Unit 3 Outcome 2Models of Health & Health Promotion

Revision Class

Biomedical Model

Focuses on cureIs expensiveRequires a lot of technologyIs not always successfulNot everything is curablePerson has little say – ran by

administratorsCan increase quality and quantity of life

Social Model of Health Focuses on Prevention Addresses the broader determinants of health Person is as involved as they want to be and therefore

makes the decisions Involves intersectoral collaboration Acts to redress social inequities Empowers individuals and communities Acts to enable access to health care Is very cheap Only successful if the person wants to be involved Can increase quality and quantity of life Not everything is preventable

Social Model of Health

Focuses on people having access to the basics for life: i.e. shelter, food, clothing, clean water, sanitation, employment.

Focuses on services being able to provide these

Focuses on community participationFocuses on all people having access and

things being equitable.

Is the peak body for health promotion in Victoria.

Focus of its work is on “Promoting good health and wellbeing and preventing ill health.”Acknowledges health in a broader contextWorks in conjunction with governments,

organisations and community groups to create healthier environments for all.

Values:

Work togetherBe honestEngage others respectfullyChallenge and be challengedBe eco-wise

Aims for individual in Victoria to:

Be informed

Learn new skills

Have access to health promotion activities

Share healthier living environments

Ottawa Charter:• 5 elements Build Healthy Public Policy

Create Supportive Environments

Strengthen Community Action

Develop Personal Skills

Reorient Health Services

Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats

Build Healthy Public Policy:

Examples– Legislation to ban smoking in public places– Drink-driving laws– Increased taxation on tobacco– Reduced taxes on low-alcohol beer– Compulsory wearing of bicycle helmets– Anti-bullying policies in schools– Nutrition content on food labels– Occupational Health & Safety legislation– Yearly Medicare-funded health checks I.e. 45 year old health Check– National breast, cervical cancer & colon cancer screening programs

& policies– National HPV, hepatitis B vaccination programs and policies

Create Supportive Environments:Examples

– Programs for new parents in Maternal & Child Health Centres

– Cooking classes for students living in on-campus residences at universities

– Bike paths & bike lanes on roads

– Lighting at local parks

– Provision and sale of healthy food & drink in school canteens

– Safe playgrounds

– Shaded areas for children’s play

– Public workout areas

– Free phone services E.g. Quit, Cancer Helpline, Lifeline

Strengthen Community Action:Examples

– Neighbourhood Watch programs

– Developing a whole-school approach to drug education

– Providing & resourcing opportunities for Indigenous Australians to control their own health care

– Self-help groups

– Alcohol-free events for young people

– Walking groups

– Tree planting to provide shade in local areas

Develop Personal Skills:

Examples– Health education programs in schools

– Teaching children sun-safe behaviours

– Working with young people to develop responsible drinking behaviours

– Information brochures in medical centres

– Antenatal classes

– Free information resources marketed to and accessible by the community

– Online learning programs

– Distribution of accurate information via mass media

Reorient Health Services:

Examples– Engaging youth workers at the local council to run programs at

school

– Educating acute care nurses in health promotion practices

– General practitioners incorporating advice on nutrition and physical activity when treating overweight or obese patients

– Health promotion officers developing and coordinating preventative health programs

– Police working in schools to support road safety education

Medicare All Australians have it

People contribute based on income earned, marital status and number of children they have

If people have private health insurance they contribute less to the Medicare levy

Medicare’s care principles are: access, equity, universality.

Medicare allows doctors to bulk bill, give free hospital treatment in a public hospital, has a safety net for when you have paid a certain amount for doctor/medical treatments and medication.

Private Health Insurance• Can be treated in a Private Hospital, or public hospital

• Can be very expensive

• Covers things that Medicare does not, like ambulance, dental, physiotherapist, hearing aids, glasses, chiropractors etc.

• A 30% rebate is provided by the if it is taken out before the age of 30. After that, 2% is deducted off the rebate for every year after the age of 30 that you join. Rebate increases when they are the age of 65.

• Varying levels of cover and therefore varying costs. Over 100 agencies in Australia.

Values that Underpin the Australian health care system:

Universal – quality health care must be available to all Australians

Accessible – through cost and location Equitable – no groups should be disadvantaged Appropriate – particularly in terms of gender

and culture Efficient – programs should have cost benefits Effective – in reducing deaths, preventing

illness and disease.

National Health Priority Areas:• Why are they priority areas?

Large number of people suffering from them Lots of money is already being spent on the treatment of these

conditions Significant health gains can occur if these conditions can be avoided

or reduced.

Mental Illness Injuries Cancers Asthma Arthritis Cardiovascular disease and conditions Diabetes mellitus Obesity

Eat Well Australia• Three broad areas: Health gains – outlines nutritional priorities E.g. promoting the consumption of fruit and vegies; along

with healthy weight; promotion of optimal nutrition for women, children and infants; and improving nutrition for vulnerable groups – Indigenous.

Capacity building – the development and knowledge and skills.

E.g. investing in public health nutrition research, communicating with the public.

Strategic management – is related to the partnerships and systems required.

E.g. developing nutrition policy and resources, monitoring progress in food and nutrition.

Dietary Guidelines

• For Adult Australians

• For Children and Adolescents

• Learn at least 4 for each group.

Factors Affecting Food Selection, Provision and Purchase:

Behavioural factors – for example: likes, dislikes, appetite, state of health and stage of the lifespan

Social factors – for example: peers, school, work, family.

Economic factors – for example: how much money you have to spend on food, the cost of production and manufacturing of food.

Environmental factors – where you live, weather, food laws, Governments control of genetically modified food.

References:

• H+HD Units 3+4: Gunther, Kuen, Warren, Oxford Uni. Press

• Achieving Health and Human Development: Smith, Marshall, Williams, Keleher, Murphy, Dobson, Ward.

• VCE Units 3 and 4: Health and Human Development Workbook: Smith and Stone.