understanding suspended sediment, solids and turbidity. · determination of turbidity of water. •...

Understanding Suspended

Sediment, Solids and Turbidity.

Providing expertise for your water

monitoring needs

www.freemanhydro.com

http://www.freemanhydro.com

Copyright © 2015 In-Situ™ Inc. This document is confidential and is the property of In-Situ Inc. Do not distribute without approval.W W W . I N - S I T U . C O M

Larry Freeman-Freeman Hydrologic Data

Services

Private consultant since 2015

USGS – 36 years

Level 3 Hydrologic Technician Water

Quality Certification

Member: Soquel Creek Water District

Supplemental Water Supply

Committee

Data program management and

technical expertise with

instrumentation, field data and

collection protocols

Publications

http://freemanhydrologicdataservices.com/about/publications/


Webinar Agenda:

• Definitions and differences

• Measurement methods

• Turbidity as a Surrogate for Suspended Sediment

Concentration

• When to use them

• The state of turbidity sensor technology

• Q&A


Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

and Total Suspended Solids

(TSS)


TDS vs. TSS

ASTM D5907: The results measured by these tests are operationally defined, therefor careful attention must be paid to following the procedures as specified.

“These test methods cover the determination of filterable matter, total dissolved solids (TDS), and non-filterable matter, total suspended solids (TSS), in drinking, surface, and saline waters, domestic and industrial wastes. The practical range of the determination of non-filterable particulate matter (TSS) is 4 to 20,000 mg/L. The practical range of the determination of filterable matter (TDS) is 10 mg/L to 150,000 μg/g.

The method for the determination of non-filterable matter.

TSS must not be used where water samples were collected from open channel flow. For the determination of matter collected in open channel flow use Test Methods D3977 for Suspended Sediment Concentration.”

For more information about why TSS analysis is not representative of Suspended Sediment Concentration, refer to USGS publication: Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4191, Gray, et al.


Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Photo credit RWL Water - https://www.rwlwater.com

https://www.rwlwater.com


Measuring TDS

TDS is the total weight of all solids dissolved in a given volume of water,

• Passed through a 2 micron filter

• Expressed in units of mg per unit volume of water (mg/L),

• Parts per million (PPM).

TDS meters do not measure dissolved solids.

TDS is calculated by multiplying conductivity readings by a conversion factor;

Using a probe to measure TDS requires two assumptions that are not always accurate:1. All dissolved solids produce conductivity2. Solutions having the same TDS have equal conductivity.

Conductivity comes from ions. Only solids that produce ions when dissolved in water cause conductivity. Solids that do not yield ions do not. Equal weights of different ionic solids rarely make equal contributions to the conductivity. TDS has little to do with ions/

Defined operationally as:

• The total weight of all solids in a unit amount of solution.

• Includes ionic solids, which contribute to conductivity, and non-ionic solids, which do not.

• A TDS probe cannot measure solids that have no ionic charge.

From Joe Covey, Rosemount Analytical: http://www.analyticexpert.com/2012/08/measuring-total-dissolved-solids-tds-with-a-tds-meter/

http://www.analyticexpert.com/2012/08/measuring-total-dissolved-solids-tds-with-a-tds-meter/


TDS Lab Analysis

Definition: “All inorganic and organic substances contained in water that can pass through a 2 micron filter.”

Lab Process:

• Filter water sample and evaporate at 180°C in a pre-weighed dish until the weight of the dish no longer changes.

• Increase in dish weight represents the TDS.

• Reported in mg/L.

• Calculated by measuring individual ions and simply adding together their individual concentrations.

“ A non-specific, quantitative measure of the amount of dissolved inorganic chemicals.”

• Does not tell us about its nature. • Is not considered a primary pollutant with any associated health effects in human drinking

water standards, • Used as an indication of aesthetic characteristics of drinking water and a broad indicator of

an array of chemical contaminants.

From Raisbeck, et al, University of Wyoming Agriculture Experiment Station http://www.uwyo.edu/uwe/pubs/b1183/

http://www.uwyo.edu/uwe/pubs/b1183/


Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Image credit Washington State Department of Ecology Photo credit University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science


Measuring TSS

TSS measurement is a lab process; not a sampling or measurement technique.

Several lab methods used; produce non-comparable results.

• USEPA 1999

• Stirs and collects the sub-sample by pouring from the whole sample container.

Standard TSS Method:

• APHA 1995 - Also referred to as APHA’s TSS Method

• Stirs and collects the sub-sample using a pipette to draw from the whole sample container.

• Sub-sample is dried and weighed to determine weight of suspended solids per unit volume of the subsample.

USGS found that the TSS method of analysis:

• Results in unacceptable large errors when determining concentrations of suspended material found in open-channel flow

• Provides data that can result in erroneous pollutant load computations of several orders of magnitude.

National Highway Runoff Data and Methodology Synthesis:

• Raises questions about the utility of TSS and trace-element data collected by storm water programs.

• Questions the use of TSS data in the assessment, design and maintenance of BMPs.


Turbidity

Photo Credit USGSImage credit Washington State Department of Ecology


Definition(s) of Turbidity – (it’s not so clear)

Indicator used to assess environmental health of water bodies.

Caused by presence of suspended and dissolved matter.

USGS definition:

• Measurement of relative clarity of a liquid

• Optical characteristic of water

• Expression of the amount of light scattered (attenuated) by material when light is shined through a water sample

• The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity

Materials contributing to turbidity:• Clay, silt • Finely divided inorganic and organic matter• Algae• Soluble colored organic compounds• Plankton and other microscopic organisms

ISO 7027:1999 definition:

• “Reduction of transparency of a liquid caused by the presence of undissolved matter”.

• “Measurement of the incident light scattered at right angles from the water sample.”


Turbidity Reporting Units

• Formazin Nephelometric Unit (FNU)

• Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)

• Nephelometric Turbidity Ratio Units (NTRU)

• Formazin Attenuation Units (FAU)

• Jackson Turbidity Unit (JTU - Obsolete)

APHA, AWWA and EPA have accepted the designation of

Formazin as the Primary Standard against which all turbidity

values can be referenced.


Measuring Turbidity – Common Methods

Secchi Disk

Secchi Disk readings do not

provide a consistent measure of

transparency.

Method limitations:

• Glare from sunlight on water

• Differences in users eyesight

• Cannot be used in shallow water

or swift currents

• Not suitable for small sample sizes

Marine version / Freshwater version

Image Credit: Wikipedia/Mysid



Turbidity Tube

• Visual method combining Jackson

Candle and Secchi disk methods

Method limitations:

• Differences in user eyesight

• Human eye can't detect < 5 NTU

• Subsample poured from raw sample

may not accurately represent

original water sample

• Variations in methodology and tube

design

Image credit: Grand Valley State University/AWRI



Handheld models • Portable

• Ideal for taking numerous instantaneous readings

• For quick assessment at one or more sites

• Measuring stream cross-section variations

Continuous Submergence models (stand-alone and multi-parameter sonde)• Recording long-term data

• Continuous monitoring of water bodies

• Lab applications during waste and drinking water process compliance monitoring

Selection considerations:• Probes have a multitude of designs, measurement methods and parameters

• Output of probes made by different manufacturers do not produce the same results in

side-by-side testing

• Output of different models from the same manufacturer often do not produce the same results in side-by-side testing

Reference USGS Circular 1250 (2003) summarizing informal test results of instruments at 2002 Reno workshop


Measuring Turbidity – Common Methods Cont.

Bench-top meters

• Most appropriate for use in a

laboratory setting where

samples can be accurately

analyzed

• Allows for standardized readings

in a controlled environment

• Allows for better measurement

repeatability


Turbidity: ISO 7027:1999

This International Standard specifies four methods for the

determination of turbidity of water.

• Semi quantitative methods employed for field work are

specified:

a) measurement of turbidity using the transparency testing

Tube (applicable to pure and lightly polluted water)

b) measurement of turbidity using the transparency testing

Disk (especially applicable to surface water)


ISO 7027:1999 Continued

Quantitative methods using optical turbidimeters are specified:

c) measurement of diffuse radiation, applicable to water of

low turbidity (for example drinking water); Turbidity

measured by this method is expressed in formazin

nephelometric units (FNU); results typically range

between 0 FNU and 40 FNU

d) measurement of the attenuation of a radiant flux, more

applicable to highly turbid waters (for example waste or

polluted waters). Turbidity measured by this method is

expressed in formazin attenuation units (FAU); results

typically range between 40 FAU and 4,000 FAU


EPA Method 180.1 (Rev. 2, 1993)

EPA Method 180.1:

Turbidity by Turbidimeter. Official Name: Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry

Scope:

Method applicable to drinking, surface, and saline waters in the range of turbidity from 0 to 40 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) using a nephelometer calibrated to formazin, AMCO-AEPA-1, or Hach Stablcal. Higher values may be obtained with dilution of the sample.

• Light source: Tungsten lamp operated at a color temperature between

2200-3000°K.

• Distance traversed by incident light and scattered light within the

sample tube: Total not to exceed 10 cm.

• Detector: Centered at 90 90°to the incident light path and not to exceed

±30°from 90°. The detector, and filter system if used, shall have a

spectral peak response between 400 nm and 600 nm.


USGS/ASTM Turbidity Parameter Codes

Established 2004; last revised May 2013.

Important misconception:

• Turbidity is assumed to be an absolute scientific parameter

• Reported turbidity values are interchangeable between different monitoring sites and different

instruments

Need to establish system for assigning parameter codes to:

• Consistently document reporting of turbidity measurements made by USGS, other agencies and

organizations

• Changing technology continues to necessitate periodic revisions to the list of parameter codes

USGS/ASTM/EPA parameter codes:

• Over 200 individual parameters used by USGS to store turbidity values in their NWIS database

• Codes are grouped by light source and angle of deflection, attenuation or backscatter techniques,

and then by individual instrument technologies

• Several instruments use multiple light sources and angles

Lessons learned:

• Turbidity cannot be used as a single, universal parameter

• Data collected or measured by one method or instrument model is usually not interchangeable with

that of another method or instrument


Turbidity Challenges


Challenges with Turbidity Measurement

Calibration Checks:• Probe calibration must be checked against turbidity standards to evaluate and

correct for sensor drift

• Probe output should be checked against turbidity obtained from raw water samples collected in the field at the probe location

Technology differences:• Turbidity is caused by the presence of suspended and dissolved matter

• Variables combine in different and changing magnitudes to affect turbidity

• Numerous sensors with differing technologies have been developed in an attempt to compensate for these variables

• Differing light sources and light color, refraction angles, and light attenuation vs. backscatter, are used individually or in combination

• Sensors are not interchangeable

• Users must be aware that probes are not all measuring the same thing

• Stay with the same sensor technology at a given site


Turbidity Challenges Continued

Air bubbles

• Diffract light and cause a sensor to read erroneously high

Direct sunlight

• Overwhelms sensor optics and can mute or obliterate measured light attenuation or backscatter

Diurnal changes in sunlight and angle

• Show up as temporal fluctuations and can mask true temporal changes in turbidity. This is particularly true with low turbidity water

Particle size

• Impact varies based on wavelength of light source. Small particles scatter short wavelengths; large particles scatter longer wavelengths

In-stream, temporal variations in the ratio of small to large particle concentrations

• Cause hysteresis effect in relationship between sediment concentration and turbidity

Water or sediment color

• Causes high or low bias depending on the wavelength of the light source used and the ability of the color to reflect or absorb light

LED variability

• Causes both short term and long term drift especially when exposed to changes in temperature


Suspended Sediment Concentration

Samples collected by standard methods using standard samplers

Photo Credit - FISP


EPA Identifies Sediment As Major Pollutant

• Fluvial sediment is the single most widespread pollutant in the Nation's rivers and streams

• Affects aquatic habitat

• Drinking water treatment processes

• Recreational uses of rivers, lakes, and estuaries.

• Carries pathogens, toxic chemicals and trace metals.

• Smaller sediment particle equals more surface area available for pollutants to adhere to or bond with.

• Increased concentration of fine suspended sediment increases pollutants in a given volume of water.


Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC)

• USGS - Sediment is solid material that originates mostly from disintegrated rocks; when transported by, suspended in, or deposited from water, it is referred to as "fluvial sediment." Sediment includes chemical and biochemical precipitates and decomposed organic material.

• Suspended sediment is sediment carried in suspension by the turbulent components of the fluid or by random Brownian movement (a law of physics).

• Suspended-sediment concentration is the velocity-weighted concentration of suspended sediment in the sampled zone (from the water surface to a point approximately 0.3 foot above the bed) expressed as milligrams of dry sediment per liter of water-sediment mixture (mg/L). The analytical technique uses the mass of all of the sediment and the net weight of the water-sediment mixture in a sample to compute the suspended-sediment concentration.

• Suspended-sediment discharge (tons/d) is the rate of sediment transport, as measured by dry mass or volume, that passes a cross section in a given time. It is calculated in units of tons per day as follows: concentration (mg/L) x discharge (ft3/s) x 0.0027.

• ASTM D3977 – defines testing methods


How is SSC measured?

Using representative samples collected from the surface water source.

Methods should ensure that sample:• Is representative of water conditions present at time of sample collection• Reflects variability in the cross-section of a river• Accounts for differences within individual water columns

Strongly suggest using standard samplers and sampling methods defined by USGS and ASTM.

Methods defined by:

• USGS - Edwards, Thomas K., and Glysson, G. Douglas, 1998, Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment; Book 3, Applications of Hydraulics: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 3, Chapter C2, 80 pgs.

• ASTM D4411 - 03(2014) Standard Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion

Other considerations:

• Incorporates safety protocols that are appropriate for sampling conditions

• Isokinetic samplers and sampling methods used with mean cross-section velocity greater than 1.5 fps

• Non-isokinetic methods and samplers used at lower velocities

• Point samples can be taken at several locations in the water column in lakes and low velocity estuaries

• Strongly suggest training in measuring suspended sediment


How is SSC analyzed?

Lab process that includes:

• Filtering all bottles of an entire sample

• Drying and weighing the filters

Sediment concentration value expressed in mg/L of original sample.

• Analyzing for particle sizes adds more complexity

USGS/ASTM laboratory procedures include:

• Rigorous QA/QC protocols

• Performed by trained lab technician in a certified lab

USGS - Guy, Harold P., 1969, Laboratory theory and methods for sediment analysis: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapter C1.


ASTM D3977 - 97(2013)e1 Standard Test Methods for

Determining Sediment Concentration in Water Samples

SSC analysis requires that the entire water sample be analyzed.

TSS and TDS analyses use only aliquots of the original sample.

Whole sample analysis results in less analytical bias.

US EPA Method:• (USEPA 1999)

• Stir and collect the sub-sample by pouring from the original sample container.

Standard Method• America Public Health Agency‘s TSS Method (APHA 1995)

• Stir and collect the sub-sample using a pipette to draw from the whole sample container.

Neither method captures large particles that settle quickly.

Both methods under-report SSC’s causing large negative bias in sediment discharge records.


Clarifying TDS, Turbidity

And SSC


Why are they confused?

• Misunderstanding of what measurements actually represent.

• Long-standing regulatory agencies have incorporated incorrect standards in their monitoring plans.

• Budget constraints result in use of cheaper, simpler sampling and analytical techniques to indirectly monitor constituent(s) of interest

• Leads to assumption that the indicator standard (ex. TSS) and the constituent of concern (ex. Suspended Sediment) are one and the same

• Development of electronic instrumentation enables continuous monitoring of specific conductance or optical properties of water as indicators (ex. TSS/TDS/SSC)

• Are not measuring the property itself

• Peer reviewed literature discusses TSS analysis where SSC analysis was used, or vice versa.


Knowing when to use them.

• Method selection considerations:

• Often chosen based on political or management decisions that consider labor

and analytical costs

• Based on misunderstanding of what proposed measured parameter represents

• Traditional regulatory approach:

• Regulation requires collection of TSS data to determine Suspended Sediment

Concentration

• Collect and analyze data by legally prescribed protocols - even when

inappropriate to do so

• Flexible, alternative approach:

• Monitoring program is designed using appropriate protocols and methods for

data collection and analysis


What should I monitor?


Appropriate Use of TSS Data

Evaluating effluent quality from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs)

Types of suspended solids:• Residential waste

• Silt

• Decaying plant and animal matter

• Industrial wastes

• Sewage

Most WWTPs remove total suspended solids (TSS) using filters prior to

discharge.

Laboratory methods for analyzing material suspended in water: • APHA 1995 and EPA 1999

• Use different techniques to draw an aliquot for analysis

• Many monitoring programs state that TSS is being monitored when SSC is

actually being sampled

• SSC inappropriately analyzed using TSS lab protocols


Appropriate Use of TDS Data

Indicator of cations and anions.

Detailed analytical techniques determine the concentration of

individual contaminants represented by TDS analysis.

Primary applications:• Agriculture and residential runoff

• Leaching of soil contaminants

• Amount of point or non-point source discharge from industry or

waste-water treatment facilities

• Aquaculture

Describes the results of a lab method rather than a sampling

method or specific contaminant.


Monitoring Turbidity:

• Widely used, inexpensive indicator of water clarity

• Suspended sediments, algal and phytoplankton

• Measure of aesthetic quality of water

• Statistical relationship between turbidity and constituent of interest by comparing paired analyses

• Provides more frequent intervals than is practical for sampling and lab analysis of water


Reasons to Monitor Suspended Sediment

Compute records of suspended sediment discharge (instantaneous, daily, annual estimates):

• Monitor sediment mobilization, transport and deposition

• River and harbor dredging projects

• Reservoir sedimentation filling rates/estimating changes in storage

• Fate of constituents adhering to sediments

• Sediment transport rates for flood control channel design

• Basin Management plans/TMDL

• Impacts of agriculture and forestry

• Effectiveness of hill slope stabilization and erosion control projects


Turbidity as a Suspended

Sediment Surrogate


Turbidity as a Suspended Sediment Surrogate

Traditionally records calculated by correlating water discharge with suspended sediment samples.

Development of in situ turbidity sensors leads to use as surrogate to develop discharge estimates. • Provides ability to monitor sediment

transport events not directly related to water discharge in rivers

Continuous data shows that SS:• Can peak before, simultaneously

with, or after water discharge peaks, even at the same monitoring site

• Can ‘spike’ during periods of stable water discharge


Value-Added Uses for a Suspended Sediment

Surrogate Record

• Suspended sediments carry pathogens, trace metals and other harmful constituents.

• Discharge of contaminants can be estimated by collecting and comparing water quality samples with SSC samples, and applying a regression analysis to estimate contaminant loading.

• Near real-time estimates of suspended sediment from turbidity in rivers used for drinking water and recreation provides an early warning system.

Rasmussen, Patrick P.; Gray, John R.; Glysson, G. Douglas; Ziegler, Andrew C., 2009, Guidelines and Procedures for Computing Time-Series Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads from In-Stream Turbidity-Sensor and Streamflow Data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 3-C4, viii, 54 p.


Advancements in Turbidity Sensing Technology


Problem #1 Impact from External Light

Legacy technology – stray sunlight can give errors >5%

Advancements – ambient light rejection technology increases accuracy in any environment, reducing calibration and application limitations


Problem #2 – Impact from Thermal Changes

Legacy technology –

Inaccuracies with

changes in temperature

and longer response

time

Advancements –

Internal compensation

for shifts in temperature

during calibration and

deployment


Problem #3 – Linearity and Long Term Stability

Legacy technologies – Multipoint user calibrations due to non-linearity

and long-term drift

Advancements – factory calibration across full sensor range and internal

LED compensation for long term stability

R² = 0.999966

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Aq

ua

TR

OL

L 6

00

Tu

rbid

ity

(NT

U)

Reference Turbidity (NTU)

Aqua TROLL 600 Turbidity Sensor Linearity


Problem #4 – Cost of Maintenance

Legacy technologies – High cost of maintenance due to calibration requirements and cleaning for high fouling sites

Advancements – Minimal calibration solution and antifouling capabilities reduces solution use and site visits

$-

$1,000.00

$2,000.00

$3,000.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Months

Annual Calibration Maintenance

AquaTROLL 600 Legacy Sensor (100mL) Legacy Sensor (200mL)


Aqua TROLL 600 Multiparameter Sonde

Customizable, Powerful Water Quality Platform

Industry-leading water quality sensors with revolutionary

smartphone mobility


Special Offers for Webinar Attendees

Free trial of the Aqua TROLL 600 Multiparameter Sonde:

• 2-week trial period offered through In-Situ Rentals

• Call 1-800-446-7488, or email [email protected] to place your order

30% Rental Discount:

• 30% of your next rental equipment order from In-Situ Rentals

• Visit http://go.in-situ.com/turbidity30, call 1-800-446-7488, or email [email protected] and mention offer code Turbidity30

• 30% discount can be applied to one order. Discounted order must be booked prior to June 30, 2016 and rental dates may be scheduled anytime in 2016.

Headed to Tampa? Be sure to stop by the In-Situ booth!

mailto:[email protected]

http://go.in-situ.com/turbidity30



Questions? Thank you for attending!

Contact information:

Larry Freeman

Freeman Hydrologic Data Services831.595.8757

P.O. Box 952, Soquel, CA [email protected]

Ashley SteinbachEnvironmental Product Manager

In-Situ Inc.

221 E. Lincoln Ave, Ft. Collins, CO [email protected]

Janice HillerVertical Market Manager

In-Situ Inc.

221 E. Lincoln Ave, Ft. Collins, CO [email protected]


30% Rental Discount:






References

ASTM D3977 - 97(2013)e1

Standard Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concentration in Water Samples. http://astm.nufu.eu/std/ASTM%20D3977%20-%2097(2013)e1

ASTM D4411 - 03(2014)

Standard Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion.http://astm.nufu.eu/std/ASTM%20D4411%20-%2003(2014)

ASTM D5907 2013 Edition, June 1, 2013 --Standard Test Methods for FilterableMatter (Total Dissolved Solids) and Nonfilterable Matter (Total SuspendedSolids) in Water.

Guo, G.Q., 2006 -- Correlation of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) Test Methods. 52 p.http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/soils/tss%20vs%20ssc%20test%20methods.pdf

Granato, G.E., Zenone, C., and Cazenas, P.A. (eds.), 2003, National Highway Runoff Water-Quality Data and Methodology Synthesis, Volume I --Technical issues for monitoring highway runoff and urban stormwater: Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-EP-03-054, 479 p.

http://webdmamrl.er.usgs.gov/g1/FHWA/products/EP03-054.pdf

http://astm.nufu.eu/std/ASTM D3977 - 97(2013)e1

http://astm.nufu.eu/std/ASTM D4411 - 03(2014

http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/soils/tss vs ssc test methods.pdf

http://webdmamrl.er.usgs.gov/g1/FHWA/products/EP03-054.pdf


References cont’d

ISO 7027:1999 Water quality -- Determination of turbidity

EPA Method 180.1 – Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry

Joe Covey, Rosemount Analytical


M. F. Raisbeck, et/al; University of Wyoming Department of Veterinary Sciences, UW Department of Renewable Resources, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality: A review of the literature pertaining to the health effects of inorganic contaminants, http://www.wyomingextension.org/agpubs/pubs/B1183.pdf

Mike Sadar, Hach Company, 2009; The Basics of Turbidity Measurement Technologies, Methods and Data Comparability, QA/QC Sensors Group, July 16, 2009. http://www.watersensors.org/files/Turbidimeter_Summary.pdf

Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project (FISP)

Technical Committee Memorandum 2007.01, October 25, 2006Subject: Collection and Use of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Data

http://water.usgs.gov/fisp/docs/FISP_Tech_Memo_2007-01.pdf

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4191 Reston, Virginia 2000,

COMPARABILITY OF SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION AND TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS DATA By John R. Gray, G. Douglas Glysson, Lisa M. Turcios, and Gregory E. Schwarz

http://water.usgs.gov/osw/pubs/WRIR00-4191.pdf

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1250 - Proceedings Of The Federal Interagency Workshop On Turbidity AndOther Sediment Surrogates, April 30-May 2, 2002, Reno, Nevada

Edited By John R. Gray And G. Douglas Glysson

Sponsored By The Federal Interagency Subcommittee On Sedimentation

http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2003/circ1250/#pdf


http://www.wyomingextension.org/agpubs/pubs/B1183.pdf

http://www.watersensors.org/files/Turbidimeter_Summary.pdf

http://water.usgs.gov/fisp/docs/FISP_Tech_Memo_2007-01.pdf

http://water.usgs.gov/osw/pubs/WRIR00-4191.pdf

http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2003/circ1250/#pdf


References cont’d

Guy, Harold P., 1969, Laboratory theory and methods for sediment analysis: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapter C1. http://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-c1/

Edwards, Thomas K., and Glysson, G. Douglas, 1998, Field methods formeasurement of fluvial sediment; Book 3, Applications of Hydraulics: Techniques ofWater-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 3, Chapter C2, 80 pgs. http://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-c2/

U.S. Geological Survey National field manual for the collection of water-quality data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 9, chaps. A6.7, available online at http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5077

Introduction to Suspended-Sediment Sampling

By K. Michael Nolan, John R. Gray, and G. Douglas Glysson

2005 http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5077/Rasmussen, Patrick P.; Gray, John R.; Glysson, G. Douglas; Ziegler, Andrew C., 2009, Guidelines and Procedures for Computing Time-Series Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads from In-Stream Turbidity-Sensor and Streamflow Data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 3-C4, viii, 54 p.,

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/tm3C4

http://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-c1/

http://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-c2/

http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A

http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5077/

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/tm3C4

understanding suspended sediment, solids and turbidity. · determination of turbidity of water. •...

Documents