MODELS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION.

Unit 3, AOS 2. Outcome 2.

Key Knowledge.

Models of health and health promotion including:

biomedical model of health social model of health the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

The role of VicHealth including: the mission and strategic priorities of VicHealth potential health outcomes of a VicHealth-funded

project and how it reflects the social model of health

The language of health: some key words

Diagnosis: identification of a disease or illness through medical observation of signs and symptoms, the patient’s history and tests

Intervention: any action to improve health or cure illness including the use of medication, hospitalisation or surgery

Prevention: any action to reduce or eliminate the onset, causes, complications or recurrence of disease or illness

Discuss-Prevention versus Cure?

Should the Australian Government focus its efforts on treating illness and finding cures?

Or should more money and more time be spent on promoting behaviours that prevent the onset of illness in the first place?

Points to consider: If we focus on prevention, what happens to those

who are already ill and in need of treatment? If we focus on treating illness, how many deaths

could have been prevented?

The 3 Models of Health.

Biomedical Model of Health.

Social Model of Health.

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.

For each of these models (sometimes referred to as approaches) you need to know: The focus of the model. The key elements/principles/strategies or priority

actions relevant to the model. How the models differ from one another

Biomedical Model of Health-The history.

Introduced to Australia in the late 1870s. Led to an increased reliance on hospitals

and the medical profession. The government was focused on finding

cures for diseases such as cancer.

Biomedical Model of Health-Today.

Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness-it aims to achieve optimum physical health for all.

Relies heavily on technology for the diagnosis and treatment of a disease.

Deals with the disease/illness once it is present. Sometimes referred to as the ‘fix it’ approach. Some examples of biomedical healthcare

include blood tests, x-rays, surgery, chemotherapy, medication, and hospitalisation.

Biomedical Model of Health.

Which of the following are examples of the Biomedical model of health? Going to hospital or your GP to get checked up Medicare Eat Well Australia X-Rays Not Smoking Having Surgery Being screened for cancer. The Heart Foundation Blood tests Health Insurance Chemotherapy Australian Guide to Healthy Eating

Biomedical Model of Health.

List 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of the Biomedical model of health.

Biomedical Model of Health.

Advantages: life expectancy Can lead to advances in

medical technology Can improve the quality

of life for people with chronic conditions via medications

Disadvantages: The use of medical

technology to diagnose and treat conditions is costly for the government

Not all health conditions can be cured

Only addresses the physical factors that lead to the development of particular health conditions.

Biomedical Model of Health.

Use your textbooks to create a summary page on the Biomedical model of health. (pg 194-195)

Information to include: Definition What it focuses on/deals with Examples

The Preventative Model of Health

The idea of preventing the occurrence of illness became a new approach to healthcare in the early 1900s.

With medicine no longer seen as the perfect answer to health concerns, the focus moved to changing the behaviour of individuals to prevent illnesses.

Media campaigns and health professionals encouraged the community to take responsibility for their health.

As a result, many campaigns such as Life Be In It were developed to change the lifestyles of individuals.

PREVENTION

The Preventative Model of Health

The preventative approach focuses on preventing illness from occurring or returning and to detect illness at the earliest time possible.

It focuses on changing lifestyle and promoting a healthy lifestyle to prevent disease.

Focuses on groups rather than the individual.

Specific knowledge of the preventative model of health is not required for this unit, however it is important to understand the role of the preventative model as an important part of Australia’s healthcare system and the influence it had on the development of the social model of health.

The Social Model of Health.

Focuses on factors that can lead to poor health. It aims to improve health and wellbeing by directing

effort towards addressing the social, environmental and economic determinants of health.

Unlike other models, the social

model recognises that for health

gains to occur all determinants

must be addressed and focuses

on communities and populations, rather than individuals, in an attempt to promote optimal health.

The Social Model of Health.

Enables people to make healthy decisions and access health care, rather than just giving info.

The social model of health does not work in isolation, it works in conjunction with both the Biomedical and Preventative approach.

Q. Is this model more similar to the Preventative or Biomedical approach?

The principles of the Social Model of Health. (A.R.E.A.S )

The 5 A.R.E.A.S of the Social Model of

Health

Address all determinants

of health

Reduce social inequality

Empower individuals

and the community

Accessibility to healthcare

Sectorial collaboration

The principles of the Social Model of Health. (A.R.E.A.S )

Create a mind map on the 5 principles of the Social model of health. Build on the diagram from the following slide.

To be included on your presentation: A definition of the Social Model of Health. A clear and concise explanation of the 5

A.R.E.A.S An example for each of the 5 A.R.E.A.S

The Social model of Health

HOMEWORK. Access my weebly page (

www.healthandhd.weebly.com) Open the Closing the Gap Campaign doc. Identify how this campaign reflects the 5

principles of the social model of health. Refer to page 7 on the document (the key

targets) and explain how these key targets reflect the 5 principles.

E.g. Address the determinants-the campaign focuses on healthy food consumption.

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.

Developed by WHO as part of an approach to achieve health for all by the year 2000.

Developed from the social model of health. Defines health promotion as ‘the process of

enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health’ (WHO 1998).

The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion; Enabling Mediating Advocacy.

The Ottawa Charter’s emblem.

The Ottawa Charter’s 3 strategies for health promotion.

The Ottawa Charter’s 3 strategies for health promotion.

1. Enable-Health promotion focuses on enabling all people to reach their fullest health potential through ensuring equal opportunities and access to resources for all.

2. Mediate-Health promotion and the achievement of optimal health requires the coordinated action by all concerned-all levels of government, the health sector, non-government organisations, industry and the media.

3. Advocate-Health promotion aims to make the political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors favourable through advocacy (or support) for health.

The Ottawa Charter’s 5 priority actions required to achieve health for all.

In addition to the 3 strategies for health promotion, the Ottawa Charter also outlines five elements or priority actions that are deemed important in achieving health for all. These are:1. Build healthy public policy.2. Create supportive environments.3. Strengthen community action.4. Develop personal skills.5. Reorient health services.

• You need to know these 5 priorities and at least 2 examples of each priority and how they exist in current health promotion programs.

The Ottawa Charter’s 5 priority actions. (Black Cats Smell Dead Rats)

Draw the following table in your books and complete as we work through the following notes.

• Create and acronym to remember these 5 priority actions. (DR BCS?)

Action Description

Examples

1.2.3.4.5.

Build healthy public policy.

Relates to the decisions that are made by governments and organisations in relation to healthcare policy, rules and regulations.

Includes changes in policy that will help to make healthier choices easier and contribute to healthier, safer, cleaner and more enjoyable services and environments.

Examples include ???

Build healthy public policy.

Examples include: Ban smoking in public places, Banning the use of commercial sun tanning

beds Reducing the speed limits on roads near

schools Increased taxation on cigarettes. Nutrition content on food labels. Anti-bullying policies in schools

Create supportive environments.

Involves building links between individuals and their environments (economic, physical and social) and promoting environments that encourage safe, stimulating and enjoyable living and working conditions so individuals can reach their full potential.

The key feature of this element is that it encourages individuals to support and help each other to make healthy choices now and in the future.

Examples include ???

Create supportive environments.

Examples include: Safe playgrounds for children Ensuring roads are safe. The provision of support groups such as new

mothers’ groups. Lighting at local parks. Bike paths. Bike lanes on roads. Provision and sale of healthy

food and drinks at canteens

Strengthen community action.

Requires communities working together to set priorities, make decisions, and plan and implement strategies that will help them achieve better health for their overall community.

Communities may work with larger key stakeholders such as the media, or smaller stakeholders such as an schools, the workplace or community health centres to promote their message.

Health promotion strategies that focus on community action lead to empowerment of that community and improved outcomes as a result of the ownership of their strategies.

Examples include ???

Strengthen community action.

Examples include: The Quit campaign. (Involves the action of

VicHealth, the Cancer Council and the use of the media in promoting their messages)

Many of the roadsafety initiatives in Victoria are a joint effort between the state government, VicRoads and the TAC that uses the media and even schools in some cases to promote the road-safety message.

Community groups organising activities promoting harm minimisation strategies around drug use.

Neighbourhood Watch programs. Alcohol free events for young people.

Develop personal skills.

Involves an individual gaining life skills and information through health promotion and education.

These skills and knowledge should be gained and supported at home, in school, at work and in other community settings to enable the individual to make choices that will enhance their health and to take control over their own health.

Examples include ???

Develop personal skills.

Examples include: Information sessions on how to protect yourself

from cyber bullying. Information sessions on how to check your body

for skin cancer or for breast cancer. Learning how to follow a healthy and nutritious diet. Health education programs in schools. Teaching children sun safe behaviours.

Reorient health services.

Involves individuals, community groups, health professionals and the government working together to achieve a healthcare system that promotes health.

This moves beyond providing biomedical services and places a stronger emphasis on health promotion and prevention.

Examples include ???

Reorient health services. Examples include:

A doctor; discussing the benefits of stopping smoking to a patient

who presents with asthma or losing weight for a patient at risk of type 2 diabetes.

encouraging women to have regular pap smears to protect themselves from cervical cancer.

Having a medical professional discuss the importance of physical activity and healthy eating to a group of overweight adults in an attempt to reduce the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Allowing funding towards TAC campaigns to target ‘at risk’ groups.

Quit campaign advertising appearing on television. Police working in schools to support road safety education.

The Ottawa Charter.

Identify the appropriate action areas of the Ottawa Charter for the following statements..

The Ottawa Charter.

Complete activity 5.2 pg 205. Q2.

The Ottawa Charter.

As a class we are going to go through how the Ottawa Charter can be applied to addressing the health concern of obesity.

Homework-Complete activity sheet on the following: How the Ottawa Charter can be applied to

addressing different health concerns. How the Ottawa Charter can be applied to the NHPA’s