suspended solids

Assignment

Assignment

Suspended Solids

in Seawater

Base on:

1, Arkhipov, B. et al. (2003)

2, Bilotta, G.S. and Brazier. R. E. (2008)

3, Bruton, M.N. (1985)

4, Gartner, J. W. (2004)

5, Shin, P.K.S.et al. (2000)

6, Suzuki, Y., Maruyama, T. (2002)

7, Weiner. E. R. (2000)

8, Wong, M. S et al. (2007)

9, Zang, M. et al. (2010)

Nguyen Hoang Lam

Environmental Oceanography, CNU

[email protected]

Assignment

Content

1, Introduction

2, Effects on water quality and aquatic lives

3, Analytical methods

4, Removal method

© Nguyen Hoang Lam 2011

Assignment

1, Introduction

Suspended solids (SS) (7)

Insoluble solid or filterable solids

Including organic and mineral particular matters

- Do not pass through a 0.45 μm filter

- With a diameter of less than 62 μm

(Water, 1995; Weiner 2000)

Includes silt, clay, metal oxides, sulfides, algae,

bacteria and fungi


Assignment

1, Introduction

Suspended solids (SS)

Removed by flocculation and filtering Contributes to turbidity which limits light penetration for photosynthesis and visibility in water


Assignment


Physical alteration (2)

Reduce penetration of light

Temperature changes

Infilling of channels when solids are deposited

Reduce navigability of channels, higher cost

of water treatment


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Chemical alteration (2)

Release of contaminant (heavy metals and pesticide),

nutrients (phosphorus) from adsorption sediments

Deplete levels of dissolved oxygen in the water

Produce a critical oxygen shortage (kills fish in

low – flow condition)


Assignment


Biological effect (2, 3)

Directly or indirectly through food chains and

energy input to the water column

Fast flows of high level SS can act to scour these

organisms away from streambed substrates

Damaging to the photosynthetic structures of organisms

Indirectly affect the abundance of phytoplankton

and other aquatic life as nutrients or toxic compounds


Assignment

2, Effects on water quality and aquatic lives (2)


Assignment



1, Reduction in light penetration -> reduced food

availability and plant biomass

2, Reduced visibility of

pelagic food

4, Clogging of gillrakers and gill

filaments

3, Reduced visibility of benthic food

(in shallow water)

Assignment


Factors determining the effects of SS

The concentration of SS

The duration of exposure to SS concentrations

The chemical composition of SS

The particle size distribution of SS

Life stage of aquatic animals (egg, larvae or adult)


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Conclusions

Most important negative effect: limiting the penetration

of sunlight and reduce the production of sea

(seriously in areas that grow seaweed)

Positive effect: hard water (dissolved Ca and Mg)

can reduce the toxic of heavy metals on aquatic lives


Assignment

3, Analytical methods (2)

Filter water sample through a dried and pre weighed 0.7 μm

pore size glass fiberfilter (Anon, 1980; Gray et al. , 2000)

This technique are time consuming and must have a large

water size so we use turbidity method (conventional method)


Assignment



Figure 1: A diagram shows the various components that are incorporated when measuring turbidity and SS via the conventional method

Assignment



Table 4: Total suspended solids concentration estimated from the turbidity measurement

Assignment


The disadvantages of turbidity method

Measure of only one of many effect of SS

(the light penetration)

Responds to many factors than SS concentration

(the particle size and shape of SS, the presence

of phytoplankton, dissolved humic substances

and dissolved mineral substances


Assignment


MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)

or MODIS spectral imagine method is used to measure SS

Case study: use MODIS to measure SS in Hong Kong


Assignment

3, Analytical methods (8, 9)


Using images from NASA Aqua/ MODIS satellite (250 and

500 m) and 49 ‘in-situ’ samples in 10 clear sky days

Data from MODIS satellite are supported from 7 different bands

Analysis method using 3 different models such as linear,

multiple regression and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Finding the best correlation constant in models between

the SS in satellite and ‘in – situ ‘ samples


Assignment




Table 5: MODIS chanels on 250m and 500m images and their potential applications (adopted: http://synergyx.tacc.utexas.edu/DataUsersGuide/MODISbands.html. Cited: Wong, M. S. et al. (2007))

http://synergyx.tacc.utexas.edu/DataUsersGuide/MODISbands.html

Assignment




Best modes: SS (mg/l) = 94.095 x Band 1 – 2.787 SS (mg/l) = 97.085 x Band 4 – 5.821 SS (mg/l) = -4.281 + 23. 628 x Band1 – 15.675 x Band 2 – 14.653 x Band 3 + 79.251 x Band 4 + 21.303 x Band 5 + 9.709 x Band 6 + 10.963 x Band 7 SS (mg/l) = - 3.683 + 120.966 x Band 1 – 24. 282 x Band 2

Assignment


Case study: use MODIS to

measure SS in Hong Kong

Results

The best imagines that have

high correlation constant

(R > 0.82) from 250 m pixel

resolution with wavelenghts

at 650 nm and 859 nm


Figure 2: Suspended solids in Hong Kong

Assignment

4, Removal method (6)

.

Coagulation and foam separation using surface – active protein

Using coagulation foam separation with FeCl3 and casein

The removal efficiency of SS was over 98% (FeCl3: 20 mg/l

, casein dosage 3 mg/l, pH 5 – 6)


Assignment

4, Removal method (6)


Figure 3: Schematic diagram of batch foam seperating system (not to scale)

Assignment

References

1, Arkhipov, B. et al. (2003). Calculation of suspended solids dispersion in the sea environment. Proceedings of the fifth Ocean Mining Symposium Tsukuba, Japan, September 15 -19, 2003. ISBN 1-880653-61-3. 2, Bilotta, G.S., Brazier. R. E. ( 2008). Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota. Water research (42): 2849 – 2861. 3, Bruton, M.N. (1985). The effects of suspensoids on fish. Hydrobiologia 125, pp. 221 – 241. 4, Gartner, J. W. (2004). Estimating suspended solids concentrations from backscatter intensity measured by acoustic Doppler current profiler in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Geology 211, pp. 169 – 187 5, Shin, P.K.S., Yau, F.N., Chow, S.H. and Cheung, S.G. (2000). Responses of the green mussel Perna viridis (L.) to suspended solids. Marine Pollution Buletin 45, pp. 157 – 162. 6, Suzuki, Y., Maruyama, T. (2002). Removal of suspended solids by coagulation and foam separation using surface – active protein. Water Research 36, pp. 2195 – 2204. 7, Weiner. E. R. (2000). Applications of environmental aquatic chemistry: a practical guide. 2 rd Ed., CRC press . 8, Wong, M. S et al. (2007). Modeling of suspended solids and sea surface salinity in Hong Kong using Aqua/ MODIS satellite Images. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 161 – 169 9, Zang, M. et al. (2010). Retrieval of total suspended matter concentration in the Yellow and East China Seas from MODIS imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 114, pp. 392 – 403.


Assignment


suspended solids

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