deviance, crime, and the criminal justice system chapter 7
TRANSCRIPT
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DEVIANCE, CRIME, AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 7
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Key Topics
7-1 What Is Deviance?7-2 What is Crime?7-3 Controlling Deviance and Crime7-4 Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance
and Crime7-5 Conflict Perspectives on Deviance and
Crime
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Key Topics
7-6 Feminist Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
7-7 Symbolic Interaction Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
7-8 The Criminal Justice System and Social Control
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What Is Deviance?
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Deviance
Deviance: traits or behaviors that violate expected rules or norms
Usually has a negative connotation in everyday society
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Deviance
Can be a trait, belief, or behaviorAccompanied by social stigma: a negative
label that devalues a person and changes her or his self-concept and social identity
Varies across and within societies
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Deviance
Varies across situationsCan be formal or informal—against the law or
merely inappropriatePerceptions change over time—What was
deviant in the past is not longer, while other actions are now considered deviant.
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What Is Crime?
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Crime
Crime: a violation of societal norms and rules written into public laws that is subject to punishment
Criminologists: researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior
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Crime
Crime StatisticsOfficial Data—Uniform Crime Report
Includes crimes reported to the police and arrests Does not include federal offenses or unreported
crimes
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Crime
Crime StatisticsVictim Surveys—National Crime
Victimization Surveys Based on interviewing people about their experiences Does include some unreported crimes
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Crime
All crime statistics are estimates.88% of crimes are property crimes.Victimless crimes: illicit drug use,
prostitution, drunkenness, illegal gamblingVictimless crimes are the least likely to be
reported.
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Crime
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Crime
Most victims are men, African American, people under age 25, and poor.
Offenders are likely to be aged 15-29, male, white, with low levels of education.
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Controlling Deviance and Crime
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Controlling Deviance and Crime
Social control: techniques and strategies that regulate behavior
Can be formal or informalIncludes positive (rewards) and negative
(punishments) sanctions.
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Controlling Deviance and Crime—Application
Is the sanction formal or informal, negative or positive?
A suspension from schoolServing time in jailA smileEmployee of the month designationA slap in the face
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Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
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Functionalism
Deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure.
Crime and deviance can be both functional and dysfunctional.
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Functionalism
Dysfunctions of Crime and DevianceCreate tension and insecurityErode trust in relationshipsDamage confidence in institutionsAre costly
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Functionalism
Functions of Crime and DevianceAffirm cultural norms and valuesProvide temporary safety valvesCreate social unityImprove the economyTrigger social change
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Functionalism
Anomie: the condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms
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Functionalism
Merton’s Social Strain TheoryAmerican society has culturally approved
goals and institutionalized meansStrain theory suggests that people engage
in deviance when there is a strain or conflict between goals and means.
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Functionalism
Modes of Adaptation to Strain:Conformity (not deviant)—accept goals and
meansInnovation—accept goals but reject meansRitualism—reject goals but accept means Retreatism—reject goals and meansRebellion—replace goals and means
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Functionalism—Application
What form of adaptation is it?A young woman uses someone else’s credit
card to go on vacation.An adult walks off his job and leaves town
without his family.A man uses his employer’s equipment and
supplies when starting his own business.
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Conflict Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
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Conflict Perspectives
Conflict theorists focus on why some acts are defined as deviant while others are not.
Powerful groups control the law and its application.
Behaviors that injure the economic interests or challenge the political power of the dominant class are punished.
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Conflict Perspectives
White collar crime: illegal activities committed by high-status people in the course of their occupation
Corporate crime: illegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies
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Conflict Perspectives
Cybercrime: illegal activities conducted online
Organized crime: activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit
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Conflict Perspectives—Application
What kind of crime is it?Amanda overcharges clients and keeps the
extra money.Ken obtains and uses others’ credit card
numbers.A manufacturing firm knowingly installs
dangerous equipment in order to save money.
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Feminist Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
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Feminist Perspectives
Patriarchy: hierarchical system in a society in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.
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Feminist Perspectives
Women and girls are commonly the victims of sexual assault, rape, intimate partner violence, and other crimes that degrade women.
Men historically dominated the government, judiciary, and the law.
Women have been socialized to be weaker.
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Feminist Perspectives
Men are still more likely to be offenders but female arrest rates are rising.
Female arrest rates have risen for robbery, burglary, larceny, and drunk driving.
Explanations vary from mistreatment in childhood to limited economic opportunities.
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Symbolic Interaction Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
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Symbolic Interactionism
Differential associations theory suggests that people learn deviance through interaction.
People are most likely to engage in crime if they are exposed to deviant values early in life, frequently, over a long period of time, and from important people.
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Symbolic Interactionism
Labeling theory holds that deviance depends on how others react. Primary deviance is the initial violation of a norm or
law. Secondary deviance occurs when individuals have
been labeled deviant.
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The Criminal Justice System and Social Control
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Criminal Justice System
The criminal justice system refers to government agencies that are charged with enforcing laws, passing judgment, and correcting behavior.
Includes police, courts, and prisonsRelies on prevention and intervention,
punishment, and rehabilitation
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Criminal Justice System
Social service agencies and community outreach programs try to prevent crime.
Treatment for drug and alcohol abuse seems to have a positive effect.
Surveillance by police or technology reduces crime rates.
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Criminal Justice System
The crime control model emphasizes protecting society and a get tough attitude.
The U.S. leads the world in inmates per capita.
In 2008, one in every 100 Americans was in prison.
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Criminal Justice System
Approximately 61% of Americans support the death penalty.
There is little evidence that executions or harsh penalties deter crime.
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Criminal Justice System
Rehabilitation is a view that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens.
Rehabilitation programs are particularly successful when they provide employment after release.
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Chapter Review
1. What is deviance?2. What is crime?3. Describe the functionalist perspective on
deviance and crime.4. Describe the conflict perspective on
deviance and crime.5. Describe the feminist perspective on
deviance and crime.
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Chapter Review
6. Describe the symbolic interaction perspective on deviance and crime.
7. How do we attempt to control crime?