Beijing celebrates the announcement that it will host the 2008 Summer Olympics.

The 20th century brought many changes to the East Asia nations. China became Communist, Japan rebuilt itself after WWII, and the Koreas split in half.

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Unit 7China and Its Neighbors

Establishing Modern ChinaSECTION 1

The Governments of East AsiaSECTION 2

The Economies of East AsiaSECTION 3

The Cultures of East AsiaSECTION 4

Establishing Modern JapanSECTION 5

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China and Its Neighbors

Section 1

EstablishingModern ChinaAfter the end of China’s last dynasty and decades of conflict, a Communist government took control of China in 1949.

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China’s Last Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty• Empire established by Manchus in 1644, includes

Tibet, Taiwan• Population triples by 1800s; food shortages

increase, weaken rulers

Establishing Modern China1SECTION

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Continued . . .

The Opium War• Rulers prohibit sale of opium drug; British

smuggle it in from India• British use opium to buy goods, hurts China’s

economy• Chinese seize British opium in 1839, starting

Opium War• British get Hong Kong, money, trade in 1842

Treaty of Nanking

The Rise of Nationalism• Peasants revolt against treaty; Taiping

Rebellion lasts 14 years- seek equality for women- division of property- surplus harvests for poor

• In 1900, anti-Qing Boxer Rebellion wants foreigners out of China

• Rebellions are all unsuccessful; China left in turmoil

continued China’s Last Dynasty

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1SECTION

Continued . . .

A New Republic• Western-educated Chinese want new government• Sun Yat-sen seeks democracy, forms Chinese

Nationalist Party• Topples Qing Dynasty in 1911, forms republic, is

first president• 16 years of turmoil follow: rebellions, WWI (China

fights Japan)• Nationalist Party grows; Chinese Communist

Party forms

continued China’s Last Dynasty

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1SECTION

Continued . . .

The Fight for Control• Nationalists, Communists join forces in 1927

- Nationalist Chiang Kai-shek becomes leader, turns on Communists

• Two parties fight for control; Communists almost defeated in 1934- 100,000 Communists retreat on 6,000-mile Long March

• Chiang Kai-shek remains in power- transportation, education, industry improvements leave out peasants

continued China’s Last Dynasty

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1SECTION

The Communists vs. Nationalists• Mao Zedong leads Communists after Long

March• Communists help Chiang Kai-shek fight WWII

Japanese invasion• But two parties resume fighting in 1945• Communists defeat Nationalists in 1949

- Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists flee to Taiwan

• Mao declares China a Communist state—the People’s Republic of China

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1SECTION

Communist Revolution

Chairman Mao’s Reforms• As head of Communist Party, Chairman Mao has

absolute power• Land taken from rich, given to peasants; collective

farms formed• Five-year plan puts industry under government

control• Great Leap Forward—1958 economic

development program- collective farms are communes: with industry, education, health care

• Famine destroys program; 20 million starve; Mao’s power wanes

Reform and Revolution

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1SECTION

Continued . . .

The Cultural Revolution• Many in government seek reform, but Mao fears

capitalist takeover • Cultural Revolution—Mao’s 1966 movement to

stop opposition to Party- Red Guards punish anti-Mao or “Westernized” people

• Chaos weakens economy; people are denied goods and services

continued Reform and Revolution

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1SECTION

Section 2

The Governments of East AsiaThe nations of China and North Korea have Communist governments. The other nations of East Asia are republics.

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2SECTION

Working Toward Change

Communist North Korea and China• North Korea, China are still Communist• Both have had wars and conflicts over past

50 years• Both seek to improve their people’s lives• Gradually becoming part of world market

The Governments of East Asia

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2SECTION

Deng Xiaoping• Cultural Revolution ends with Mao’s death in 1976• Deng Xiaoping leads moderates to power in 1977• Builds relations with U.S., increases trade, lets

farmers own land- releases political prisoners, decreases police force power

China’s Government Today

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The Chinese Communist Party• Official government is National People’s Congress• Communist Party has not given up control, still

runs China

2SECTION

A History of Repression• Human rights of China’s critics are violated• Human rights—rights entitled to every person

- freedom of speech, religion; freedom from harm, persecution, hunger

The Fight for Human Rights

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Tiananmen Square• In 1989, pro-democracy protesters fill Beijing’s

Tiananmen Square- demonstrations spread to other Chinese cities

• The Chinese military ends the demonstrations, killing hundreds

2SECTION

Japan• Occupied by U.S. after WWII• Forms constitutional monarchy:

- parliament is called the Diet, chooses prime minister- House of Representatives holds most of the power

• Emperor has symbolic position, but is seen as partly divine by many

• Constitution gives people rights, responsibilities similar to U.S.

China’s Neighbors

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Continued . . .

2SECTION

North and South Korea• Country divides after WWII

- USSR sets up Communist dictatorship in north- U.S. forms democratic republic in south

• North invades South in 1950, but borders do not change

• North gives its people little freedom; Communist Party holds power

• South’s government is similar to U.S., including citizens’ freedoms

continued China’s Neighbors

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Continued . . .

2SECTION

Mongolia• One of world’s oldest countries, often

dominated by China or Russia• Independent republic since 1991; constitution

guarantees rights• Government still has strong element of

Communist party control

continued China’s Neighbors

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Taiwan• Republic with multiparty democratic system• Home to Chinese Nationalist government since

1949- question of unification with China is source of conflict

Section 3

The Economies of East AsiaEast Asian economies have changed, some drastically, since World War II.

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3SECTION

Economies of the Region

Worldwide Exports• Japan has one of world’s strongest economies• U.S. consumers buy goods made in China, Japan,

Taiwan, South Korea• Wars, droughts, internal conflicts limit some

nations’ growth- for example, North Korea

The Economies of East Asia

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3SECTION

Government Control• Government owns banks, large industries• Sets prices and production quantities of goods

China’s Economy

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Industry• Large producer of cotton cloth and the metals

tungsten, antimony• Machine, metal, chemical, clothing industries are

growing

Farming• Traditional methods used, but China is world’s

largest rice producer- also produces wheat, corn, soybeans, peanuts, cotton, tobacco

3SECTION

Taiwan• Growing market economy relies on

manufacturing, foreign trade

Other East Asian Economies

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North Korea• Government controls economy, pushes industrial

growth in:- iron, steel, machinery, chemical- textiles—cloth manufactured by weaving or knitting

• Farmers share work on 300-family cooperatives• Since fall of USSR, North is more open to foreign

investment, trade

Continued . . .

3SECTION

South Korea• 1960s subsistence farming economy has been

replaced by industry:- textiles, electronics, small appliances, iron, steel, chemicals

• Strong economy due to foreign automobile, electronics trade

continued Other East Asian Economies

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Japan• Government oversees economy’s trade,

investment, banking, production• Industry, skilled workforce strengthen economy

despite few resources• Imports raw materials, exports goods, especially

to U.S.

Section 4

The Cultures of East AsiaThe cultures of the nations of East Asia share much in common because of years of cultural exchange.

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Cultural ExchangeVaried Influences• Centuries of cultural exchange among East

Asian nations• Today, Western culture influences East Asia

as well• East Asian culture also spreads outside the

region

The Cultures of East Asia

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4SECTION

4SECTION

Shared Cultures• Japan, Korea adopt Chinese writing, government,

painting, printing

Exchange Within East Asia

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Religion• Buddhism, Confucianism spread from India to

China to Korea to Japan

Practices Today• North Korea blocks religious freedom; South is

Buddhist, Christian• Mongolia has Tibetan Buddhism• Taiwan’s main religion is based on Buddhism,

Confucianism, Taoism• Japan has Zen Buddhism, Shinto

4SECTION

Art in China• Art forms include bronze casting (from about

1100 B.C.), porcelain • Musical instruments include bells, flutes, drums,

stringed zither• Theater features traditional opera, as seen at

Beijing Opera

Arts Past and Present

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Art in Japan• Visual, performing arts influenced by simplicity,

delicacy (Buddhist ideas)• Haiku—17-syllable poems suggest ideas• Government works to preserve traditional pottery,

weaving crafts

4SECTION

Government Control of Art• During Cultural Revolution, China has destroyed

art, punished artists- writers, painters have been forced to create Communist propaganda

• Today, the Chinese government is allowing artists more freedom

• North Korean government still controls artists’ work

Culture and Communism

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4SECTION

Ethnicity and Language• China has one-fifth of world’s population

- most are of the Han ethnic group• 55 other Chinese minority groups, each with own

language• Mandarin Chinese is official language

The Chinese People

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Continued . . .

4SECTION

Changes to the Family• Large, extended families; elders are respected

- arranged marriages no longer common- parents work; grandparents live in house, care for children

• Government slows population growth in 1980s- city couples should have only one child- rural and ethnic minority families can have two

continued The Chinese People

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Section 5

Establishing Modern JapanAfter World War II, the Japanese build a modernindustral economy that is one of the largest in the world.

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HistoryThe Meiji Restoration• Japan is isolated from mid-1600s to 1800s,

only trading with China• U.S. commodore Matthew C. Perry arrives

in 1853- uses show of force to open Japan to Western contact

• Samurai group topples Tokugawa Shogunate in 1867, restores emperor

• Meiji Restoration (1868-1911)—modernization period named for emperor- Japan amasses wealth, power; controls Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria

Establishing Modern Japan

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5SECTION

Continued . . .

In the Early 1900s• Japan joins Allies against Germany in WWI,

expands Pacific holdings• Great Kanto Earthquake (1923), Great Depression

hurt economy• Military takes over (1930s); invades China, joins

Axis (1937)• U.S. stops oil sales; Japan bombs Hawaii’s Pearl

Harbor (1941)

continued History

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5SECTION

World War II• Japan’s losses at Midway, Guadalcanal in ’42, ’43

turn tide of war• Suffers atom bombs in Hiroshima, Nagasaki

(1945), surrenders

Economy• U.S. aids in rebuilding; production rises, economy

grows powerful• Free enterprise encourages new ideas, expands

businesses

Economy and Government

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5SECTION

Women and the Economy• Only 40% of women work, but rarely in

management

Government• U.S. occupies Japan until 1952, sets up

government similar to U.S.• Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary

government- Diet is law-making body; emperor is now only symbolic head of state

Japan’s People • Population is homogeneous—largely the same, of

Mongolian descent• Ainu minority’s European ancestors are Japan’s

first settlers

Culture

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5SECTION

Social Behavior• People see themselves as part of group first,

individuals second• Behavior guided by on—Confucian idea of

relationships- people respect their parents, elders

Continued . . .

Urban Living• Over 90% live in cities, in apartment buildings;

homes are expensive• Subways, high-speed commuter trains, tunnels

connect cities, islands

continued Culture

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5SECTION

Cultural Exchange• Aspects of Japanese culture are popular in U.S.,

throughout world- tea ceremony, sushi, flower arranging, gardens, bonsai trees

• Baseball and soccer are popular in Japan