unit 3: insider/outsider chapter 6: groups and formal organizations chapter 7: deviance and social...
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UNIT 3: Insider/OutsiderChapter 6: Groups and Formal Organizations
Chapter 7: Deviance and Social Control
Standard: Students will explain and interpret the influence of social groups on individual/group
behavior and assess how social inequalities may affect changes in society.
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Types of Groups and Networks• A group is at least two people who have one
or more goals in common and share common ways of thinking and behaving.
• A social category is made up of people who share a social characteristic.
• A social aggregate is made up of people temporarily in the same place at the same time.
• A primary group are people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another’s company.
• Primary relationships are characterized by interactions that are intimate, personal, caring and fulfilling.
• Secondary groups are people who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or a task.
• Secondary relationships are characterized by impersonal interactions involving limited parts of personalities.
• A reference group is a group use for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs and norms.
• In-groups are exclusive groups demanding intense loyalty.
• Out-groups are groups targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition.
• A social network is a web of social relationships that join a person to other people in a group. A social network is not a group!
• Answer question 20 on page 198. Be prepared to discuss your answer.
• Read “School Violence and Social Networks” and answer the question on page 180. Be prepared to discuss your answer. We will watch a movie based on the Columbine tragedy at the end of this unit.
• Read “Bullies and Their Victims” and answer the questions on page 201. Be prepared to discuss your answers.
• Read “Group Pressure and Obedience” and answer the questions on page 189. Be prepared to discuss your answers.
• Watch “My Kid Would Never Bully” (Dateline) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032600/vp/41928090#41928090
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Types of Social Interactions
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Formal Organizations• A formal organization is a group
deliberately formed to achieve one or more long term goals.
• A bureaucracy is a formal organization that is based on rationality and efficiency. Characteristics of a bureaucracy include: – A division of labor based on the principal
of specialization. – A hierarchy of authority. – A system of rules and procedures. – Written records of work and activities. – Promotion on the basis of merit and
qualifications.
• Informal organizations are groups within a formal organization in which personal relationships are guided by norms, rituals and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization.
• The Iron Law of Oligarchy is the theory that power increasingly becomes concentrated in the hands of a few members of any organization.– Organizations need a hierarchy
of authority to delegate decision making.
– The advantages held by those at the top allow them to consolidate and increase their powers.
– Other members of the organization tend to defer to leaders—to give in to those who take charge.
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Deviance and Social Control
• Deviance is behavior that departs from societal or group norms.
• Negative deviance involves behavior that underconforms to accepted norms.
• Positive deviance involves behavior that overconforms to social expectations.
• A deviant is a person who breaks significant societal or group norms.
• Social control is ways to encourage conformity to social norms.
• Internal social control lies within the individual and is developed during the socialization process.
• External social control depends on formal or informal sanctions.
• Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that encourage conformity to social norms.
• Read “Murder Among the Cheyenne” and answer the question on page 208. Be prepared to discuss your answers with the class.
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Schools of Thought on Deviance• Functionalists believe that deviance can be both
positive and negative. • The negative effects include eroding trust,
inspiring deviant behavior in others and diverting resources from other aspects of society.
• The positive effects include clarifying norms and providing a safety valve when problems arise.
• An anomie is a social condition where norms are weak, conflicting or absent.
• Strain theory is a belief that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means.
• Ways that individuals cope with strain include innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
• Control theory is a belief that compliance with social norms require strong bonds between individuals and society.
• Social bonds include attachment, commitment, involvement and belief.
• The symbolic interactionist perspective yields two theories of deviance.
• The differential association theory contends that the individual learns deviance in proportion to the number of deviant acts they were exposed to.
• The labeling theory contends that society creates deviance by indentifying particular members as deviant.
• Primary deviance involves the occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person’s lifestyle or self-concept.
• Secondary deviance occurs when an individual’s life and identity are organized around breaking society’s norms.
• A stigma is an undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual.
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Crime and Punishment• Supporters of the conflict theory
believe that minorities receive unequal treatment in the criminal justice system.
• Victim discounting is the process of reducing the seriousness of crimes that injure people of lower social status.
• White collar crimes are job-related crimes committed by high-status people.
• Read “Look Out for Identity Thieves” and answer the question on page 228.
• Watch “The Madoff Affair” (PBS Frontline) for an example of white collar crime.
• http://video.pbs.org/video/1122731028
• Measurement of Crime– The FBI publishes Uniformed Crime Reports
(UCR) that track the number of murders, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson and hate crimes.
– The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) uses scientific methods to document underreported crimes.
• Juvenile Crime– Juvenile crime is a crime committed by a minor;
Juvenile delinquency includes deviances that are not crimes in the adult world.
– Juvenile crime has been decreasing, possibly because of less crack use, harsher sentences and efforts to reduce the number of guns in communities.
• Approaches to Crime Control– Does punishment discourage crime? – Do Americans believe capital punishment deters
criminals? – Why do attitudes toward the death penalty
vary? – What is retribution? – Why does society keep criminals in prisons? – Do prisons rehabilitate criminals? – What are some alternatives to prison? – Will any of these alternatives work?