Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas debating the issue of slavery in the 1858 Senate campaign in Illinois.

NEXT

The Nation Breaking Apart,1846–1861

Conflict pulls apart the North and South and attempts are made to resolve the issues dividing the country.

NEXT

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

Growing Tensions Between North and South

The Crisis Deepens

Slavery Dominates Politics

Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession

The Nation Breaking Apart,1846–1861

NEXT

Section 1

Growing Tensions Between North and SouthDisagreements between the North and the South, especially over the issue of slavery, led to political conflict.

S TATETOTAL P OP ULATION

TOTAL NO. OF S LAVES NO. OF FAMILIES

TOTAL FREE P OP ULATION

TOTAL NO. OF S LAVEHOLDERS

P ERCENT OF FAMILIES OWNING S LAVES

S LAVES AS P ERCENT OF P OP ULATION

Re s ults fro m the 1860 Ce ns us

FLORIDA 140,424 61,745 15,090 78,679 5,152 34% 44%MARYLAND 687,049 87,189 110,278 599,860 13,783 12% 13%ARKANSAS 435,450 111,115 57,244 324,335 11,481 20% 26%MISSOURI 1,182,012 114,931 192,073 1,067,081 24,320 13% 10%TEXAS 604,215 182,566 76,781 421,649 21,878 28% 30%KENTUCKY 1,155,684 225,483 166,321 930,201 38,645 23% 20%TENNESSEE 1,109,801 275,719 149,335 834,082 36,844 25% 25%NORTH CAROLINA 992,622 331,059 125,090 661,563 34,658 28% 33%LOUISIANA 708,002 331,726 74,725 376,276 22,033 29% 47%SOUTH CAROLINA 703,708 402,406 58,642 301,302 26,701 46% 57%ALABAMA 964,201 435,080 96,603 529,121 33,730 35% 45%MISSISSIPPI 791,305 436,631 63,015 354,674 30,943 49% 55%GEORGIA 1,057,286 462,198 109,919 595,088 41,084 37% 44%VIRGINIA 1,596,318 490,865 201,523 1,105,453 52,128 26% 31%

North and South Take Different Paths

NEXT

Growing Tensions Between North and South

• In the North, industrial growth leads to rapid growth of cities

1SECTION

• Many immigrants, Easterners move to Northwest Territory

• Immigrants are large part of northern population

• South controlled by a few wealthy planters • Make profit from slave labor, trade; South

develops little industry

Antislavery and Racism

NEXT

1SECTION

• Many Northerners are against slavery

• Most Northerners refuse to associate with African Americans

• Includes abolitionists, free workers who fear loss of jobs to slaves

• Claim white people superior, slaves are provided with food, clothes

• Many Southerners determined to defend slavery

The Wilmot Proviso

NEXT

1SECTION

• Wilmot Proviso—outlaws slavery in area U.S. gets from war with Mexico

• Southerners prevent Wilmot Proviso from passing the Senate

• Southerners view slaves as property, Wilmot Proviso unconstitutional

• U.S. Constitution protects property rights

• Proviso leads to creation of political party called Free-Soil Party: - wants to stop the expansion of slavery

Controversy over Territories

NEXT

1SECTION

• President Zachary Taylor proposes California apply for statehood

• President Taylor proposes a strategy for California (1849)

• South: divide California into 2 sections: free north, slave south

• Adding a free state would tip balance of power in favor of the North

• Apply for statehood without going through territory stage

• California applies to be admitted as a free state (1850)

Zachary Taylor Political Cartoon

Zachary Taylor

William Walker: An Expression of Manifest Destiny

Costa Rica is credited with expelling United States citizen William Walker from Central America and preventing the region from beingannexed as a slave state.

Born in 1824 in Tennessee, Walker was a doctor, lawyer, journalist and adventurer. He believed strongly in the U.S. policy of manifest destiny, not only wanting to extend U.S. territory but also create new slave states.

In 1853, he attempted to conquer parts of Mexico. When that failed, he looked towards Central America.

Nicaraguan liberals requested his help in overthrowing the conservative Nicaraguan president José María Estrada in 1855. They were much less interested in his goals than taking power of the country themselves. With an army of 58 men and liberal support, Walker captured the country. Rather than giving power to the liberals as expected, Walker named himself president of Nicaragua. Alarm ran through the rest of Central America, especially when the United States recognized Walker's government.

Juan Rafael Mora Porras, president of Costa Rica, declared war on Walker in 1856. With an army of 9,000 men, he expelled Walker from Central America. Walker attempted to return to Central America several months later and was caught by the Hondurans. At the ageof 36, he was executed by a firing squad.

The Compromise of 1850

NEXT

1SECTION

• Senator Henry Clay proposes the Compromise of 1850

• Pass stronger laws to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves

• No laws would abolish slavery in territories won from Mexico

• Admit California as a free state, abolish slavery in Washington D.C.

• Senator Stephen A. Douglas succeeds in winning passage of plan

• Compromise of 1850 becomes law, sectional tensions continue to rise

Stephen A Douglas

Henry Clay

Henry Clay

Henry Clay

Daniel Webster

Daniel Webster Stealing Henry Clay’s Thunder

John

C

Calhoun

NEXT

Section 2

The Crisis DeepensTurmoil over slavery led to acts of violence.

The Fugitive Slave Act

NEXT

2SECTION

• Fugitive Slave Act helps slaveholders recapture runaway slaves

• Fugitives can be held without arrest warrant, no right to jury trial

The Crisis Deepens

• Southerners feel the act justified, slaves considered property

• Northerners resent the act because it requires them to support slavery

• Face moral choice, support law, slavery or oppose law, slavery

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

NEXT

2SECTION

• Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

• Southerners feel book falsely criticizes the South, slavery

• Southerners accused it of distorting plantation life

• Stowe’s book is popular in North • Expresses moral issues about slavery

Harriet Beecher Stowe and Husband

Harriet Beecher Stowe

– American ministers in Europe produced the Ostend Manifesto in 1854, which proposed that America should buy Cuba or take it by force if Spain refused to sell

– news of the manifesto outraged northerners, who saw it as a “slaveholders’ plot,” and the government was forced to disavow the manifesto along with any plans for acquiring Cuba

– Commodore Perry’s expedition to open Japan (1852) was another manifestation of the expansionist mood

Slavery Expansion Efforts

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

NEXT

2SECTION

• Stephen A. Douglas drafts bill for governing the Nebraska Territory

• Slavery issue to be decided by residents’ vote—popular sovereignty

• Divides territory into two territories: Nebraska, Kansas

• Allows vote for slavery in area where Missouri Compromise banned it

• South supports bill, becomes law known as Kansas-Nebraska Act

•Douglas wanted the Nebraska Territory organized to open the region for a transcontinental railroad; southerners opposed Douglas’s plans• Many say the Kansas-Nebraska Act was the single greatest step toward secession and civil war

Abraham Lincoln speech on theKansas-Nebraska Act

From a speech made by Lincoln on May 30, 1954 concerning the Kansas Nebraska Act

•“Equal justice to the South, it is said, requires us to consent to the extension of slavery to new countries. That is to say, inasmuch as you do not object to my taking my hog to Nebraska, therefore I must not object to you taking your slave. Now I admit that this is perfectly logical, if there is no difference between hogs and Negroes. ….. Fellow countrymen,, Americans – North as well as South – shall we make no effort to arrest this?…In our greedy chase to make profit of the Negro, let us beware lest we “cancel and tear to pieces” even the white man’s charter of freedom”

“Bleeding Kansas”

NEXT

2SECTION

• Proslavery, antislavery settlers rush into Kansas Territory

• At time of election, more proslavery than anti-slavery settlers

• Want vote for territorial legislation in the election of March, 1855

• 5,000 proslavery Missourians vote in election illegally

• Kansas legislature packed with proslavery representatives

• Border Ruffians - Proslavery “border ruffians” from Missouri crossed into Kansas and helped to elect a proslavery territorial legislature in 1855

Continued . . .

NEXT

2SECTION

• Antislavery settlers boycott official government, form own government

• Abolitionist John Brown retaliates by murdering 5 proslavery people

• Attack known as Sack of Lawrence

• Proslavery mob attacks Lawrence, Kansas, destroys:- antislavery offices- house of antislavery governor

Continued “Bleeding Kansas”

• Civil war breaks out in Kansas, territory called “Bleeding Kansas”

• Attack known as Pottawatomie Massacre

Violence in Congress

NEXT

2SECTION

• Senator Charles Sumner’s speech attacks proslavery forces in Kansas

• A relative of Butler, Preston Brooks, attacks Sumner in the Senate

• Speech makes fun of A. P. Butler, senator from South Carolina

• Southerners cheer Brooks’s defense of the South

• Northerners shocked at the violence in the Senate

Charles Sumner

NEXT

Section 3

Slavery Dominates PoliticsDisagreements over slavery lead to the formation of the Republican Party and heightened sectional tensions.

The Republican Party Forms

NEXT

3SECTION

• Whig party splits over slavery, Northern Whigs form Republican Party

Slavery Dominates Politics

• Republicans join with other opponents of slavery, gain strength in North

• Nominate John C. Frémont as their presidential candidate (1856)

• Buchanan Tries His Hand– Republicans nominated John C. Frémont as

their candidate in 1856– Democrats chose James Buchanan– American party nominated ex-president

Fillmore– Democrats won by denouncing Republicans as

sectional party that threatened to destroy Union– while Republicans believed that Buchanan

lacked the character to stand up to southern extremists, many hoped that he could promote reconciliation

John C Fremont

John C Fremont

And

Kit Carson

The Election of 1856

NEXT

3SECTION

• Democrats nominate James Buchanan to run for the U.S. presidency

• In North, presidential race is Buchanan against Frémont

• American, or Know-Nothing Party, nominates Millard Fillmore

• Buchanan wants to maintain the Union, appeals to Southerners

• In South, race is Buchanan against Fillmore • Buchanan wins election, but Frémont wins 11

Northern states

President Buchanan

Buchanan and his Cabinet

The Case of Dred Scott

NEXT

3SECTION

• Dred Scott is a slave in Missouri

• Argues he is a free man, he lived in region where slavery is illegal

• Owner, Scott return to Missouri, owner dies, Scott sues for freedom

• Owner takes Scott to territory where slavery is illegal

• His case, Dred Scott v. Sandford, reaches Supreme Court (1856)

Continued . . .

• The Dred Scott Decision– Dred Scott was a slave who accompanied his

owner from Missouri to Illinois and Wisconsin Territory before returning to Missouri

– in 1846, Scott brought suit in Missouri for his freedom, claiming that his residence in Illinois and Wisconsin, where slavery was prohibited, made him free

– in 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that blacks were not citizens and therefore could not sue in federal court

Dred Scott

NEXT

3SECTION

• Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Supreme Court rule against Scott stating:- Scott is not a U.S. citizen, cannot sue in

U.S. courts- is bound by Missouri’s slave code because

he lived in Missouri

• Southerners cheer Court’s decision, Northerners are outraged

• The decision convinced many in the North that the South was engaged in an aggressive attempt to extend slavery

• Taney argues that Congress cannot ban slavery in the territories

Continued The Case of Dred Scott

Roger B Taney

5th Chief Justice of the Supreme

Court

Lincoln and Douglas Debate

NEXT

3SECTION

• Republicans charge Democrats want to legalize slavery in all of U.S.

• Use charge, attack Stephen A. Douglas, sponsor of Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Illinois Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln for U.S. Senate (1858)

Continued . . .

NEXT

3SECTION

• Lincoln challenges Douglas for U.S. Senate, hold formal debates

• Douglas argues popular sovereignty should decide slavery issue

• Lincoln argues U.S. government should prevent expansion of slavery

Continued Lincoln and Douglas Debate

• Douglas wins reelection, Lincoln becomes a national figure

• The Lincoln-Douglas Debates– Public attention focused on a series of seven

debates between Lincoln and Douglas– in reality, the two men differed little on the

subject of slavery– neither wanted slavery extended into the

territories; neither believed that it would flourish in the West; and neither favored forced abolition. In the debates, however, they tended to exaggerate their differences

John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry

NEXT

3SECTION

• John Brown, followers capture U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

• Brown sends out word to rally, arm local slaves

• Brown is tried for murder, treason and is hung

• No slaves join fight, U.S. Marines capture Brown, 6 others

• Southerners outraged by Northern reactions to Brown’s death

• Many Northerners, abolitionists salute Brown as a hero

Drawing of John

Brown’s Arraignment

after Harper’s

Ferry

US Marines recapturing Harper’s Ferry Armory and John Brown

NEXT

Section 4

Lincoln’s Election and Southern SecessionThe election of Lincoln leads the Southern states to secede from the Union.

Political Parties Splinter

NEXT

4SECTION

• Northern, Southern Democrats disagree about slavery in party’s platform

• Platform—statement of beliefs

Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession

• Southern Democrats want platform to defend slavery

• Northern Democrats want platform to support popular sovereignty

• Northerners win platform, 50 Southerners walk out of convention

Continued . . .

William Seward

NEXT

4SECTION

• Northern democrats nominate Stephen A. Douglas for president

• Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln

• Southern democrats nominate John Breckinridge

• Constitutional Union Party nominates John Bell

Continued Political Parties Splinter

John Breckenridge

John Bell Constitutional Union Party

The Election of 1860

NEXT

4SECTION

• 1860 election turns into 2 races: one in the North, other in the South

• Lincoln receives the most electoral, popular votes, wins election

• John Breckinridge defeats John Bell in the South

• Abraham Lincoln defeats Stephen A. Douglas in the North

• Southerners view Republican victory as a threat to their way of life

Southern States Secede

NEXT

4SECTION

• South Carolina secedes—withdraws from the Union (1860)

• Name Jefferson Davis president of the Confederacy

• Form the Confederate States of America(1861)

• 6 more Southern states soon join South Carolina in secession

• Draft Confederate Constitution which: - supports states’ rights- protects slavery in Confederacy, territories it

might acquire

Lincoln’s

Inauguration

The Union Responds to Secession

NEXT

4SECTION

• Northerners consider secession of Southern states unconstitutional

• North claims South does not want to live by the rules of democracy

• South claims North will use their majority to abolish slavery

• President James Buchanan believes states do not have right to secede

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederated States of America

Inauguration of Jefferson Davis, Montgomery AL

February, 1861

Efforts to Compromise Fail

NEXT

4SECTION

• Senator John J. Crittenden develops compromise, the Crittenden Plan

• Union forts in South, including Fort Sumter, need to be resupplied

• Lincoln is against secession but does not want to invade the South

• Plan does not pass; Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated (March 4, 1861)

– President Buchanan recognized the seriousness of the situation but claimed to be without legal power to prevent secession

– Moderates proposed the Crittenden Compromise, an amendment that would have recognized slavery south of 36 degrees, 30 minutes, but Lincoln opposed any extension of slavery into the territories

– with the failure of the Crittenden Compromise, the Confederacy made preparations for independence, while Buchanan bumbled helplessly in Washington

John J Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky