)

II. Human Impacts on Ecosystems (41) X. Waste Reduction Methods (52)

III. Endocrine Disruptors (42) XI. Sewage Treatment (41)

IV. Human Impacts on Wetlands and Mangroves (43) XII. Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) (57)

V. Eutrophication (41) XIII. Dose Response Curve (57)

VI. Thermal Pollution (44) XIV. Pollution and Human Health (56)

VII. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (42) XV. Pathogens and Infectious Diseases (56)

VIII. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification (42)

Vocabulary

• Acid deposition

• Algal bloom

• Bioaccumulation

• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

• Biomagnification

• Boom

• Bubonic plague

• Cholera

• Composting

• Coral bleaching

• Dead zone

• Decomposition

• Dispersant

• Dose Response Curve

• E-waste

• Endocrine disruptors

• Eutrophication/ Cultural Eutrophication

• Fecal coliform bacteria

• Great Pacific Garbage Patch

• Hypoxic

• Incineration

• Indicator species

• Landfill mitigation

• LD50

• Leach field

• Leachate

• Malaria

• Mangroves

• Manure lagoon

• Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

• MERS

• Mesothelioma

• Methylmercury

• Nonpoint source

• Oligotrophic

• Oxygen sag curve

• Pathogen

• Perceived obsolescence

• Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

• Planned obsolescence

• Point source

• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

• Primary treatment

• Range of tolerance

• Recycling

• Runoff

• Safe Drinking Water Act

• Sanitary municipal landfill

• SARS

• Secondary treatment

• Sedimentation

• Septage

• Septic system

• Septic tank

• Sludge

• Tertiary treatment

• Thermal pollution

• Thermal pollution

• Thermal shock Clean Water Act

• Tuberculosis

• Wastewater

• Water pollution

• West Nile virus

• Wetland

• Zika virus

Unit 8: Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution

Name:

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GorqroigqM 21:17

1. Copy the sketches of the 5 stages of the materials economy

Extraction Production Distribution Consumption Disposal

2. How much of our natural resources have been trashed in the last few decades? 3. How many planets are needed to support current rates of consumption in the US and Australia? 4. How many trees are being lost in the Amazon each minute? 5. What is being added to the production system that is created dangerous waste products? 6. What food is at the top of the food chain and threatening the health of future generations? 7. What is meant by “externalising costs of production”? 8. Who is paying for the real cost of cheap electronic equipment (i.e. the $4.99 radio)? List three groups at least. 9a. How much material is still in the system after 6 months?____________%. 9b. Where have the remaining materials gone? 10. When did the modern consumer economy come into being? Why?

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11. According to Annie Leonard, what are some of the social and community interests being neglected while we are busy consuming “stuff”? 12. What do these terms mean? Give an example of each.

• planned obsolescence

example________________________________________________________

• perceived obsolescence

example________________________________________________________

13a. What is happening to the levels of measured happiness? 13b. What reasons are given?

14. Draw or summarize the steps in the treadmill. 15. One solution which many countries use to deal with increasing waste is to burn it. What problem is

associated with burning rubbish? 16. How does recycling help? 17. Why is recycling not enough? (Clue: How many rubbish bins are needed to produce one bin of recycled

materials?)

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I. Sources of Pollution

Waste should be viewed as a _____________ , just like other materials.

Human systems:

Inputs Outputs

Waste:____________________________________________________________________________

Is natural waste “useful” or not?

_________________________________ : Produced from a single, identifiable location. Examples:

_______________________________________: Produced from a more diffuse, broadly defined area

Examples:

How is it helpful to a community to identify point sources of pollution?

Which type of pollution is more difficult to control and why?

II. Human Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems

Remember this?

Objective:

• Identify differences between point and nonpoint sources of pollution

Objective:

• Describe negative environmental impacts on suffered by coral reefs.

• Explain how oil spills happen, and their negative economic consequences and effects on aquatic ecosystems.

• Explain what a dead zone is and how it forms.

• Describe how heavy metals can impact water supply.

• Identify the major sources of solid waste pollution.

• Explain the harmful effects of sediment pollution.

Summarize:

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Why are coral reefs important?

THREATS:

Natural Threats How does human activity exacerbate (magnify) this threat?

Storm impacts

Temperature changes

Salinity changes

Predation

Algal overgrowth

Physical

•

•

•

•

•

Chemical

•

•

•

•

•

Biological

Indirect

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Oil spills Cause harm from surface to bottom of ocean, at all trophic levels

1. Marine mammals and birds→

2. Fish→

3. Invertebrates →

Case Studies

1.________________________________________________

Supertanker crashed into a reef in Prince William Sound, AK 42 million liters (11 million gallons) Half a million birds and thousands of marine mammals killed

2. ____________________________________________

Exploration might yield up to 1.4 trillion L of oil and natural gas

Opponents: will harm pristine habitat and the human population as well

3. ____________________________________________

Explosion at a BP oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico

Released 780 million L (206 million gal)—87 days

6000 sea turtles, 26,000 marine mammals, 82,000

birds killed

BP Oil Spill Timeline (2:58) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiF-X-

Ez9Bs

BP Oil Spill 5 Years Later: Wildlife Still Suffering MSNBC (5:53) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcZ9MLDuIl0 Why were there so many birds on the neighboring barrier islands off the Lousiana coast at the time of the spill?

What occurred with the land and mangroves? (positive feedback loop!)

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Why are they in danger of losing the pelican population?

What are the steps being taken right now to protect the pelicans? Who is supporting and not supporting?

Deepwater Horizon disaster, five years later (10:24) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZKBDVurCdk

Correctsit dispersant:

Physical evidence that remains even 5 years later

Human medical issues

BP’s responses to the complaints

Economic issues in Grand Isle

______________________________ : Produced by livestock operations and human activities Types:

Why is wastewater a problem?

_________________________________________________________________

→ more oxygen is required for the bacteria to decompose all the organic material

→ _______________ BOD = ___________ pollution

→ High BOD = Less ________________________________________ for other forms of life;

may cause ______________________________

BOD in the waters of North America has (increased/decreased) since 1976 because: BOD in the waters of Africa and Asia has (increased/decreased) since 1976 because:

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Oxygen Sag Curve

Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly

(clean water orgs)

Pollution-tolerant fishes (carp, gar)

No fish Fungi, sludge,

worms, bacteria

Pollution-tolerant fishes

(carp, gar)

Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly

(clean water orgs)

Clean Decomposition Septic Recovery Clean

Zones→

Sediment Pollution (_______________________________________)

• Caused by construction, agriculture, erosion

• Increases _____________________________, reduces sunlight

• Clogs gills

• ______________________________________

How is the creation of a dead zone in the ocean or river an example of a positive

feedback loop? (Draw it)

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Heavy metals used for industry, especially mining and burning of fossil fuels, can reach the groundwater, impacting the drinking

water supply

Heavy Metals and other toxins

Metal/Toxin Source Removal Health Effect

Water filtration Laws banning lead paint, import of toys Replacement of old pipes Federal guidelines for building

Nervous system and kidney damage to fetuses and infants

Filtration and reverse osmosis Skin, lung, kidney, bladder cancers

Reduce use of coal Biomagnification—can damage CNS, esp. fetuses/children

Coal scrubbers Water treatment

Lethal to many forms of life, food web effects Destroy statues, bridges, roads, buildings

Use organic methods Ban certain chemicals (DDT)

Kill many non-target organisms

Proper waste disposal Varying effects on food web

Other compounds: _________________________ (rocket fuel), __________--polychlorinated biphenyls (plastics/electrical transformers), __________ (flame retardants)

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http://www.cc.com/video-clips/13hiav/the-daily-show-with-trevor-noah-michigan-s-toxic-water-crisis

http://www.cc.com/video-clips/hwvdyb/the-daily-show-with-trevor-noah-it-s-not-just-flint-s-water-crisis

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/chemical-study-ground-zero-house-flint-water-crisis-180962030/

Scientists Now Know Exactly How Lead Got Into Flint's Water –Smithsonian magazine What was the root cause of the crisis and what happened in 2014 that exacerbated it? What safety measures might have prevented the problem, but were not being followed by Flint? What has Flint done since 2014, and is it working for the long term?

Is Flint the only place this contamination could be a problem?

III. Endocrine Disruptors

_______________________________________________ : Mimic hormones causing overstimulation, or bind

to a receptor within a cell and block the real hormone, stopping response.

Examples:

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals https://youtu.be/ibfAF66JzFE (2:54)

Objective:

• Identify endocrine disruptors and describe the effects of endocrine disruptors on ecosystems.

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IV. Human Impacts on Wetlands and Mangroves

____________________ : a distinct ecosystem that is

flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where

anaerobic processes prevail

Ecological Services provided by Wetlands

1.

2.

3.

4.

• 5,000 species of plant life

• 1/3 of all species of birds

• 190 species of amphibians

• ALL of America's wild ducks and geese need wetlands to survive

___________________________ :

• ___________________________ that grow along tropical shorelines

• inhabit the _________________________________

• ______________________________________

substrate for inverts like corals, sponges, tunicates

shelter many species of juvenile fish

Threats to Mangroves and Wetlands

•

•

•

•

Objective:

• Describe wetlands and mangroves, and the ecological services they provide.

• Describe the impacts of human activity on wetlands and mangroves.

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→The Disappearing Wetlands in California’s Central Valley, High Country News 2/29/16 https://www.hcn.org/articles/the-disappearing-wetlands-in-californias-central-valley What are the natural and anthropogenic causes of the wetland loss in CA?

What are two ways that bird populations are impacted by shrinking wetlands?

What was a mitigation solution that conservationists came up with to preserve some habitat for migrating birds?

Why is that no longer a viable solution?

How does the Central Valley Project Improvement Act fit into the story?

V. Eutrophication

Excess nutrients in the water →

_________________________________________

(anthropogenic causes = ____________________

eutrophication)

→ especially _______________

→ _______________________

→ again leads to High BOD and dead zones

Waterways low in oxygen = ____________________________

_____________________________ waterways: low nutrients, stable algae populations, high DO

Objective: Explain the environmental effects of excessive use of fertilizers and detergents on aquatic ecosystems

• Define eutrophication and algal blooms.

• Discuss the characteristics of hypoxic, oligotrophic, and eutrophic waterways.

• Describe anthropogenic causes of eutrophication.

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VI. Thermal Pollution

Also called ________________________

• Power plants/factories use cooling water, pump hot water back

into waterways

• Warm water contains less _______________________

• Decreased respiration, suffocation

• To reduce temperature: use of ____________________

VII. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

POPs are types of pollutants that are especially harmful because

1.

2.

3.

5 examples of POPs

Objective:

• Define thermal pollution and describe its causes.

• Describe the effects of thermal pollution on aquatic ecosystems.

Objective:

• Define POP and identify examples.

• Explain how and why POPs are toxic to organisms and how they can spread long distances.

1.

3.

2.

4.

5.

Temp vs. DO

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VIII. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

_________________________________ : Increase in concentration of a pollutant in an organism

_________________________________ : Increase in concentration of a pollutant in a food chain

→ Effects on top carnivores—thinning eggshells, reproductive malformities

→ DDT banned after Rachel Carson wrote about its effects on songbirds in ___________________

→ Human body systems that can be most severely affected: _______________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

→ Article: High Level of Mercury Found in Pumas Linked to Coastal Fog https://www.worldatlas.com/news/high-level-of-mercury-found-in-pumas-linked-to-coastal-fog.html

Explain how a puma is a victim of BOTH bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to methylmercury in

the fog.

Objective:

• Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification and explain the difference between them.

• Describe harmful effects on ecosystems and humans that are a result of bioaccumulation and biomagnification.

• Identify examples of substances that are capable of bioaccumulating and having measurable negative environmental impact.

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1. Which of the following groups is most susceptible to problems from DDT: primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, or tertiary consumers? Why?

2. What are some differences between the food chain of ospreys and the food chain of northern harriers? How might these differences in the diet of osprey and northern harriers result in exposure to different amounts of DDT?

3. a) Suppose an osprey eats 300 g of fish per day. The fish tissue consumed by the osprey has an average DDT concentration of 0.1 μg/g. How much DDT is the osprey consuming in one day?

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b) Now suppose a bald eagle also eats 300 g of food per day. But, the bald eagle eats seal carcasses that have washed up on the beach. The seal had eaten fish-eating fish with 1.0 μg/g DDT in their tissue. Much of the seal’s body is made of blubber (a fatty substance) and the DDT bioaccumulates in the seal. So, the seal has 2.0 μg/g DDT in its tissue. If the bald eagle eats 300 g of seal, how much DDT does the bald eagle consume in one day?

4. Taking all factors into account, rank the following for likelihood of bioaccumulation: bald eagles, osprey, seals, and northern harriers.

IX. Solid Waste Disposal

Objective:

• Define solid waste and how and where it is generated.

• Describe the negative impacts of improperly designed landfills.

• Define e-waste and discuss its recent prevalence.

• Describe the design of sanitary municipal landfills.

• Describe factors in landfill decomposition rates.

• Explain the pros and cons of incineration as an alternative.

• Identify items that cannot be accepted in landfills, such as rubber tires

• Discuss the prevalence and negative impacts of ocean dumping

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkfAnQtIUCw Where is the Biggest Garbage Dump on Earth? (4:03)

How has it formed? What is it composed of?

Landfills

→ Traditional landfills must confront two large environmental problems:

1.

2.

__________________ : Contaminated water that passes through MSW into the soil and waterways

___________________________________________ aim to contaminate the surrounding environment as

little as possible.

How fast will

decomposition

happen?

Depends on...

1.

2.

Important Features:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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_________________________________ : Burn waste to reduce volume and mass; sometimes can generate

electricity or heat (called a ______________________________ system)

→ _______ : Residual non-organic material that does not combust

→ Article: Is Burning Trash a Good Way to Dispose of It? PBS KQED https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/is-

burning-trash-a-good-way-to-dispose-of-it-waste-incineration-in-charts

What does the author consider negative impacts of burning waste?

Why is the U.S. waste incineration industry declining?

________ incinerators operate in the U.S., and ________ % are in “environmental justice communities”.

How are these communities defined?

Where specifically in the U.S. are most of them?

What has changed over the last 50 years in terms of what is burned?

What are some modern solutions that are being demanded by the public?

How do incinerator plants compare to natural gas power plants in terms of emissions?

=

NIMBY!

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Some items are not accepted in landfills and are prone to be disposed of illegally

_________________________________ is only ______ of the waste stream. Why is it such a significant

concern?

Explore: Nat Geo’s Planet or Plastic? https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/planetorplastic/planetorplastic-

backup/

__________________________________________________ : Consider all materials and energy used in the

lifetime of a product, from raw materials to final disposal

The life cycle of a T-shirt (6:03) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiSYoeqb_VY

Which is better for the environment??? None of these have a simple answer…write down both pros and cons

for both.

Paper vs. Plastic cup?

We think:

Ms. Thaler says:

Disposable vs. Cloth diaper?

We think:

Ms. Thaler says:

Notebooks or an iPad?

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We think:

Ms. Thaler says:

X. Waste Reduction Methods

How much waste is produced by a nation has a direct correlation to that nation’s ______________.

_________________________________________: Refuse collected by municipalities from households, small

businesses, and institutions.

What caused the shift to the “throw-away society”?

How does our industrialization lead to developing countries’ increasing their MSW? Undercover in a Bangladesh clothing factory (CBS news) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1mvcFuiTts (4:39)

Objective: Describe changes to current practices that could reduce the amount of generated waste and their associated benefits and drawbacks

• Define recycling and discuss its pros and cons.

• Define composting and discuss its pros and cons.

• Discuss options for disposing of e-waste and the issues with improper disposal.

• Describe landfill mitigation strategies.

• Describe the option of methane recapture in landfills.

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Composition of the Waste Stream (flow of solid waste before recycling)

But 75% of recycled material is ____________________

The Three Rs and Composting 1. _______________

→____________________________ : Reduce use of potential waste materials in early stages of design

and manufacture. Examples:

2. _______________ : increase of ___________________________ in the system

• Better if reuse does not require much additional energy

Examples:

3. _________________ : objects converted to raw materials which can be used to produce new

products

2 Types of Recycling:

_______________________

_______________________

Recycling Pros? Recycling Cons?

D is recycled.

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_______________________ : Creation of organic matter (humus) by decomposition under

controlled conditions to produce an organic-rich material that enhances soil structure, cation

exchange capacity, and fertility.

• Ensure a good _________ ratio that will boost _________________ activity

• Layer “dry” material (leaves, grass) will “wet” (kitchen scraps)

• Rotation and aeration to provide ______________ . If decomposition occurs anaerobically

like in landfills, _________________ will be produced (bad greenhouse gas!)

• Drawbacks:

_________________________________ : Liquid, solid or gas that has been shown to be harmful to humans or

the environment

Examples of Hazardous Waste

What’s the best option?

→

→ __________________________________________ happens first

→__________________________________________ is best!

Most preferred

Least preferred

Solid Waste Management Hierarchy

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Legislation: ______________________________________

• Taxes on chemical and petroleum industries

• Funds cleanup of non-operating hazardous waste sites

• Authorizes federal government to respond immediately to release of hazardous substances

→__________________________ : Newer federal program (1995) to clean up industrial sites that do not yet

have Superfund status

Important Case Study: ________________________

• Used to be a hazardous waste landfill

• Benzene, dioxin, and trichloroethylene (carcinogens) found in basements in 1978

• Residents evacuated in 1983 The Love Canal Disaster (11:02) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kjobz14i8kM Where did the chemicals come from originally, and when? What were some of the health problems people experienced? Why did residents protest against the EPA and the government? How many toxic sites has the Superfund Act remediated at the time of this video? _______ Was Love Canal remediated? What happened to it? Why did activists continue to protest when Love Canal was repopulated in 1998? Why is it so hard to identify and eliminate carcinogens around us?

____________________________________________ • Burning waste for energy and to reduce volume

• Restoring habitat for use as parks

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XI. Sewage Treatment

Treating wastewater

___________________________ → __________________________ and _____________________

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IftsX9Z7vHI How a septic system works (2:09)

2. ___________________________________________ : centralized systems in large municipalities in

developed countries

* ___________________________________________ :

• Physical removal of large objects through the use of screens and grates

• Settling of waste at the bottom of the tank

* ___________________________________________ :

• Water _____________, _____________ added, promotes growth of aerobic bacteria

• Bacterial breakdown into CO2 and inorganic sludge

_________________________________________:

o __________________________ using chlorine, ozone, UV light

--Released to waterway

Heavy rain and flooding—plants can __________________________ raw sewage into bodies of water

__________________________________ : man-made outdoor earthen basin filled with animal waste that undergoes anaerobic respiration as part of a system designed to manage and treat refuse created by CAFOs. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/drone-factory-farm-pig-feces-lakes

Objective:

• Describe best practices in sewage treatment.

• Explain primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment, and disinfection.

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XII. Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) and XIII. Dose Response Curve (Hazards and Risk)

Five types of Hazards: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

________________________________: caused by non-living factors; does not spread

__________________________________: (also transmissible/contagious/communicable): caused by pathogens Look up 5 examples each of diseases caused by…. Add VA if there is a vaccine, add A if there is an antibiotic

Virus Bacterium Protist (Protozoan) Fungus

Objective:

• Identify the five major types of hazards.

• Differentiate between transmissible and non-transmissable diseases, with examples.

• Describe at least three emergent diseases and the pathogens that cause them.

• Discuss ways to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases, and the roadblocks.

• Identify important toxic substances.

• Describe their effects on the different physiological systems of the body.

• Define LD50 and compare the toxicity of different substances.

• Explain and evaluate dose response curves.

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Methods of transmission ________________________: regional large- scale outbreak

________________________: worldwide outbreak

Copy the 5 deadliest diseases in history, their pathogen, and method of transmission

International Transmission Pathogen Vaccine or antibiotic?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7xlGcLGTu8 1918 Pandemic: The Deadliest Flu in History (6:08)

the 1918 flu was also known as _________________________________

Why did many countries not report the flu?

What percent of the world was infected?

Flu viruses are categorized by two types of _______________________________________ H5N1 Virus = Bird Flu H1N1 Virus = Swine Flu (2009 pandemic)

Small mutations that your immune system can protect against: _________________________________

Large mutations that your body cannot protect against: ______________________________

Why did it especially affect 20-40 year olds? (2 reasons) 1.

2.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySClB6-OH-Q The Past, Present and Future of the Bubonic Plague (4:12) Visit the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) website and the WHO (World Health Organization) website for information about current disease concerns in the US and internationally. Write down at least 5 of each, and put VI, B, P, or F for pathogen, and VA or AN for vaccine or antibiotic. https://www.cdc.gov/outbreaks/index.html CDC http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/ WHO

United States Pathogen Vaccine or antibiotic?

International Pathogen Vaccine or antibiotic?

Antibiotic Resistance https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-antibiotics-become-resistant-over-time-kevin-wu#watch (4:35) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yybsSqcB7mE (2:02) Watch Antibiotic Resistance Evolve

Draw a positive feedback model showing how antibiotic resistance occurs.

Solutions to the Problem of Infectious Disease:

There are CHEMICALS in my food!!!

Name something that has scary CHEMICALS in it: ______________________________________

Penn & Teller get hippies to sign water banning petition 3:23 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi3erdgVVTw&t=41s

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Top 5 Toxic Substances (What they are)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

3 Types Toxic Agents (What they do)

Examples

1.

2.

3.

Other Hazardous Effects:

System Example Disease/Effect

Weaken the immune system, leaving it vulnerable to infection

Mercury poisoning ADD Paralysis Learning disabilities

Prevention of hormone from working properly Birth defects Developmental delays and disabilities

______________________________: a measure of the harmfulness of a substance—ability to cause injury,

illness, or death to a living organism

→ At what level of exposure to a particular toxic chemical will the chemical cause harm?

____________: The amount of a harmful chemical that a person has ingested, inhaled, or absorbed at one

time

What factors affect toxicity?

Variables

•

•

•

•

•

•

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Types of Response:

___________________: immediate, rapid, possibly temporary

___________________: permanent, long-lasting

What’s a safer chemical: a naturally occurring one, or a synthetic (human-made) one?

_____________ (Lethal Dose 50) : Amount of a substance required to kill 50% of the test population (you

might also see reference to _________ )

Remember: 1.

2. ___________________________________________

(Refer to LD50 Brine Shrimp Lab)

Shows the response of a population to a dose

of a chemical/toxin

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_____________________________________________________________ :

When there is substantial preliminary evidence that an activity/technology/chemical substance can harm humans or the environment, we should take precautionary measures to prevent/reduce harm, rather than wait for more conclusive scientific evidence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1SWkqZCD24 The Precautionary Principle Animation (1:43)

What are some other issues besides toxins to which we could/should be applying the Precautionary Principle?

_____________: probability of suffering harm (usually percentage or fraction)

____________________________________________: Use statistical methods to estimate risk

____________________________________________: Whether and how to reduce risk, and at what cost

Refer to Risk Survey Lab

Which of these do people consider to be riskier? What are the reasons behind these perceptions?

Being pushed out of an airplane with a parachute

Or

Sky-diving

Government chlorination of drinking water

Using a chemical water softener in your home

Hiking on an open cliffside trail

Living next to an oil refinery

Driving in a car Living near a nuclear reactor

Driving in a car Flying in a jet airplane

Using tobacco Using a product containing dioxin

Drinking tapwater in your house in Cupertino Drinking tapwater from a well in Senegal

Living near a factory that exports goods Living near a factory that sells goods you use

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XIV. Pollution and Human Health

https://time.com/4982099/quackery-medicine-history/ (1:43) 3 Strange Treatments Doctors Used to Think Were Good for You https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57983/9-terrifying-medical-treatments-1900-and-their-safer-modern-versions

Difficult to establish ____________________________ between pollutants and human health issues

humans are exposed to a variety of chemicals and pollutants

Disease Cause

XV. Pathogens and Infectious Diseases

Pathogens ___________ to take advantage of new

opportunities to infect and spread through human

populations

Specific pathogens can occur in many environments

regardless of the appearance of sanitary conditions

_________________________ leads to pathogens and

associated diseases spreading into new areas

Poverty-stricken areas more often lack

_____________________________________________ and

have _________________________________

____________________________________

→ so they have a much _________ likelihood for spread of

infections disease

Objective:

• Explain the difficulty behind establishing cause and effect between pollutants and human health issues.

• Identify the probable pollution-related causes of human diseases such as dysentery, mesothelioma, asthma, and respiratory problems.

Objective: Explain human pathogens and their cycling through the environment.

• Discuss how and why pathogens may appear in certain locations.

• Explain how climate change is affecting the spread of pathogens.

• Explain why poverty-stricken regions are more in danger of the spread of infectious diseases.

• Define and explain the spread of plague, tuberculosis, malaria, West Nile virus, SARS, MERS, Zika, and cholera.

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Wastewater carries a wide variety of __________________ (disease-causing microorganisms and viruses)

Examples:

Notable Pathogens

Disease Transmission

infected organism bites human or contact with contaminated fluids or tissues

breathing bacteria from bodily fluids of an infected person

bites from infected mosquitoes Sub-saharan africa

bites from infected mosquitoes

inhaling or touching infected fluids

transferred from animals to humans

-bites from infected mosquitoes -Sexual contact

from infected water

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2j_Ka3XTgA Ganges: India’s dying mother (3:13) What are some sources of the pollution in the Ganges?

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REMEMBER!!!! • __________________________ people do not sufficient access to safe water

• About _______ of the world’s population lacks access to proper sanitation and hygiene

• In __________________________, up to 64% lack access

___________________________________: indicates whether or not pathogens are present

→ _______________________________________ such as E. coli shows human waste has entered the water

(not necessarily pathogens)

If a species is highly sensitive to pollution, what does its presence indicate?

If a species has a wide range of tolerance, will it dominate a habitat in low pollution or high pollution? Why?

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Bozeman Review Videos

Water Pollution (9:07) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNGKsubYJ9U

Health Impacts of Pollution (8:09) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcDjyxanOyk

Solid Waste (7:39) http://www.bozemanscience.com/ap-es-031-solid-waste