Unit 10- The Cold War and The 1950’s

Cold War Learning Targets

One minute Cold War Write

1. Get smarter about the Cold War2. How does it shape our modern world?*

Guided Questions for the Cold War

1. Why do the USSR and the U.S. become enemies? (Causes)

2. Why the name?3. How is the war fought?4. What are Americas’ policies and tactics to

fighting the Cold War?5. How does the Cold War impact the U.S.?6. What key events happened during the Cold War?7. How long does the Cold War last? Why does it

end?8. How does it shape our modern world?*

Cold War Basics

The Cold War is a international conflict between the USSR and USA (and their allies) over world domination. The Cold War lasts from 1945 to 1991. The Cold War gets it’s name from their never being a direct conflict between the USSR and the USA (WWIII)

Turning Point at Yalta

Big 3:◦ Churchill◦ FDR◦ Stalin

Post WWII worldChurchill- British

EmpireStalin- Protect their

boarders, RebuildFDR- Spread

democracy and Free Trade

The Big 3 Agreement

Stalin would join in the war in the Pacific= territories in Asia

Stalin support UNEach nation would

control parts of Germany

Why do the USSR and the U.S. become enemies? (Causes)

U.S. and Soviet left WWII as superpowersDeep mistrustSoviet Union:

◦ Mad about G.B. and U.S. support during Russian revolution ◦ Mad about Allies support in WWII◦ Thought the U.S. wanted a weaker Russia-Refused to loan

recognize until early 1930s, no post war $U.S.:

◦ Feared communism(worldwide revolution)◦ Soviet Union had many treaties w/ Germany(WWI,Poland)◦ Soviet’s want control over Eastern Europe and more◦ Distrust of Stalin

Two Views of the world

Soviet America

Communism-State owned industry

DictatorshipNo Freedom of the

PressAtheist

Capitalism- Free market

Democratic RepublicLeaders wanted

Democratic future open to business expansion & free trade

Largely religious

An Iron Curtain Falls- Controlling Eastern Europe

Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, and Czech.

Stalin control as long as they held free elections = Democracy

Stalin set up communist government

Truman Comes to power

April 13, 1945 Truman got little

information from FDR about the Yalta Conference

Big Three met to set up the International peacekeeping organization(UN)

Meeting at Potsdam July1945

Truman demanded to know why Soviet had did not have free elections in Poland

Truman and Stalin met for the 1st timeTruman learned about the Atomic BombCalled the Russians out Leave with mutual distrust

U.S. Strategy: The Idea of Containment

Containment- Restrictions of communism to its current borders

George Kennan Truman’s Foreign

Policy and goal throughout Cold War

Domino Theory

Cold War is Declared

Cold War- U.S. vs. Soviet conflict in which the two powers would avoid fighting each other directly but would block each other’s goals around the world

The Truman Doctrine 1947

Truman Doctrine- U.S. must help all free people

Gave $400 million in military and economic aid to support Greek and Turkey

National Security Act 1947

Create the Department of DefenseCIA is createdNational Security Council is createdClassified documents in the interest of

national securityNational Security Agency is created in

1952

Marshall Plan 1948

Secretary of State- George MarshallA plan for help Europe rebuildSpending 12 billion of $ to help put

Europe, To qualify, nations must spend money on

American GoodsWestern Europe increased their output by

64%Tensions between U.S. and Soviet grow

Assignment

Read 17.2 and 19.2 for MondayThere will be a quiz!

Pages 569-575 and 640-647

Berlin Crisis 1948

U.S. = Strong Germany to promote recovery in Western Europe

Soviet = Weak Germany to protect borders

U.S., France, & GB laid out a plan for Germany, it did not include a Soviet currency

Soviet set up their currency in Berlin

Berlin Crisis 1948-1949

Soviet’s Blocked highways and railroads crossing into West Berlin

2 million West Berliners found themselves sealed off from the outside world

Stalin thought Allies would give them Berlin

To avoid WWIII Truman orders an Airlift

Berlin Backfire

11 months American and Britain pilots flew supplies to West Berlin around the clock

World opinion Turned on StalinStalin lifted the Blockade

NATO and Warsaw Pact

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)1949- U.S., Canada, 10 European nations formed NATO to give economic and military support to remain free, attack on one, an attack on all(WWI lessons?)

Warsaw Pact -1954- A Soviet-Eastern Europe alliance planted across the Iron Curtain(similar to NATO)

Civil War in China

Nationalist Communist

Jiang JieshU.S. Supported

Mao Zedong Soviet supported

• Fighting since WWI • Nationalists had control of China• Did not really take care of the Peasants•WWII•Mao’s Forces took care of peasants by the end of WWII•China falls in 1949-America panics

The Soviets get the bomb

In August 1949, much to the American’s surprise the Soviets detonate their first atom bomb

The Soviets are aided by spies, such as Klaus Fuchs within the Manhattan Project.

NSC-68-The Arms Race Begins

Arms Race- Subsequent competition between the U.S. and the Soviet for greater military strength.

$13 billion in defense budget

M.A.D.-Mutual Assured Destruction

Raise taxes to pay for it- public opinion…..

Then Korea happened

Hot War Flares in Korea

Korea owned by Japan since 1910Divided at the 38th Parallel lineCommunist North and Pro-western Gov.

South= each wanted to unite each otherJune 25, 1950 90,000 N Korean Troops

overran S. Korea

Korean War 1950-1953-Truman Responds

Saw it as a test of containment Sought U.N. to help, bypassed

Congress North Korea surprise attack!

June 1950 Scorched Earth Policy-

Campaign that destroyed thousands of villages and a huge # of civilian deaths

General MacArthur lands at Inchon, pinned N. Korea @ China’s borders, goes too far

Chinese joined forces for N. Korea, and drives U.N. back South to the 38th

War is in a Stalemate late 1951-1953

Truman Fires MacArthur

Attack China using Nuclear Force

Truman, “we are trying to prevent war, not start one.”

MacArthur publicly criticized Truman Policy of ‘limited war’

Truman Fired HimSouth and North

made peace 2 years later

The Korean War’s Impact

Fighting ended in 1953-38th parallelNorth still communist/ South still pro-westClamed 2 million civilian livesAmericans support of huge military build up-

Congress spent 22.3 billion in 1951- 50.4 billion in 1954

American Army of 3.5 million people1954-SEATO- Similar NATO agreement with

South Korea, Japan, Australia, Philippines, TaiwanPeace? 74 years later

Life During the Cold War

Late 1940’s-1950’s

Red Scare- A Nation Gripped by Fear

Two major threats during this time period:◦Nuclear Attack◦Communist take over of the U.S.

Truman passes the Federal Employee loyalty program

Era is marked by accusations of suspected Communists everywhere

House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC) investigates supposed Communists

Many are fired and blacklisted, oaths of loyalty-’Hollywood Ten”

Joseph McCarthy- McCarthyism

Said communists were taking over gov’t

Said he had a list of 205 known communists working in the State Department= Fear!!!!

No evidence but people listened to him

After accusing Army he was humiliated

McCarthyism- intimidation and often unfounded accusations in the name of fighting communism.

Catching Spies

1. Klaus Fuchs- Helped on Manhattan Project then sold information to Soviets, 15 yrs. deported

2. Alger Hiss- Accused of spying for Soviets by Whittaker Chambers; claimed innocence, convicted

3. Joel and Ethel Rosenberg's- Executed for spying for Soviets

Project Verona-An American/ British spy operation cracked the Soviet code, not declassified until 1990’s-proves guilt of Rosenberg’s

Living with Fear

Federal Civilian Defense Administration (FCDA)- Flooded the country side with info. on how to survive a nuclear war if they were prepared

Duck and CoverFallout shelters

Assignment

Read 17.3.-17.4 pages 576-583 and 587-593 for the tomorrow

Case Study: ‘The Hollywood Ten’ 1-3, pages 648-651

Eisenhower 1953-61

RepublicanSigned a peace

treaty between North and South Korea

Used threat of Nuclear attack

‘More bang for your buck’ Nuke attitude

1,000-53’ to 18,000 in 61’

Eisenhower 1953-61

Eisenhower’s New Policy- Mutual Assured Destruction or M.A.D.

Believed this would force communist to think twice before attacking

Brinkmanship- the art of never backing down from a crisis, even if it meant pushing the nation to the brink of war

Favored covert action (CIA), U2 Spy PlaneEisenhower expands aid to Middle Eastern

countries resisting Communism

CIA Joins the Fight

Central Intelligence Agency- Spied and conducted covert operations, undercover missions of all kinds

OSS of WWII, National Security Act of 1947

Operates free of Congressional oversight, budget less

CIA and Iran

Iran= oil=$$$$$Gov’t = Monarch (Shah) and 2 house

parliamentIran hated Britain owned Anglo-Persian Oil

Company- Controlled Iran's OilWanted to take control of their own oil, but

needed a leaderDr. Mohammad Mossadeg- created a bill

authorizing nationalization of oil fields- Declaring them property of Iran

British refused and shut down refineriesIran’s economy was on the brink of bankruptcy

CIA and IRAN

1954-CIA Organized a military and public support group for Shah

Shah’s supporter fought w/ Mossadeg’s Shah wonA group of Western oil companies was able to

sign an agreement to buy and sell Iranian oil and share the profit with Shah

Planted the seed of Iranian hatred of the U.S.Led to eventual Iranian Revolution in 1979CIA TODAY- $50+ billion dollar budget

War in Egypt- Eisenhower loses the Canal

1953 Egypt declared itself independent Leaders demanded the Suez Cannel- British75% of Western European oil imports were

shipped through the cannelEgypt made Arms deal with SovietBritain, France, and Israel invadedU.S. did not support them

Eisenhower Doctrine

Opened the Middle East to the Soviets

Eisenhower Doctrine promised aid and military to Pro-Western governments in the region

Eisenhower 1953-61: Key Events

1953- Stalin dies, Korean War ends1954- McCarthy witch-hunts end1955- CIA develops the U2 Spy Plane at

Area 511957- Sputnik is launched, “missile-gap”

reportNASA and NDEA are launched1960- U2 pilot Gary Powers is shot down

over the Soviet Union-crisis, more distrust

Sputnik Fires the Space Race

USSR were the 1st to successfully create an intercontinental missile

Sputnik- Satellite in to orbit around the world

U.S. feared they were behind Russia(missile-gap)

Gov’t spending increased◦ Education◦ Science programs◦ Nation Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA)

Kennedy- 1961-1963

Height of the Cold WarAlliance for Progress-Aid to Latin AmericaPeace Corps to promote American valuesBerlin Wall is built in 1961Failed Bay of Pigs invasion 1961Challenges America to go to the moonOct-1962-Cuban Missile Crisis-Near Nuclea

r WarIncreases the number of military advisors

to South Vietnam

Latin America

U.S. Companies controlled $7 billion in oil, mineral, and agriculture

Big profit for U.S. = little money for locals

Cuba

1950’s U.S. companies had control of Cuba90% of Cuba’s mines, ranches, oil, half of its

sugar crops, and 3 million acres of its land belonged to Americans

Most Cuban’s lived in Poverty

Castro to Power

1952 Batista became dictator◦ Friendly to U.S.◦ Did nothing for his people

1959 Fidel Castro led a group that overthrew Batista

Demanded control of American properties

U.S. refused to discuss the matter

Castro went to Soviet for economic help

He then seized all American Businesses

CIA and CUBA

Plan developed to use Cuban exiles to secretly invade Cuba and overthrow Castro

JFK became President and approved the plan

Bay of Pigs

April 1961, 1500 Cuban exiles landed at Bay of Pigs

Air Strike wasn’t launched

Landed in wrong spot

All were capturedHuge Humiliation for

JFK

Brink of War

Operating Mongoose- Interrupted Cuban trade, ordered more raids by exiles, and even plotted Castro’s assassination

Castro was not happy about this

Soviet installed nuclear missiles and bombers near capital city of Cuba

U.S. Responds

U.S. Blocks Cuba’s shipping lanes and talked to Soviet

Russia agreed to remove missile if U.S. did not attack Cuba

They also wanted U.S. to remove missiles from Turkey

That did not happenJFK “Get those missiles out of Cuba or we will do it for you!”

After the Crisis

Both accepted each others power and admitted importance of negotiation(direct line put in for communication)

Did not stop the Arms RaceU.S. continued to stock pile weapons1963-Agree to test nuclear weapons

underground over concerns of fallout

CIA Secret Experiments

Project MKUltra- behavioral engineering or mind control program 1953-1973

Many illegal and immoral practicesHeaded by Sidney GottliebVideo QuestionsDescribe some the of ways the CIA attempts to

develop ‘mind control’.What is a ‘Manchurian Candidate”? Who do some

conspiracy theorist believe was one?What happened to Frank Olson?Summarize what you learned from the video?

LBJ and The Cold War

Continues containment and belief in Domino Theory

Vietnam Anti-war movement“Hey, hey, LBJ, how

many kids did you kill today?”

Turns many Americans against the gov’t, war, Cold War, our system

Nixon and The Cold War

Anti-CommunistVietnam –illegal

bombing of Cambodia

Détente- Thawing of relationship

Visits China-opens trade

SALT I with Soviets- first attempt to limit nuclear arsenals

1969-1974

Ford and The Cold War

Replaces Nixon after Watergate Scandal

Saigon falls to the Communist

Cambodia is taken over by the Khmer Rouge( brutal communist regime)

Carter and the Cold War

Against covert government overthrow

Begins funding the “Freedom fighters” in Afghanistan “Mujaheddin” after Soviet invasion

Iran Hostage Crisis- overthrow American Embassy, hold hostages(90) for 444 days

Communist take over of Nicaragua

Boycotts 1980 Olympics 1977-1981

Reagan and The Cold War

Views Soviets as an Evil Empire

Funds anti-communist in Nicaragua (Iran Contra Scandal)

Supports Saddam in Iraq, Freedom fighters in Afghanistan

Invades Grenada SDI-”Star Wars”, Stealth

tech. Greatly increases

defense budget

End of the Cold War- Collapse of the Soviet Union

1989- Berlin Wall falls

1991- Soviet Union collapses

Cold War is officially over